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THE PREHISTORY OF THE SLAVIC CLUSTERS ST IN THE DIACHRONIC CONTEXT
Full text linkThe paper aims at presenting four different sources of the Slavic clusters st and analysing them in diachronic contexts, according to their origins (< IE *st, *št, *Ḱt, *Tt). The IE cluster *st has been fully preserved, the late IE cluster *št is de-palatalized as is the satəm-cluster *Ḱt (which has merged with *št in almost all the satəm-languages). The cluster *Tt developed regularly into st in Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (and Greek), into 0s in Albanian and u̯t in Armenian – the Armenian development leads to preference for the cluster’s spirantization (as stated earlier by Bartholomae for Indo-Iranian) over the traditional “Brugmannian” affricativization.The paper aims at presenting four different sources of the Slavic clusters st and analysing them in diachronic contexts, according to their origins (< IE *st, *št, *Ḱt, *Tt). The IE cluster *st has been fully preserved, the late IE cluster *št is de-palatalized as is the satəm-cluster *Ḱt (which has merged with *št in almost all the satəm-languages). The cluster *Tt developed regularly into st in Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (and Greek), into 0s in Albanian and u̯t in Armenian – the Armenian development leads to preference for the cluster’s spirantization (as stated earlier by Bartholomae for Indo-Iranian) over the traditional “Brugmannian” affricativization
HISTORYJA BARZO CUDNA O STWORZENIU NIEBA I ZIEMIE KRZYSZTOFA PUSSMANA – STRATEGIE TŁUMACZENIA
Full text linkThe goal of this article is primarily to present the translation strategies adopted by Krzysztof Pussman in the course of working on Historyja barzo cudna o stworzeniu nieba i ziemie. The 16th-century apocrypha has slipped into oblivion – it was last discussed by Stanisław Dobrzycki in 1911. Research suggests that the translator-cum-compiler in fact followed the trends developed in his times. A compilation of the results of analyses and elaborations on the language and the way of translating other Old Polish apocrypha confirms this statement. The deliberations presented in this article, ordered by theme (the author divided the material into issues related to syntax, vocabulary, inflexion, rhetoric and style) provide an outline of broad research perspectives related to Historyja barzo cudna… as an independent historic work and in a comparative perspective (with other apocrypha texts of the time and old Polish canonical texts).The goal of this article is primarily to present the translation strategies adopted by Krzysztof Pussman in the course of working on Historyja barzo cudna o stworzeniu nieba i ziemie. The 16th-century apocrypha has slipped into oblivion – it was last discussed by Stanisław Dobrzycki in 1911. Research suggests that the translator-cum-compiler in fact followed the trends developed in his times. A compilation of the results of analyses and elaborations on the language and the way of translating other Old Polish apocrypha confirms this statement. The deliberations presented in this article, ordered by theme (the author divided the material into issues related to syntax, vocabulary, inflexion, rhetoric and style) provide an outline of broad research perspectives related to Historyja barzo cudna… as an independent historic work and in a comparative perspective (with other apocrypha texts of the time and old Polish canonical texts)
Gabriela Olchowa, System adresatywny języka polskiego i słowackiego na początku XXI wieku. Gaudeamus, Hradec Králové 2018, ss. 240
Full text linkGabriela Olchowa, System adresatywny języka polskiego i słowackiego na początku XXI wieku. Gaudeamus, Hradec Králové 2018, ss. 24
MORZE W MARZENIACH SENNYCH BOHATERA LIRYCZNEGO W WIERSZU LEOPOLDA STAFFA "WYSPA" - ROZWAŻANIA JEZYKOZNAWCY
Full text linkThe article presents linguistic phenomena from the initial stage of the poet’s work when the modernist writing model prevailed. Leopold Staff wrote a reflexive and descriptive triptych in which, by resorting to a juxtaposition to the Young Poland movement poetry, he created paradise landscapes of a deserted island surrounded by sea water, drowned in light and colour. In order to recreate the protagonist’s dreams he resorted to poetic imagery at various levels of text organization. The linguistic phenomena in the realm of syntactic forms refer to the functions of exclamations, hypotaxis and parataxis, the role of arrangements of conjugation rows, the rhythm of verses combined in a hendecasyllable with ABBA rhymes. The following figures of speech were used: antithesis, rhetoric questions, inversions, apostrophes etc. As for semantic transformations, an important role was played by sensual and mental metaphors, semantic poetism, personification and comparisons. The lexical phenomena were related to applying the style-related function of vocabulary that is chronologically diverse (artistic neologisms, neo-semantisms, old-fashioned words); geographically diverse (dialects) and word-formation diverse (derivatives of adpositional phrases in order to condense the text to hendecasyllable verses).The article presents linguistic phenomena from the initial stage of the poet’s work when the modernist writing model prevailed. Leopold Staff wrote a reflexive and descriptive triptych in which, by resorting to a juxtaposition to the Young Poland movement poetry, he created paradise landscapes of a deserted island surrounded by sea water, drowned in light and colour. In order to recreate the protagonist’s dreams he resorted to poetic imagery at various levels of text organization. The linguistic phenomena in the realm of syntactic forms refer to the functions of exclamations, hypotaxis and parataxis, the role of arrangements of conjugation rows, the rhythm of verses combined in a hendecasyllable with ABBA rhymes. The following figures of speech were used: antithesis, rhetoric questions, inversions, apostrophes etc. As for semantic transformations, an important role was played by sensual and mental metaphors, semantic poetism, personification and comparisons. The lexical phenomena were related to applying the style-related function of vocabulary that is chronologically diverse (artistic neologisms, neo-semantisms, old-fashioned words); geographically diverse (dialects) and word-formation diverse (derivatives of adpositional phrases in order to condense the text to hendecasyllable verses)
