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Uloga materinskog jezika i dobi u ovladavanju engleskim članomu ranom učenju engleskoga kao stranoga jezika
No full textThe category of definiteness/indefiniteness is often seen as a linguistic universal (Chomsky 2000; Silić 2000) that exists in every human language but is expressed with different linguistic means and patterns in different languages. In English, this category is grammaticalized primarily via articles (Zergollern-Miletić 2008). The Croatian language does not contain an article system, and acquiring English articles represents a major problem for most learners of English as a foreign language (Balenović and Medved Krajnović 2013; Zergollern-Miletić 2015). The present paper investigates difficulties in acquiring English articles among young learners in Croatia in written tasks. Pupils involved in the research started learning English in the first grade of primary school. A total of 76 primary school learners from six different classes (schools) and different age groups were included in this research. The initial hypothesis is that the correct use of articles increases as learners’ overall L2 proficiency increases due to exposure to instructed EFL learning. A qualitative analysis was carried out using error analysis, i.e., proper/wrong use, or omission of the article. The findings partially confirmed the initial hypothesis and showed that our participants were becoming aware of the existence of English articles (they comprehended that articles should precede nouns), but we found very frequent article omission, which, according to our research results, indicates that the process of developing and understanding the semantic and pragmatic role of English articles is long and fluctuating specifically with learners whose L1 lacks the article system.Kategorija određenosti i neodređenosti često se povezuje s pojmom jezičnih univerzalija (Silić 2000; Chomsky 2000), tj. nema jezika u kojem ne postoji izražavanje spomenute kategorije, nego se jedino može govoriti o različitim načinima njezina izražavanja. U engleskom jeziku navedena kategorija najočitije je gramatizirana članom (Zergollern- Miletić 2008). Nepostojanje izražavanja određenosti i neodređenosti članom u materinskom jeziku (hrvatskom) pretpostavlja ograničenje i poteškoće u ovladavanju navedenom kategorijom u inom (engleskom) jeziku (Balenović, Medved Krajnović 2013; Zergollern-Miletić 2015). U radu se iznose rezultati istraživanja o uporabi člana u pisanim sastavima učenika u osnovnoj školi. U istraživanje je uključeno ukupno 76 učenika petih i osmih razreda iz šest različitih škola (razreda). Učenici su počeli učiti engleski jezik u prvom razredu osnovne škole. Polazi se od pretpostavke da se ovladanost članom povećava s godinama učenja, što pretpostavlja i višu razinu jezičnog umijeća općenito. Kvalitativna analiza pisanih sastavaka izvršena je metodom analize pogrešaka svrstanih u kategorije točna/netočna uporaba, kao i izostavljanje člana. Rezultati istraživanja djelomično potvrđuju polaznu pretpostavku, tj. učenici su svjesni postojanja člana ispred imenica, ali ne i razumijevanja njegova značenja što dovodi do pogrešne uporabe i čestog izostavljanja člana. Iz toga proizlazi da je član vrlo složena jezično-semantička kategorija te je putanja ovladavanja njime dugačka i fluktuirajuća, pogotovo za govornike čiji prvi jezik nema člana, neovisno o stupnju ovladanosti engleskim jezikom
Postupci učitelja u suočavanju s neprimjerenim ponašanjem učenika u osnovnoj školi
No full textMisbehaviour entails any student behaviour that diminishes the teacher’s ability to achieve and maintain efficient learning in the classroom. In order to secure efficient teaching and student learning, teachers apply various strategies and procedures whereby they react to student misbehaviour and prevent its reoccurrence. The goal of this research was to examine the strategies and procedures primary school teachers use and whether class and subject teachers differ in their implementation. The research included 230 primary school teachers who assessed the frequency of applying 30 procedures in dealing with three different forms of student misbehaviour. The results show that most teachers encounter mild and moderate forms of misbehaviour on a daily basis, whereas they are rarely faced with severe forms of misbehaviour. The most frequently used strategies for amending mild student misbehaviour are agreements with students, positive actions and reprimand, while in cases of moderate and severe student misbehaviour, most common strategies entail agreement, reprimand and expert counselling. The least frequently used strategies for coping with all three forms of student misbehaviour are punishment and excluding students from class. Statistically significant differences were found in the application of the strategies between class and subject teachers. Class teachers more often use strategies of agreement, positive action, engaging students in other activities and involving peers, whereas subject teachers use the strategy of expert counselling more frequently. Although excluding students from class is rarely applied, it was still found that this strategy is more often used by subject teachers.Neprimjereno ponašanje odnosi se na bilo koje ponašanje učenika koje umanjuje sposobnost učitelja uspostaviti i održati učinkovito učenje u učionici. Kako bi osigurali učinkovito poučavanje i učenje učenika, učitelji primjenjuju različite strategije i postupke kojima reagiraju na neprimjerena ponašanja učenika i sprječavaju njihovo ponavljanje. Cilj ovog istraživanja ispitati je koje strategije i postupke koriste učitelji u osnovnoj školi te razlikuju li se učitelji razredne i predmetne nastave u njihovoj primjeni. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo dvjesto trideset osnovnoškolskih učitelja koji su procjenjivali učestalost primjene trideset postupaka u tri različita oblika neprimjerenih ponašanja učenika. Rezultati pokazuju kako se većina učitelja svakodnevno susreće s lakšim i težim oblicima, a rijetko s osobito teškim oblicima neprimjerenih ponašanja. Najčešće korištene strategije u situacijama lakšeg neprimjerenog ponašanja učenika jesu strategije dogovora s učenicima, pozitivnih akcija te opomena, dok se u težim i osobito teškim oblicima neprimjerenih ponašanja najčešće primjenjuju strategije dogovora, opomena i savjetovanja sa stručnjacima. Najrjeđe korištene strategije u sva tri oblika neprimjerenih ponašanja jesu strategije kažnjavanja i udaljavanja učenika sa sata. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike u primjeni strategija učitelja razredne i predmetne nastave. Učitelji razredne nastave češće koriste strategije dogovora, pozitivnih akcija, zapošljavanja učenika drugim aktivnostima i uključivanja vršnjaka, a učitelji predmetne nastave strategiju savjetovanja sa stručnjacima. Iako se udaljavanje učenika sa sata i kažnjavanje rijetko primjenjuju, ipak je utvrđeno kak te strategije češće koriste učitelji predmetne nastave
Znanstvene i stručne aktivnosti djelatnika Sveučilišta
No full textZnanstvene i stručne aktivnosti djelatnika SveučilištaZnanstvene i stručne aktivnosti djelatnika Sveučilišt
Ženski list: urednički pristup Marije Jurić Zagorke
No full textObjective. The aim of this paper is to explore the development and changes in the publishing policy of the women\u27s magazine Ženski list, whose chief editor was Marija Jurić Zagorka. The magazine was published during the interwar period and significantly influenced the residents of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and emigrants abroad with its content.
Approach/Methodology. The analysis of the magazine was conducted based on the most visually striking and/or important issues from each year of publication, totaling 14 issues. The analysis included the number of pages, quantity of illustrations and advertisements, citation of responsibility data, and graphic and thematic changes in the magazine design. Sources from the Stare novine portal and the Center for Women\u27s Studies were used.
Results. The paper provides a brief historical overview of women\u27s magazines worldwide, in Europe, and in the Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia. Furthermore, Marija Jurić Zagorka is highlighted as the journalist, and editor, followed by an analysis of the magazine issues. The uniqueness of this magazine lies in achieving high circulation and reaching readers from all social circles. Despite financial difficulties due to the non-receipt of subscriptions and economic crises, the magazine, in its 14 years of publication, kept up with innovations in the layout of visual and textual contributions. A significant increase in illustrations and advertisements is noted, indicating the magazine\u27s close connection to its social environment, especially businesses and shops in Zagreb. There is also an observed increase in attributing authors to texts and photos or indicating the source from which the content was taken, demonstrating the editorial understanding of the concept of intelectual property.
Originality/Value. This paper provides an overview of publishing and editorial practices. In addition to technical characteristics, the paper offers a partial insight into the magazine\u27s content, placing it in the context of publishing for women, by women, in the 1920s and 1930s.Cilj. Cilj je rada istražiti i analizirati nakladničku politiku časopisa za žene „Ženski list“ u razdoblju od 1925. do 1938. godine, kada je glavna urednica bila Marija Jurić Zagorka. Prikazat će se nakladnički koncept, a djelomično i sadržaj lista koji je imao značajan utjecaj na čitateljice u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji i na iseljenice u inozemstvu.
Pristup/metodologija. Analiza časopisa provedena je na temelju vizualno najupečatljivijh i/ili važnijih brojeva iz svake godine izlaženja, ukupno 14 brojeva. Analiza obuhvaća sadržajnu analizu te analizu opsega publikacije, količine ilustracija i oglasa, načina navođenja podataka o odgovornosti te grafičke i tematske promjene oblikovanja časopisa. Korišteni su digitalizirani primjerci s portala Stare novine te primjerci koji se čuvaju u Centru za ženske studije.
