Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczy w Lublinie
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Comparative assessment of the agricultural production potential and its efficient use in Poland and Norway
Full text linkThe aim of the paper was a comparative assessment of the agricultural sector of Poland and Norway, in terms of its economic significance, production potential and changes in efficient utilisation, considering the specificity of agricultural policy. The source material was data retrieved from the FAOSTAT database, Statistics Norway (SSB), reports by the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), and Statistics Poland (GUS). Studies have shown that due to natural conditions, Poland has a much greater potential for agricultural output, and in particular crop output. However, Norwegian agriculture features higher land and labour productivity. Despite the high growth rate of the analysed ratios in Polish agriculture, the difference in their level between these countries remains more than threefold and more than twofold in favour of Norway, respectively for labour and land productivity. Due to its large production potential of agriculture, Poland also has much greater agricultural export opportunities than Norway.The aim of the paper was a comparative assessment of the agricultural sector of Poland and Norway, in terms of its economic significance, production potential and changes in efficient utilisation, considering the specificity of agricultural policy. The source material was data retrieved from the FAOSTAT database, Statistics Norway (SSB), reports by the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), and Statistics Poland (GUS). Studies have shown that due to natural conditions, Poland has a much greater potential for agricultural output, and in particular crop output. However, Norwegian agriculture features higher land and labour productivity. Despite the high growth rate of the analysed ratios in Polish agriculture, the difference in their level between these countries remains more than threefold and more than twofold in favour of Norway, respectively for labour and land productivity. Due to its large production potential of agriculture, Poland also has much greater agricultural export opportunities than Norway
Wpływ warunków meteorologicznych i zabiegów agrotechnicznych na wynik produkcyjny i ekonomiczny uprawy maliny jesiennej – studium przypadku
Full text linkThe field research was conducted in the years 2021–2023 on the production plantation set up on light soil. The research material comprised data on the cultivation of autumn raspberry variety Polonez. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of meteorological conditions and the performed agrotechnical treatments on the production and economic result of autumn raspberry cultivation in the conditions of a production farm situated in the north-eastern part of the Lublin Province. It was noted that the diverse course of meteorological conditions in the years 2021–2023 (in particular, the long-term drought in 2023) affected the quantity and quality of raspberry fruit yields. In 2023, the fruit yield was the lowest, similar to the average selling price of fruits compared to the other analysed years, which significantly impacted the economic result of autumn raspberry cultivation. In the cost structure of raspberry cultivation, manual fruit picking constituted the largest share (53.6%). However, the average value of raspberry production in the years 2021–2023 was higher than the costs incurred, as evidenced by the value of the direct surplus – on average at the level of 13 653,7 PLN·ha–1 and net agricultural income, which on average amounted to 11 776,75 PLN·ha–1.Badania polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2021–2023 na plantacji produkcyjnej, założonej na glebie lekkiej. Materiał badawczy stanowiły dane dotyczące uprawy maliny jesiennej odmiany Polonez. Celem badań była ocena wpływu warunków meteorologicznych i wykonywanych zabiegów agrotechnicznych na wynik produkcyjny i ekonomiczny uprawy maliny jesiennej w warunkach gospodarstwa produkcyjnego, położonego w północno-wschodniej części województwa lubelskiego. Stwierdzono, że zróżnicowany przebieg warunków meteorologicznych w latach 2021–2023 (zwłaszcza długotrwała susza w 2023 r.) wpływał na wielkość i jakość plonów owoców maliny. W 2023 r. plon owoców był najmniejszy, również średnia cena sprzedaży owoców była najniższa w porównaniu z pozostałymi latami badań, co znacząco wpłynęło na wynik ekonomiczny uprawy maliny jesiennej. W strukturze kosztów uprawy maliny największy udział (53,6%) stanowił ręczny zbiór owoców. Jednak średnia wartość produkcji maliny w latach 2021–2023 była wyższa od poniesionych kosztów, o czym świadczy wartość nadwyżki bezpośredniej – średnio na poziomie 13 653,7 zł·ha–1 oraz dochodu rolniczego netto, który wynosił średnio 11 776,75 zł·ha–
Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in cultivated soils in Slovakia in the intensive agricultural system production