Opozycja */u/ : */uː/ w gwarze Jastarni
Full text linkThe paper is devoted to the reflexes of the old contrast between */u/ and */uː/after labials and velars and in a front position in a word in the Kashubian dialect spoken in Jastarnia. According to descriptions from the late 19th century and the early 20th century, the contrast was preserved at the beginning of a word and in the middle of a word as contrasted with the quantity and quality (with a probable weakening of the first component of the contrast): [u̯ɘ̟] : [u(ː)]. At the end of the word, the contrast was weak and disappeared. According to sources from the mid-20th century, the contrast has been entirely lost in all the positions and [u̯ɘ̟] and [u] are merely free variants of one phoneme /u/. However, an analysis of contemporary material shows clearly that the old contrast was preserved word-initially and word-internally with some cases of simple morphological levelling. Two phonemes, /ʉ/ and /u/, need to be assumed. The current system is strongly correlated with a system documented in the oldest descriptions and could not develop secondarily from a hypothetical system which would merge */u/ and */uː/ to any extent exceeding a free variation in some forms while morphological levelling took place. It seems that the conclusions offered in the publications from the mid-20th century (refuting the existence of the contrast) had an irrational (personal and maybe national) background.The paper is devoted to the reflexes of the old contrast between */u/ and */uː/after labials and velars and in a front position in a word in the Kashubian dialect spoken in Jastarnia. According to descriptions from the late 19th century and the early 20th century, the contrast was preserved at the beginning of a word and in the middle of a word as contrasted with the quantity and quality (with a probable weakening of the first component of the contrast): [u̯ɘ̟] : [u(ː)]. At the end of the word, the contrast was weak and disappeared. According to sources from the mid-20th century, the contrast has been entirely lost in all the positions and [u̯ɘ̟] and [u] are merely free variants of one phoneme /u/. However, an analysis of contemporary material shows clearly that the old contrast was preserved word-initially and word-internally with some cases of simple morphological levelling. Two phonemes, /ʉ/ and /u/, need to be assumed. The current system is strongly correlated with a system documented in the oldest descriptions and could not develop secondarily from a hypothetical system which would merge */u/ and */uː/ to any extent exceeding a free variation in some forms while morphological levelling took place. It seems that the conclusions offered in the publications from the mid-20th century (refuting the existence of the contrast) had an irrational (personal and maybe national) background
O elementach wiedzy naukowej w etymologiach ludowych (nienaukowych) nazw polskich miejscowości
Full text linkThe goal of this article is to present the fundamental types of such pseudo-origins. The collated examples of approximately a thousand of association origins of Polish names of locations, excerpted from various printed and online texts, written questionnaires and oral interviews, indicate three types of non-academic origin employing elements of academic knowledge.The goal of this article is to present the fundamental types of such pseudo-origins. The collated examples of approximately a thousand of association origins of Polish names of locations, excerpted from various printed and online texts, written questionnaires and oral interviews, indicate three types of non-academic origin employing elements of academic knowledge
Lublin i Lubelszczyzna w działalności naukowej i organizacyjnej doktora Mieczysława Buczyńskiego (2 XI 1936 - 25 XII 1992)
Full text linkThe article presents the academic achievements of Mieczysław Buczyński, Ph.D. (1936-1992) with special emphasis placed on his dialectological and onomastic research in the Lublin area. The scholar created a card index for the Dictionary of the Huszcza in Podlasie dialect which index consists of more than 100 thousand words. The vocabulary can serve as a basis for describing linguistic interference between the local Ukrainian dialects and the insular Polish dialect. Another area of Mieczysław Buczyński’s academic interest was onomastics, especially urban names and anthroponymy. The studies of the names in Lublin were conducted with respect to the object and the methodology. In his descriptions of urban names, Mieczysław Buczyński took into consideration the linguistic as well as the extra-linguistic factors. Anthroponyms of Armenian origin, presented with respect to the inhabitants of Zamość, played an important role in the scholar’s onomastic studies. The article presents the academic achievements of the prematurely deceased scholar and a person born and living in the Lublin area. He was involved in pioneering research and nouvelle methodology, largely supported by the ethnic and cultural diversity of the region with which Mieczysław Buczyński always identified himself.The article presents the academic achievements of Mieczysław Buczyński, Ph.D. (1936-1992) with special emphasis placed on his dialectological and onomastic research in the Lublin area. The scholar created a card index for the Dictionary