Rezultati. Rad donosi kratak povijesni pregled ženskih časopisa u svijetu, Europi te Kraljevini SHS/Jugoslaviji. Prikazana je djelatnost Marije Jurić Zagorke kao novinarke i urednice, a predstavljeni su i rezultati analize odabranih brojeva Ženskog lista. Specifičnost navedene publikacije leži u tome što je ostvarila velike naklade, a svojim je tematskim i grafičkim oblikovanjem uspjela prodrijeti do čitateljica iz svih društvenih slojeva. Unatoč financijskim poteškoćama zbog neslanja pretplata i ekonomske krize, list je u 14 godina izlaženja pratio novitete uređivanja slikovnih i tekstovnih priloga. Uočen je značajan porast broja ilustracija kao i reklama zbog čega se može zaključiti da je časopis bio usko vezan uz svoju okolinu, posebice uz zagrebačke obrte i radnje. Također se uočava i porast navođenja podataka o autorima uz tekstove i fotografije ili navođenje odakle je izvor preuzet čime je uredništvo pokazalo napredno shvaćanje koncepta intelektualnog vlasništva.
Originalnost/vrijednost. Ovaj rad donosi pregled nakladničkih praksi pri uređivanju lista. Osim tehničkih karakteristika, rad pruža djelomičan uvid i u sadržaj lista te ga stavlja u kontekst nakladništva za žene od žena u periodu 1920-ih i 1930-ih godina
The approach to creating a bio-bibliographic lexicon with examples from the book Bakarski zaslužnici u 19. i 20. stoljeću
No full textCilj. Cilj je rada pružiti uvid u leksikografska načela i teorijska polazišta za izradu biografskih i biobibliografskih leksikona.
Pristup/metodologija/dizajn. Metodološki, rad se temelji na pregledu i vrednovanju relevantne leksikografske literature, te na iskustvima i zaprekama na koje su autori nailazili u pisanju Bakarskih zaslužnika (Bakar: Grad Bakar, 2023). Daju se detaljni primjeri sastavnih dijelova izrađenih natuknica s obrazloženjima. Opisuje se na koji su se način pronalazili i provjeravali podatci koji su korišteni za izradu pojedine natuknice, posebno u suradnji s djelatnicima baštinskih institucija i pojedincima koji su u rodbinskim ili drugim vezama s osobama uvrštenima u knjigu.
Praktična primjena. Osim budućim autorima, rad je namijenjen i studentima informatologije, knjižničarstva i arhivistike, kako bi na jednom mjestu imali uvid u složenost teorijskog okvira i praktičnih postupaka u izradi biografskih leksikona. Budućim autorima lokalnih biografskih leksikona može biti od koristi s obzirom na primijenjenu metodologiju i isticanje zapreka na koje su autori nailazili.
Originalnost/vrijednost. Originalnost rada sastoji se u nastojanju da se problematiziraju dosadašnje teorijske spoznaje iz leksikografske heuristike te da se na osnovi konkretnih primjera ilustrira rad na osmišljavanju i izradi lokalnog biografskog leksikona, s posebnim naglaskom na problematiku strukturiranja leksikografske natuknice.Purpose. The aim of the paper is to provide insight into the lexicographical principles and theoretical foundations for compiling biographical and bibliographical dictionaries.
Approach/Methodology/Design. The paper is based on a review and evaluation of relevant lexicographic literature, as well as the authors’ experience and strategies for addressing the challenges encountered in the writing of the book Bakar Meritorious Persons (Bakar: Grad Bakar, 2023). Detailed examples of the structural components of dictionary entries have been presented and explained. Additionally, the process of collecting and verifying entry information is outlined, with particular emphasis on cooperation with heritage institutions, relatives of meritorious individuals and cognizants.
Practical implications. This paper is intended not only for future authors of similar works but also for students of information science, librarianship, and archival studies, offering them an understanding of the complexity of the theoretical framework and practical procedures involved in creating biographical dictionaries. This refers both to the applied methodology and the strategies used by the authors to address various dilemmas.