Full text linkThe aim of the study was to identify the types of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and to determine the intensity of their occurrence in intensively cultivated agricultural soils in the Danubian Lowland, Slovakia. Soil samples were collected on two dates (spring, autumn) from seven sites where the following crops were grown: soybean, barley, alfalfa, sugar beet, maize, maize with the addition of a biostimulator and from wasteland. The entomopathogenic fungi from individual soil samples were isolated using the isolation method on a selective medium. Entomopathogenic fungi were identified microscopically based on the morphology of their microstructures and the morphology of colonies, using standard keys. The number of EPF was presented in CFU g–1 of dry matter of soil. Both in spring and autumn, EPF belonging to three genera were identified: Beauveria, Metarhizium and Cordyceps. Analyzing the average density of infectious units of the identified genera of EPF in both study dates on arable land, it was found that fungi of the genus Metarhizium spp. formed more infectious units in the spring study date, whereas fungi of the genera Beauveria spp. and Cordyceps spp. formed more infectious units in the autumn study date, and these differences were statistically significant.The aim of the study was to identify the types of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and to determine the intensity of their occurrence in intensively cultivated agricultural soils in the Danubian Lowland, Slovakia. Soil samples were collected on two dates (spring, autumn) from seven sites where the following crops were grown: soybean, barley, alfalfa, sugar beet, maize, maize with the addition of a biostimulator and from wasteland. The entomopathogenic fungi from individual soil samples were isolated using the isolation method on a selective medium. Entomopathogenic fungi were identified microscopically based on the morphology of their microstructures and the morphology of colonies, using standard keys. The number of EPF was presented in CFU g–1 of dry matter of soil. Both in spring and autumn, EPF belonging to three genera were identified: Beauveria, Metarhizium and Cordyceps. Analyzing the average density of infectious units of the identified genera of EPF in both study dates on arable land, it was found that fungi of the genus Metarhizium spp. formed more infectious units in the spring study date, whereas fungi of the genera Beauveria spp. and Cordyceps spp. formed more infectious units in the autumn study date, and these differences were statistically significant
Influence of genotype and culture conditions on in vitro gynogenesis in red beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)
Full text linkThe process was examined or the effect of culture conditions on in vitro gynogenesis in red beet was analyzed, conditions were modified or optimized. A significant influence of the genotype on the gynogenesis process was demonstrated. Of the eight genotypes, 58.3% planted ovules regenerated embryo-like structures in breeding line 411, 2.1% in RA-10, RA-11, RA-12 breeding lines and 0.9% embryo-like structures in Opolski. For the gynogenesis induction, B5 medium containing 0.1 mg L–1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was the most effective from all tested media. On this medium, the highest number of gynogenetic embryo-like structures was obtained. Most of the plants were regenerated on MS medium supplemented with 30 g L–1 sucrose, 0.2 mg L–1 6-benzylaminopurine and 1 mg L–1 indole-3-acetic acid. Thirty nine percent of regenerated plants acclimatized. Cytometric evaluation of gynogenetic plants of four tested genotypes revealed that in three genotypes, 100% of tested plants were haploid. Plants showed diploid ploidy level in one genotype. Isoenzymatic analysis of gynogenetic plants demonstrated that 95% and 70% of examined populations were homozygotic for the phosphohexose isomerase isoenzyme and the aspartato aminotransferase isoenzyme, respectively. During the next generation sequencing, 93% of reads were successfully mapped, from which 83% to 85% were mapped in pairs. For 15% of pairs it was clear that obtained sequence was fully homozygous, the rest of the readings were not unambiguous, but similar to the sequence of a homozygous base pair system.The process was examined or the effect of culture conditions on in vitro gynogenesis in red beet was analyzed, conditions were modified or optimized. A significant influence of the genotype on the gynogenesis process was demonstrated. Of the eight genotypes, 58.3% planted ovules regenerated embryo-like structures in breeding line 411, 2.1% in RA-10, RA-11, RA-12 breeding lines and 0.9% embryo-like structures in Opolski. For the gynogenesis induction, B5 medium containing 0.1 mg L–1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was the most effective from all tested media. On this medium, the highest number of gynogenetic embryo-like structures was obtained. Most of the plants were regenerated on MS medium supplemented with 30 g L–1 sucrose, 0.2 mg L–1 6-benzylaminopurine and 1 mg L–1 indole-3-acetic acid. Thirty nine percent of regenerated plants acclimatized. Cytometric evaluation of gynogenetic plants of four tested genotypes revealed that in three genotypes, 100% of tested plants were haploid. Plants showed diploid ploidy level in one genotype. Isoenzymatic analysis of gynogenetic plants demonstrated that 95% and 70% of examined populations were homozygotic for the phosphohexose isomerase isoenzyme and the aspartato aminotransferase isoenzyme, respectively. During the next generation sequencing, 93% of reads were successfully mapped, from which 83% to 85% were mapped in pairs. For 15% of pairs it was clear that obtained sequence was fully homozygous, the rest of the readings were not unambiguous, but similar to the sequence of a homozygous base pair system
Wood waste compost as growing media components for cultivation of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.
