Studia Rossica Posnaniensia
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The use of the auxiliary verb in 2nd person singular perfect verbal forms in Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries
Get PDFThe article analyses 2nd person singular perfect forms in a collection of Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries. The main focus is placed on their formal aspects and the transition from an analytic to synthetic form. The process itself is well-known, yet it still lacks a detailed description and fully explained reasons for its occurrence. The author, providing statistical data on the use of the auxiliary verb byti and explicitly expressed subject, proves its great regularity. There is a strong dependence between the two items and usually only one of them is applied with perfect constructions. This shows that the function of the auxiliary verb has been completely changed and in the period described it played only the role of a person indicator. Thus, it became redundant when the use of personal pronouns was increased. All the exceptions to this rule are scarce and can be explained with factors of a syntactical or extra-linguistic character. The author’s assumptions are confirmed with statistical data and examples taken from spiritual and contractual charters of grand princes and appanage princes in the XIV–XVI centuries.The article analyses 2nd person singular perfect forms in a collection of Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries. The main focus is placed on their formal aspects and the transition from an analytic to synthetic form. The process itself is well-known, yet it still lacks a detailed description and fully explained reasons for its occurrence. The author, providing statistical data on the use of the auxiliary verb byti and explicitly expressed subject, proves its great regularity. There is a strong dependence between the two items and usually only one of them is applied with perfect constructions. This shows that the function of the auxiliary verb has been completely changed and in the period described it played only the role of a person indicator. Thus, it became redundant when the use of personal pronouns was increased. All the exceptions to this rule are scarce and can be explained with factors of a syntactical or extra-linguistic character. The author’s assumptions are confirmed with statistical data and examples taken from spiritual and contractual charters of grand princes and appanage princes in the XIV–XVI centuries
Metajęzykowe oblicze ironii
Get PDFThe paper deals with the problem of relations between verbal irony and metalinguistic features of the natural language. It is shown that the irony in the vast majority of situations involves the reaction to a real or imagined speech, which proceeds from the fact that the human mind, the main target of irony, is explicated in a manner making it possible to be examined and evaluated precisely in speech. The target of the irony is man, his intellectual abilities, ethic and aesthetic choices, his views and beliefs, while his speech (word, statement, text, manner of speaking) turns out to be the direct pretext for ironic utterance
Podmiot groteskowy w dramatach Olega Bogajewa
Get PDFThe article analyses three dramas written by Oleg Bogayev (The Russian National Postal Service. A Room of Laughter for a Lonely Pensioner; Bashmachkin and Sansara). The purpose of the work was primarily to expose various forms, due to which we can talk about the grotesqueness of the subject, i.e. the relationship I – Others, the violation of the boundary between the categories of significant and signified, subject-object relations, the subject of the act of behaviour and the act of speech as well as the occurrence of the Voice as a separate unit from the subject. The author emphasises the fact that the contemporary figure of the subject has been reduced to the language level and experiences a crisis of self-identification, which in turn leads to the crisis of the drama itself. Comic characters balance between the real and the fantastic world. Their statements are often pictures-simulations, heavily saturated with irony, the grotesque and absurdity.The article analyses three dramas written by Oleg Bogayev (The Russian National Postal Service. A Room of Laughter for a Lonely Pensioner; Bashmachkin and Sansara). The purpose of the work was primarily to expose various forms, due to which we can talk about the grotesqueness of the subject, i.e. the relationship I – Others, the violation of the boundary between the categories of significant and signified, subject-object relations, the subject of the act of behaviour and the act of speech as well as the occurrence of the Voice as a separate unit from the subject. The author emphasises the fact that the contemporary figure of the subject has been reduced to the language level and experiences a crisis of self-identification, which in turn leads to the crisis of the drama itself. Comic characters balance between the real and the fantastic world. Their statements are often pictures-simulations, heavily saturated with irony, the grotesque and absurdity