Originality/Value. The originality of the paper lies in its presentation of theoretical insights into lexicographic heuristics while illustrating both the procedure and the techniques for compiling a local biographical dictionary. Numerous examples provided may serve as a guideline to future authors in structuring their lexicographic entry formats
Istro-Venetian Dialect of Tar and its Lexical Repertoire in the Semantic Field of Clothing
No full textNel corso della storia, l’Istria si è trovata in stretto contatto con popolazioni italiane, germaniche e slave, e di conseguenza sotto l’influsso di diverse culture, idiomi e aree linguistiche, innanzitutto sotto l’influsso della cultura e lingua veneta e del dominio veneziano, che si è manifestato nel cambiamento linguistico tramite le tre fasi di venetizzazione. Questa realtà è presente anche a Torre, un paese sulla costa occidentale istriana che fa parte del Comune di Tar-Vabriga-Torre-Abrega, dove è presente il bilinguismo e dove si parla l’istroveneto. Con questa ricerca abbiamo potuto raccogliere e analizzare il materiale dialettale riguardante il campo semantico Indumenti e abbigliamento, in base all’Atlante Linguistico Italiano e all’Atlante linguistico Istrioto. Usando due metodi d’inchiesta diversi, l’intervista semiguidata e l’intervista direttiva, abbiamo identificato le differenze e l’efficacia della raccolta del materiale, paragonato le risposte ricevute da due informatrici, nonché evidenziato le differenze presenti nel repertorio lessicale della parlante anziana e quella giovane. La prima informatrice ha 79 anni e vive a Torre dalla nascita, mentre la seconda informatrice ha 29 anni e ha vissuto a Torre fino a 26 anni. Entrambe comunicano quotidianamente in dialetto istroveneto.Throughout history, Istria has been in close contact with the Italian, German and Slavic populations and, due to this fact, it has been under the influence of different cultures and idioms. For the most part, it has been under the influence of the Venetian language and culture. The Venetian dominance spread through language changes in three different phases throughout the linguistic venetization of Istria. The reality of this phenomenon is present in Tar, a town on the west coast of Istria, which belongs to the municipality of Tar - Vabriga – Torre – Abrega. This area is bilingual and the people there speak an Istro-Venetian dialect. The aim of this study was to collect and analyse material related to the semantic field of clothing based on the corpus of the Italian Linguistic Atlas and the Istrian Linguistic Atlas. Using two different types of methodologies in collecting materials: a semi-structured interview and a direct interview, we determined the effectiveness of the differences in the process of gathering materials as well as the differences in the responses of the interviewees and the differences that are based on their ages. The interview was conducted with two respondents: The first respondent is seventy-nine years old and belongs to the older generation of Tar’s population while the second respondent is twenty-nine years old belonging to the younger generation. Both respondents communicate in Istro-Venetian on a daily basis
Come non perdersi nella traduzione? Trasposizione dei realia croati nella cultura italiana
No full textU ovom ćemo prilogu izložiti analizu talijanskog prijevoda hrvatskih (većinom kajkavskih) kulturema prikupljenih iz romana Hotel Zagorje autorice Ivane Bodrožić. Na temelju primjera iz nastave koju izvodimo na kolegiju Teorija prevođenja na zagrebačkom studiju talijanistike pokazat ćemo zašto smatramo da studenti mogu mnogo naučiti iz traduktološke analize prijevodnih strategija primijenjenih na kulturemima koji izvorno pripadaju dijatopijskom varijetetu tipološki različitom od standardnog hrvatskog jezika. Iznijet ćemo stavove studenata o uspješnosti prijevoda i njihovu percepciju kvalitete prijevodnih rješenja proisteklih iz različitih primijenjenih strategija. Kritički ćemo promotriti koncept dvokulturalnosti prevoditelja koji se u suvremenoj traduktološkoj teoriji smatra nužnim preduvjetom kvalitetnoga prijevoda.Literary works written in non-standard varieties are generally significantly less frequently translated than those written in the standard variety. Although the last 30 years have seen more than 600 Italian literary prototexts get published in Croatian (Mikšić and Huber 2023: 38-39), very few of them are written in a non-standard variety. In this paper we analyze the Italian translation of Croatian culture-specific items excerpted from Hotel Zagorje, a contemporary Croatian novel written by Ivana Bodrožić in 2010. Apart from the Standard Croatian variety, the novel contains an array of urban vernaculars and rural varieties (namely, the urban vernaculars of Zagreb and Vukovar, the rural Kaikavian speech of Kumrovec and a local Serbian vernacular). These varieties simultaneously make the prototext difficult to translate due to numerous culture- specific items and suitable for a methodological analysis in class, since the translation abounds in the examples of usage of various translation strategies. For this reason, analysis of the Italian translation of said novel (Hotel Tito, translated by Estera Miočić in 2019) was included in the Translation theories course taught as a part of the Department of Italian Studies’ graduate programme at the University of Zagreb’s Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. Culture-specific items are defined as concepts typical of a certain culture (Liebmann 2015: 14), which means that their translation creates a lexical gap. Translators typically try to fill in this gap by using various translation strategies. The classification of these diverse strategies as well as their typologies were taken from various sources (Ivir 1991, Mailhac 1996, