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GAROWAĆ – O PEWNYM MAŁO ZNANYM, A WIELOZNACZNYM CZASOWNIKU
Full text linkGarować is a word which at present belongs primarily to the colloquial variety of the Polish language. Wielki słownik języka polskiego [The Great Dictionary of the Polish Language] mentions 6 meanings of the verb. However, this number does not exhaust the range. The goal of the article is to present the scope of the contemporary meanings of the word. To this end, an online questionnaire was distributed which produced 1,302 replies related to the subject of my interest. The article presents excerpted meanings arranged by prevalence (taking into consideration, if relevant, data of geographic and sociological nature). Next, a scheme of the meanings’ affiliation was suggested. Therefore, this text connects with the works using both the achievements of lexicography as well as empirical research into semantics, based on the ndata from the questionnaires.Garować is a word which at present belongs primarily to the colloquial variety of the Polish language. Wielki słownik języka polskiego [The Great Dictionary of the Polish Language] mentions 6 meanings of the verb. However, this number does not exhaust the range. The goal of the article is to present the scope of the contemporary meanings of the word. To this end, an online questionnaire was distributed which produced 1,302 replies related to the subject of my interest. The article presents excerpted meanings arranged by prevalence (taking into consideration, if relevant, data of geographic and sociological nature). Next, a scheme of the meanings’ affiliation was suggested. Therefore, this text connects with the works using both the achievements of lexicography as well as empirical research into semantics, based on the ndata from the questionnaires
(DIS)KONTINUITA ČEŠTINY 16.-18. STOLETÍ NA PŘÍKLADU HLÁSKOSLOVÍ
Full text linkA majority of the earlier scholarly publications (literary and linguistic) contain negative assessments of the Czech language from the 17th and 18th centuries. This valuation is in accordance with the political, social, religious and cultural developments in Bohemia after the battle of White Mountain (Bílá hora) on 8 November 1620. Following the battle, the Habsburg Monarchy was established and Bohemia was yet again subjected to the Catholic Church. The function of the Czech language was limited with German becoming the main language spoken by the Bohemian aristocracy and city dwellers. German was the official language and, along with Latin, the language of science. As a result of the functional restrictions, Czech books were printed in limited literary fields, especially religious, historical and practically-oriented texts. The language in which they were written was described as degraded, unstable and incorrect. It was connected with the decline of the standard language, deformed by dialectisms, neologisms and an enormous number of loan words from German. However, is this interpretation of the Czech language from the 17th and 18th centuries correct? I have analysed over 100 prints from the 16th to the 18th centuries, focusing on four phonological phenomena: prothetic v-, dipthongisation ú- > ou- and ý (í) > ej and the change é > í. These changes occurred in texts from the 16th century (or even earlier), then some of them were repressed (ej, í in word ending, prothetic v-) or fixed as a part of Czech print (initial ou-, v- by words stabilized with this nonetymological consonant). It is evident that 1) there was continuous development instead of discontinuity, 2) the earlier negative estimation of the Czech language after 1620 was inaccurate. It is imperative to investigate the Czech language from a historical perspective in detail, without prejudice or ideology.A majority of the earlier scholarly publications (literary and linguistic) contain negative assessments of the Czech language from the 17th and 18th centuries. This valuation is in accordance with the political, social, religious and cultural developments in Bohemia after the battle of White Mountain (Bílá hora) on 8 November 1620. Following the battle, the Habsburg Monarchy was established and Bohemia was yet again subjected to the Catholic Church. The function of the Czech language was limited with German becoming the main language spoken by the Bohemian aristocracy and city dwellers. German was the official language and, along with Latin, the language of science. As a result of the functional restrictions, Czech books were printed in limited literary fields, especially religious, historical and practically-oriented texts. The language in which they were written was described as degraded, unstable and incorrect. It was connected with the decline of the standard language, deformed by dialectisms, neologisms and an enormous number of loan words from German. However, is this interpretation of the Czech language from the 17th and 18th centuries correct? I have analysed over 100 prints from the 16th to the 18th centuries, focusing on four phonological phenomena: prothetic v-, dipthongisation ú- > ou- and ý (í) > ej and the change é > í. These changes occurred in texts from the 16th century (or even earlier), then some of them were repressed (ej, í in word ending, prothetic v-) or fixed as a part of Czech print (initial ou-, v- by words stabilized with this nonetymological consonant). It is evident that 1) there was continuous development instead of discontinuity, 2) the earlier negative estimation of the Czech language after 1620 was inaccurate. It is imperative to investigate the Czech language from a historical perspective in detail, without prejudice or ideology
Beneš Optát, Petr Gzel, Václav Philomathes, Gramatika česká (1533), ed. Ondřej Koupil. Akropolis, Praha 2019, CIV + ss. 136
Full text linkGRANICA MIĘDZY JĘZYKIEM MÓWIONYM A STANDARDOWYM
Full text linkThe paper focuses on the relationship between spoken language and standard language. It describes the process of choosing one of the spoken varieties as a basis for a general national language. However, this is a political decision. Linguistics is a secondary tool used in an ideological construct of a nation as an imaginary community. Therefore, any national language is culturally marked. The standard language is used to geographically connect members of a community; it also relates modern users to their ancestors. Politics and linguistics must also rely on the educational system to teach the users one language and to communicate that they are a single nation.The paper focuses on the relationship between spoken language and standard language. It describes the process of choosing one of the spoken varieties as a basis for a general national language. However, this is a political decision. Linguistics is a secondary tool used in an ideological construct of a nation as an imaginary community. Therefore, any national language is culturally marked. The standard language is used to geographically connect members of a community; it also relates modern users to their ancestors. Politics and linguistics must also rely on the educational system to teach the users one language and to communicate that they are a single nation
Dorota Kozaryn, Agnieszka Szczaus, Uwagi o języku w dawnych tekstach użytkowych. Wydawnictwo Grafform, Szczecin 2017, ss. 80
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Magdalena Abraham-Diefenbach Pałace i koszary. Kino w podzielonych miastach nad Odrą i Nysą Łużycką 1945–1989, Wrocław: Atut Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2016, ss. 432
Full text linkSEPTEM VERBA A CHRISTO W STAROPOLSKICH APOKRYFACH NOWOTESTAMENTALNYCH W PERSPEKTYWIE ŹRÓDŁOZNAWCZEJ I LINGWISTYCZNEJ. CZĘŚĆ PIERWSZA: ŹRÓDŁA
Full text linkThis article is the first of two parts of a description of the motif of the seven words uttered by the crucified Christ in old Polish biblical and apocrypha narrations. The author presents the origin of the motif, characteristics of old Polish texts in which it occurred; the most important differences have been highlighted in the feature arrangement of the specific fragments of old Polish Passion of Jesus. The body of the article is represented by depiction of the sources of the seven words uttered by Christ on the cross, presentation of various ways of medieval scribes using the Holy Scriptures and an attempt to capture the motif severing itself from the original source. While the words uttered by Jesus on the cross come from the Gospels, neither of the four evangelists confirmed all of them. The chronology of the words is also arbitrary. In all old Polish apocrypha containing a description of Christ’s death on the cross, the motif of the seven words plays an important role and has been analysed with respect to the content and the vocabulary. The second part of the characteristics will be devoted to the linguistic development of the description of the motif in question.This article is the first of two parts of a description of the motif of the seven words uttered by the crucified Christ in old Polish biblical and apocrypha narrations. The author presents the origin of the motif, characteristics of old Polish texts in which it occurred; the most important differences have been highlighted in the feature arrangement of the specific fragments of old Polish Passion of Jesus. The body of the article is represented by depiction of the sources of the seven words uttered by Christ on the cross, presentation of various ways of medieval scribes using the Holy Scriptures and an attempt to capture the motif severing itself from the original source. While the words uttered by Jesus on the cross come from the Gospels, neither of the four evangelists confirmed all of them. The chronology of the words is also arbitrary. In all old Polish apocrypha containing a description of Christ’s death on the cross, the motif of the seven words plays an important role and has been analysed with respect to the content and the vocabulary. The second part of the characteristics will be devoted to the linguistic development of the description of the motif in question
V INTERDYSCYPLINARNA KONFERENCJA NAUKOWA „DZIEDZICTWO ANTYCZNE I BIBLIJNE DZIŚ (JĘZYK – KULTURA – MEDIA)” Z CYKLU „DIALOG Z TRADYCJĄ”, KRAKÓW, 3–5 GRUDNIA 2018 ROKU
Full text linkNORMA KULTIVOVANÉ VÝSLOVNOSTI, JEJÍ POPIS A OSVOJOVÁNÍ
Full text linkThe norm of received pronunciation and its description in the codification does not have a long tradition. Beside short remarks in grammars, several short individual works were written since the mid-19th century but they were usually not generally accepted. Although 75 years ago, general guidelines for the codification of the pronunciation in Czech were proposed, followed by the first publication 60 years ago, its practical implementation was difficult. It should have an impact on public speech but the articulation mechanism is fixed naturally since childhood, and the defects are hard to remove without motivation. What is more, pronunciation instructions are presented in a written form, and it is necessary to express them with the user – a layman – in mind. Still, endeavours should be made to understand and to codify the pronunciation norms.The norm of received pronunciation and its description in the codification does not have a long tradition. Beside short remarks in grammars, several short individual works were written since the mid-19th century but they were usually not generally accepted. Although 75 years ago, general guidelines for the codification of the pronunciation in Czech were proposed, followed by the first publication 60 years ago, its practical implementation was difficult. It should have an impact on public speech but the articulation mechanism is fixed naturally since childhood, and the defects are hard to remove without motivation. What is more, pronunciation instructions are presented in a written form, and it is necessary to express them with the user – a layman – in mind. Still, endeavours should be made to understand and to codify the pronunciation norms