of the Huszcza in Podlasie dialect which index consists of more than 100 thousand words. The vocabulary can serve as a basis for describing linguistic interference between the local Ukrainian dialects and the insular Polish dialect. Another area of Mieczysław Buczyński’s academic interest was onomastics, especially urban names and anthroponymy. The studies of the names in Lublin were conducted with respect to the object and the methodology. In his descriptions of urban names, Mieczysław Buczyński took into consideration the linguistic as well as the extra-linguistic factors. Anthroponyms of Armenian origin, presented with respect to the inhabitants of Zamość, played an important role in the scholar’s onomastic studies. The article presents the academic achievements of the prematurely deceased scholar and a person born and living in the Lublin area. He was involved in pioneering research and nouvelle methodology, largely supported by the ethnic and cultural diversity of the region with which Mieczysław Buczyński always identified himself
Wygasanie oboczności leksykalnych stryj ║ stryk oraz wuj ║ uj w dobie średniopolskiej
Full text linkThe aim of this article is to show the rivalry of the two pairs of variants: stryj ║ stryk and wuj ║ uj in the history of the Polish language, especially with respect to Middle Polish. Samples of these forms were taken from dictionaries which note historical Polish lexis – from Old Polish to the 20th century. Moreover, the article is an attempt at identifying the era in which this rivalry finished and which forms developed as norms in the literary language.The aim of this article is to show the rivalry of the two pairs of variants: stryj ║ stryk and wuj ║ uj in the history of the Polish language, especially with respect to Middle Polish. Samples of these forms were taken from dictionaries which note historical Polish lexis – from Old Polish to the 20th century. Moreover, the article is an attempt at identifying the era in which this rivalry finished and which forms developed as norms in the literary language
Rzeczowniki z przyrostkiem -ota w Panu Tadeuszu Adama Mickiewicza (analiza słownikowa)
Full text linkThe article is dedicated to a lexical analysis of adjectival nouns with the –ota suffix in Adam Mickiewicz’s Pan Tadeusz. Out of five nouns, viewed against the 19th century language norm, four are definitely archaisms. These are the words: ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness>, szczodrota (generosity) and some uses of the words cnota (virtue) and hołota (the poor and badly educated). On top of the noun ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness> which is a typical Easter Borderlands archaism, they should be traced back to the literary tradition. This is corroborated by the fact that the poet used them in an informed way to make the text sound like Old Polish. Therefore, with respect to the function and the archaic origin, the nouns with the –ota suffix in the text of “Pan Tadeusz” can be divided into two groups: stylistic archaisms which come from the literary tradition (szczodrota, partly cnota and hołota) plus systemic archaisms which belong to Mickiewicz’s idiolectal system (ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness>).The article is dedicated to a lexical analysis of adjectival nouns with the –ota suffix in Adam Mickiewicz’s Pan Tadeusz. Out of five nouns, viewed against the 19th century language norm, four are definitely archaisms. These are the words: ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness>, szczodrota (generosity) and some uses of the words cnota (virtue) and hołota (the poor and badly educated). On top of the noun ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness> which is a typical Easter Borderlands archaism, they should be traced back to the literary tradition. This is corroborated by the fact that the poet used them in an informed way to make the text sound like Old Polish. Therefore, with respect to the function and the archaic origin, the nouns with the –ota suffix in the text of “Pan Tadeusz” can be divided into two groups: stylistic archaisms which come from the literary tradition (szczodrota, partly cnota and hołota) plus systemic archaisms which belong to Mickiewicz’s idiolectal system (ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness>)
Adaptacja i porozumienie. Komunikacja dwujęzyczna w Europie Środkowej
Full text linkDepending on the selected theoretical concept, Central Europe is a melting pot of several or over a dozen linguistic cultures which constantly interacted in the process of historical development. In this multi-national landscape, the presence of Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Slovaks as well as Lusatians, Kashubians or Lemkos) has been a constant element. The speakers have used two languages in a single act of communication which is a phenomenon of its own. This understanding is a tempting area of linguistic research. This text is dedicated to bilingual communication of Slavs with special emphasis placed on the processes of adaptation based on obtaining information from texts in written language (the seven sieves tecDepending on the selected theoretical concept, Central Europe is a melting pot of several or over a dozen linguistic cultures which constantly interacted in the process of historical development. In this multi-national landscape, the presence of Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Slovaks as well as Lusatians, Kashubians or Lemkos) has been a constant element. The speakers have used two languages in a single act of communication which is a phenomenon of its own. This understanding is a tempting area of linguistic research. This text is dedicated to bilingual communication of Slavs with special emphasis placed on the processes of adaptation based on obtaining information from texts in written language (the seven sieves technique)