Full text linkThe chrysanthemum is a significant species grown in Europe in pots and as a cut flower. In the cultivation of this species, peat substrate is used as a medium. The aim of the research was to assess the possibility of using composts from post-consumer wood used for in controlled cultivation of chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. Mount Listou cultivar. Compost obtained from post-consumer wood waste, were used as the medium, and marked as: PCW I and PCW II. These were old furniture. The third compost marked with the symbol FB was obtained from fiber boards. The substrates used with the addition of compost made on wood waste had an impact on the quality of chrysanthemum. As studies have shown, composts from post-consumer wood they can be a valuable component of horticultural substrates when used appropriately.The chrysanthemum is a significant species grown in Europe in pots and as a cut flower. In the cultivation of this species, peat substrate is used as a medium. The aim of the research was to assess the possibility of using composts from post-consumer wood used for in controlled cultivation of chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. Mount Listou cultivar. Compost obtained from post-consumer wood waste, were used as the medium, and marked as: PCW I and PCW II. These were old furniture. The third compost marked with the symbol FB was obtained from fiber boards. The substrates used with the addition of compost made on wood waste had an impact on the quality of chrysanthemum. As studies have shown, composts from post-consumer wood they can be a valuable component of horticultural substrates when used appropriately
The temperature influence on the energy and germination capacity of seeds and the effect of the substrate on the yield the withania somnifera in the conditions of south-eastern Poland
Full text linkThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of air temperature on the energy and germination capacity of W. somnifera seeds and to assess the effect of different substrates on the yield of the aboveground and root parts. An additional aim of the study was to develop agrotechnical recommendations for pioneering cultivation of this species in the temperate climate of south-eastern Poland. Germination energy and capacity were evaluated at 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C. Additionally, the impact of three substrate types – soil (A), a 50 : 50 mixture of soil and compost (B), and pure compost (C) – on the yield of shoots and roots was assessed over the years 2021–2023. The results indicate that the germination energy and capacity of W. somnifera seeds were highly dependent on air temperature. The highest germination energy was observed at 30°C in all study years, with an average value of 93.56%, while the lowest was recorded at 10°C (average: 0.44%). Germination capacity was also highest at 30°C, reaching an average of 95.45%, indicating that this temperature is optimal for maximizing both germination energy and capacity. Substrate type had a significant effect on the yield of both aboveground and root parts. The highest yield of aboveground biomass was obtained on pure compost (C), while the lowest was recorded on the soil-compost mixture (B). Over the three years, substrate C consistently provided the highest root yields, averaging 3.5 t ha–1, followed by substrate B (3.2 t ha–1) and substrate A (3.1 t ha–1). This study demonstrates that W. somnifera has high adaptive potential for cultivation in Poland; however, it requires high air temperature during seed germination and appropriate substrate selection. These results allow for the development of agronomic recommendations for the cultivation of W. somnifera in south-eastern Poland.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of air temperature on the energy and germination capacity of W. somnifera seeds and to assess the effect of different substrates on the yield of the aboveground and root parts. An additional aim of the study was to develop agrotechnical recommendations for pioneering cultivation of this species in the temperate climate of south-eastern Poland. Germination energy and capacity were evaluated at 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C. Additionally, the impact of three substrate types – soil (A), a 50 : 50 mixture of soil and compost (B), and pure compost (C) – on the yield of shoots and roots was assessed over the years 2021–2023. The results indicate that the germination energy and capacity of W. somnifera seeds were highly dependent on air temperature. The highest germination energy was observed at 30°C in all study years, with an average value of 93.56%, while the lowest was recorded at 10°C (average: 0.44%). Germination capacity was also highest at 30°C, reaching an average of 95.45%, indicating that this temperature is optimal for maximizing both germination energy and capacity. Substrate type had a significant effect on the yield of both aboveground and root parts. The highest yield of aboveground biomass was obtained on pure compost (C), while the lowest was recorded on the soil-compost mixture (B). Over the three years, substrate C consistently provided the highest root yields, averaging 3.5 t ha–1, followed by substrate B (3.2 t ha–1) and substrate A (3.1 t ha–1). This study demonstrates that W. somnifera has high adaptive potential for cultivation in Poland; however, it requires high air temperature during seed germination and appropriate substrate selection. These results allow for the development of agronomic recommendations for the cultivation of W. somnifera in south-eastern Poland