Синтактико-семантические особенности русских и словацких языковых афоризмов
Get PDFThe article compares/contrasts the syntactic and semantic features of language aphorisms in Russian and Slovak. The Russian and Slovak language aphorisms have a priori axiological modality and are capable of referemental use, as potential acts of motivation and acts of affirmation. The expediency of this analysis is due to the fact that the illocutionary force has national and cultural specifics, which is manifested at all levels of language, speech and discourse. The object of the article is Russian and Slovak proverbs, sayings and winged expressions, in which the value bases of interpersonal speech communication are focused. A group of examples of the greatest illocutionary force is given, i.e. speech acts of prompting, then affirmative speech acts, as well as speech acts of inducement and affirmations that acquire additional illocutionary power. The taxonomy of the illocutionary force contained in Russian and Slovak folk aphorisms takes the following outlines: a) the most illocutionary power is speech acts of motivation, in which proverbs are used; b) affirmative speech and behavioral acts, which are evaluative aphorisms, have the status of passing thoughts with a light touch of lax edification, warning, or wish, and therefore, their illocutionary force is less pronounced; c) speech acts of inducement and affirmation acquire additional illocutionary force if the proverbs used in them retain the connotation of an authoritative original source. In the last part of the text, conclusions of the presented issue are drawn.The article compares/contrasts the syntactic and semantic features of language aphorisms in Russian and Slovak. The Russian and Slovak language aphorisms have a priori axiological modality and are capable of referemental use, as potential acts of motivation and acts of affirmation. The expediency of this analysis is due to the fact that the illocutionary force has national and cultural specifics, which is manifested at all levels of language, speech and discourse. The object of the article is Russian and Slovak proverbs, sayings and winged expressions, in which the value bases of interpersonal speech communication are focused. A group of examples of the greatest illocutionary force is given, i.e. speech acts of prompting, then affirmative speech acts, as well as speech acts of inducement and affirmations that acquire additional illocutionary power. The taxonomy of the illocutionary force contained in Russian and Slovak folk aphorisms takes the following outlines: a) the most illocutionary power is speech acts of motivation, in which proverbs are used; b) affirmative speech and behavioral acts, which are evaluative aphorisms, have the status of passing thoughts with a light touch of lax edification, warning, or wish, and therefore, their illocutionary force is less pronounced; c) speech acts of inducement and affirmation acquire additional illocutionary force if the proverbs used in them retain the connotation of an authoritative original source. In the last part of the text, conclusions of the presented issue are drawn
Фразеологическая презентация концептуального поля „Память” / „Pamięć” в русском и польском языках
Get PDFIn the article the author analyses Russian and Polish phrasemes that represent the conceptual field ”Memory” in both linguacultural spaces. In order to do this he relies on the postulates of Ryszard Tokarski’s theory of semantic connotation being the theory of the secondary semantic field, which constitutes the optional layer of the lexical meaning of a linguistic sign. On the basis of the conducted analysis of the selected phraseological data it can be concluded that the Polish and Russian commonsense attitude to the semantic interpretation of memory is similar. Additional connotative senses can be determined in this case, which are of an evaluative, emotional and stylistic nature.In the article the author analyses Russian and Polish phrasemes that represent the conceptual field ”Memory” in both linguacultural spaces. In order to do this he relies on the postulates of Ryszard Tokarski’s theory of semantic connotation being the theory of the secondary semantic field, which constitutes the optional layer of the lexical meaning of a linguistic sign. On the basis of the conducted analysis of the selected phraseological data it can be concluded that the Polish and Russian commonsense attitude to the semantic interpretation of memory is similar. Additional connotative senses can be determined in this case, which are of an evaluative, emotional and stylistic nature
Intelektualista w łagrze. Perspektywa Julija Margolina