Improvement of Nicotiana tabacum L. for low conversion of nicotine to nornicotine and its effect on morphological traits and chemical composition
Full text linkNornicotine is a secondary metabolite formed in tobacco leaves by the oxidative N-demethylation (conversion) of nicotine. Its high level is undesirable because this alkaloid is a precursor of N-nitrosonornicotine, which has been shown to have carcinogenic properties. The aim of the study was to assess the nicotine and nornicotine content in four successive generations of ten tobacco cultivars/breeding lines. The possibility of reducing potentially harmful compounds in the cultivars/breeding lines was also determined. The study was conducted as field experiments between the years 2014 and 2018. The alkaloid content in the leaves was determined by the gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The systematic assessment of the alkaloid profile of tobacco and eliminating converter plants in four successive generations, particularly within breeding lines characterized by a wide conversion range, made it possible to reduce the nornicotine content and, thus, the potentially carcinogenic compounds in the leaves. Three lines, ZD2, TNX1, and WGLB with a stable conversion rate of ≤3% and low content of nornicotine were obtained. Furthermore, the morphological traits of the isogenic lines ZD2, TNX1 and WGLB, which exhibit markedly different conversion capacity were evaluated. The greenhouse experiment showed that there were significant differences in some morphological traits. The non-converting lines TNX1 and ZD2 produced longer and wider 9th and 15th leaves than the converting analogues. A relationship has been identified between the traits that determine the phenotype of tobacco cultivars/lines and their ability to convert nicotine to nornicotine.Nornicotine is a secondary metabolite formed in tobacco leaves by the oxidative N-demethylation (conversion) of nicotine. Its high level is undesirable because this alkaloid is a precursor of N-nitrosonornicotine, which has been shown to have carcinogenic properties. The aim of the study was to assess the nicotine and nornicotine content in four successive generations of ten tobacco cultivars/breeding lines. The possibility of reducing potentially harmful compounds in the cultivars/breeding lines was also determined. The study was conducted as field experiments between the years 2014 and 2018. The alkaloid content in the leaves was determined by the gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The systematic assessment of the alkaloid profile of tobacco and eliminating converter plants in four successive generations, particularly within breeding lines characterized by a wide conversion range, made it possible to reduce the nornicotine content and, thus, the potentially carcinogenic compounds in the leaves. Three lines, ZD2, TNX1, and WGLB with a stable conversion rate of ≤3% and low content of nornicotine were obtained. Furthermore, the morphological traits of the isogenic lines ZD2, TNX1 and WGLB, which exhibit markedly different conversion capacity were evaluated. The greenhouse experiment showed that there were significant differences in some morphological traits. The non-converting lines TNX1 and ZD2 produced longer and wider 9th and 15th leaves than the converting analogues. A relationship has been identified between the traits that determine the phenotype of tobacco cultivars/lines and their ability to convert nicotine to nornicotine
Effect of different seed densities on biomass production and nutritive value of barley fodder quality grown in hydroponic systems
No full textWe conducted this study to investigate the impact of various seed ratios on the growth rate, performance, nutritive value, and digestibility of fodder grown in a hydroponic system. Seeds were applied at 1000 g for high seed density treatment (HSD: 4.761 kg m–2) and 750 g for low seed density treatment in each tray (LSD: 3.571 kg m–2). Three harvest times (8th, 9th, and 10th day of germination) were evaluated to measure the shoot height, root length, and fodder yield. Nutritive value and in vitro digestibility were determined at 10 days of harvesting. The HSD treatment had higher fresh weight and root length but lower shoot height throughout the harvest time. A higher green fodder yield, dry matter content, dry matter yield, crude protein yield, and lower contents of dry matter and crude protein loss were observed in HSD treatment. The fodder of LSD treatment had a higher content of ether extract, crude ash, crude fibre, and a higher digestibility rate but a lower content of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre compared to those in the HSD fodder. Taking performance factors into account, the more efficient fodder seems to be barley green fodder with high-density sowing, but considering parameters regarding the nutritive value and feed digestibility such as NDF, ADF, and IVDMD, the more efficient fodder appears to be barley fodder with low-density sowing.We conducted this study to investigate the impact of various seed ratios on the growth rate, performance, nutritive value, and digestibility of fodder grown in a hydroponic system. Seeds were applied at 1000 g for high seed density treatment (HSD: 4.761 kg m–2) and 750 g for low seed density treatment in each tray (LSD: 3.571 kg m–2). Three harvest times (8th, 9th, and 10th day of germination) were evaluated to measure the shoot height, root length, and fodder yield. Nutritive value and in vitro digestibility were determined at 10 days of harvesting. The HSD treatment had higher fresh weight and root length but lower shoot height throughout the harvest time. A higher green fodder yield, dry matter content, dry matter yield, crude protein yield, and lower contents of dry matter and crude protein loss were observed in HSD treatment. The fodder of LSD treatment had a higher content of ether extract, crude ash, crude fibre, and a higher digestibility rate but a lower content of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre compared to those in the HSD fodder. Taking performance factors into account, the more efficient fodder seems to be barley green fodder with high-density sowing, but considering parameters regarding the nutritive value and feed digestibility such as NDF, ADF, and IVDMD, the more efficient fodder appears to be barley fodder with low-density sowing
Obrona żywności na etapie produkcji rolnej – czy jesteśmy gotowi?
Full text linkDue to the dynamic external situation caused, among other things, by ongoing wars, such as in Ukraine, agricultural entities are subject to many influences, including negative ones, which translate into an increase in the risk of their operation. The existing and tense political situation forces us to look at the specific risk of agroterrorism. The rationale for dealing with this topic is the still modest national literature and the fact that a threat of this nature exists and is very real. The purpose of the study was to answer the question: whether and to what extent the existing law and the action of the relevant authorities are conducive to the preparation of primary production actors for food defense? As a research method, mainly literature studies and a search for acts of applied law and private food law were used. The conclusions show that EU and national food laws do not oblige implementing food defense measures in the agricultural sector. The important role of the Critical Entity Resilience Directive (CER Directive) was emphasized, as well as the need to implement educational programs to create guidelines for agricultural producers, based on the best available models and systems for effective food defense in the agricultural area. Information deficiencies on agroterrorism and its risks, on the part of the relevant food security and agricultural authorities, were also confirmed.
Ze względu na dynamiczną sytuację zewnętrzną wywołaną m.in. toczącymi się wojnami, np. w Ukrainie, podmioty rolne podlegają wielu wpływom, także negatywnym, które przekładają się na zwiększenie ryzyka ich funkcjonowania. Istniejąca i napięta sytuacja polityczna zmusza do przyjrzenia się szczególnemu ryzyku jakim jest agroterroryzm. Uzasadnieniem do zajęcia się tym tematem jest skromna jeszcze literatura krajowa oraz fakt, iż zagrożenie o tym charakterze istnieje i jest bardzo realne. Celem pracy było uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie: czy i w jakim zakresie istniejące prawo oraz działanie właściwych urzędów sprzyjają przygotowaniu podmiotów działających w obszarze produkcji podstawowej do obrony żywności? Jako metodę badawczą wykorzystano głównie studia literaturowe oraz kwerendę aktów prawa stosowanego oraz prywatnego prawa żywnościowego. We wnioskach wykazano, że zarówno unijne, jak i krajowe prawo żywnościowe nie zobowiązuje do wdrożenia działań na rzecz obrony żywności w sektorze rolnym. Podkreślono ważną rolę dyrektywy o odporności podmiotów krytycznych (dyrektywy CER) oraz potrzebę wdrożenia programów edukacyjnych, pozwalających na stworzenie wytycznych dla producentów rolnych, opartych na najlepszych dostępnych wzorcach i systemach na skuteczną obronę żywności w obszarze rolnym. Potwierdzono także braki informacyjne na temat agroterroryzmu I zagrożeń z nim związanych po stronie właściwych urzędów zajmujących się bezpieczeństwem żywności i rolnictwem
Opłacalność produkcji brokułu włoskiego na przykładzie indywidualnego gospodarstwa rolnego
Full text linkThe aim of the study was assess the profitability of growing Italian broccoli on an individual farm. The research methods used included profitability analysis, and the results were presented using a tabular-descriptive method. The profitability analysis was based on data from an individual farm for the years 2021–2023. Factors influencing profitability, such as production value and production costs incurred, were taken into account. The analysis also included economic outcomes, measured by income categories, both excluding and including subsidies, such as gross margin and farm income. The farm exhibited a positive upward trend in income over the analyzed years. The profitability index, which increased from 145.88% in 2021 to 169.16% in 2023, also indicated a favorable trend in cultivation, despite a weaker year in 2022 (127.15%). The high level of the profitability index, especially in the last year, pointed to increasingly profitable production and improved economic performance of the farm. The challenges for Italian broccoli producers include not only ensuring high quality and quantity of crops, but also the issue of profitability. Production activities must focus on maximizing income while minimizing costs related to planting, harvesting, and logistics.