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to attempt to discuss the report of Yuliy Margolin from the Soviet Gulag. A Journey to the Land of Ze-Ka is an original work, written from the perspective of a prisoner, who is mostly an intellectual, a philosopher, an excellent observer and interpreter of European reality. The author of the article tries to prove that for Margolin the superior value in the Gulag is the mind, which wins over emotions and thanks to that allows to preserve dignity and humanity. The analysis of identity, carried out by Margolin, allows us to read his testimony in the context of contemporary identity research in extreme situations, where instead of building up our own self, we are fighting for our moral values. As it turns out, the basic foundation of identity is freedom. The article also undertakes a preliminary analysis of Margolin’s concept of hate as the most destructive force for the human individual and the intellect. The mind, according to Margolin, effectively defends freedom, and hate kills free thought, destroys goodness, and consequently leads to dehumanization. The research allows us to call Margolin a rationally thinking humanist, an intellectual who is against historical fatalism, who constantly analyses current events and human behaviour, without losing faith in the mind and the human individual.The aim of this article is to attempt to discuss the report of Yuliy Margolin from the Soviet Gulag. A Journey to the Land of Ze-Ka is an original work, written from the perspective of a prisoner, who is mostly an intellectual, a philosopher, an excellent observer and interpreter of European reality. The author of the article tries to prove that for Margolin the superior value in the Gulag is the mind, which wins over emotions and thanks to that allows to preserve dignity and humanity. The analysis of identity, carried out by Margolin, allows us to read his testimony in the context of contemporary identity research in extreme situations, where instead of building up our own self, we are fighting for our moral values. As it turns out, the basic foundation of identity is freedom. The article also undertakes a preliminary analysis of Margolin’s concept of hate as the most destructive force for the human individual and the intellect. The mind, according to Margolin, effectively defends freedom, and hate kills free thought, destroys goodness, and consequently leads to dehumanization. The research allows us to call Margolin a rationally thinking humanist, an intellectual who is against historical fatalism, who constantly analyses current events and human behaviour, without losing faith in the mind and the human individual
Потенциал иронии в творчестве Людмилы Петрушевской (на примере романа Нас украли. История преступлений)
Get PDFMany researchers of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya’s works draw attention to the irony which is the significant element of her prose, drama and poetry. It is important that the ironic principle manifests itself not only as an artistic technique but also as a philosophical aspect. Irony demonstrates the ambivalence of reality. On the one hand, it ridicules and profanes everything. On the other hand, irony gives the certitude of the ontological status of reality. We can see a good example of this function of irony in the novel Nas ukrali. Istoriya prestupleniy (2017). This novel shows the common features of Petrushevskaya’s works – the unity of ironic potential and language. In this case, language is not only the style but first of all the ontological element. This is why the language becomes almost a character in Petrushevskaya’s novel. Irony opens the vital potential of the linguistic personality. As a result, one of the heroes imitates foreign speech but doesn’t speak a foreign language. Irony also helps to reveal the ambivalent nature of life. It shows that our “umora” in Sanskrit and in ancient Indian is “humour” and “death”. So, the game and profanity not only reduce the status of the hero, the image, or the reader’s expectations but, first of all, fill the gap between words, ideas, feelings, and people
Механизмы формирования оценочной семантики (на материале анализа перцептивных оппозиций)
Get PDFThis article discusses three models of the assessment value – functional, polyspherical and experiential. Drawing on the data within Russian explanatory dictionaries and texts containing language units of the opposition, represented in Russian National Corpus, the author describes the features of the presentation of these models, each of which has different contents value and different factors influencing the development of the evaluative semantics
Лексические аспекты языковой игры в русском языке
Get PDFLanguage game can take place on different language levels: phonetic, graphical, lexical-semantic, word-formative, morphological, syntax, and even pragmatics, stylistics etc. In the given article the lexical aspect of the language game is considered. Many creative language potencies are revealed most fully and brightly on the lexical-semantic level. Separate attention is paid to entimological units – lexical units which are described in the entimological dictionaries; as well as to the so called “anti-proverbs” – abnormal paremiological units