The farm exhibited a positive upward trend in income over the analyzed years. The profitability index, which increased from 145.88% in 2021 to 169.16% in 2023, also indicated a favorable trend in cultivation, despite a weaker year in 2022 (127.15%). The high level of the profitability index, especially in the last year, pointed to increasingly profitable production and improved economic performance of the farm. Contemporary challenges for broccoli producers involve not only ensuring high yields and quality but also addressing profitability. Production activities must focus on maximizing income while minimizing costs related to planting, harvesting, and logistics.Celem pracy była ocena opłacalności uprawy brokułu włoskiego w indywidualnym gospodarstwie rolnym. Wykorzystane metody badawcze obejmowały analizę opłacalności, a wyniki przedstawiono metodą tabelaryczno-opisową. Do analizy opłacalności produkcji brokułu wykorzystano wyniki indywidualnego gospodarstwa rolnego z lat 2021–2023. Uwzględniono czynniki wpływające na opłacalność, takie jak wartość produkcji oraz koszty poniesione w czasie produkcji. Analizą objęto także efekty ekonomiczne, których miernikiem były kategorie dochodowe, analizowane bez dopłat oraz po uwzględnieniu tego wsparcia, tj. nadwyżka bezpośrednia i dochód z działalności.
W gospodarstwie widoczny był pozytywny trend wzrostowy dochodów w kolejnych latach. Również wskaźnik opłacalności, rosnący w badanych latach od 145,88% (w 2021 r.) do 169,16% (w 2023 r.), świadczył o korzystnej tendencji w prowadzonej uprawie, mimo gorszego roku 2022 (127,15%). Wysoki poziom wskaźnika opłacalności szczególnie w ostatnim roku wskazywał na coraz bardziej opłacalną produkcję oraz poprawę efektów ekonomicznych gospodarstwa. Wyzwania stojące przed producentami brokułu włoskiego obejmują nie tylko zapewnienie wysokiej jakości i ilości plonów, ale również kwestię opłacalności. Działania produkcyjne muszą być nastawione na maksymalizację dochodów przy jednoczesnej minimalizacji kosztów związanych z założeniem plantacji, zbiorem oraz logistyką.
W gospodarstwie widoczny był pozytywny trend wzrostowy dochodów w kolejnych latach. Również wskaźnik opłacalności, rosnący w badanych latach od 145,88% (w 2021r.) do 169,16% (w 2023r.), świadczył o korzystnej tendencji w prowadzonej uprawie, mimo gorszego roku 2022 (127,15%). Wysoki poziom wskaźnika opłacalności, szczególnie w ostatnim roku wskazywał, na coraz bardziej opłacalną produkcję oraz poprawę efektów ekonomicznych gospodarstwa. Współczesne wyzwania dla producentów brokułów obejmują nie tylko zapewnienie wysokiej jakości i ilości plonów, ale również kwestię opłacalności. Działania produkcyjne muszą być nastawione na maksymalizację dochodów przy jednoczesnej minimalizacji kosztów związanych z założeniem plantacji, zbiorem oraz logistyką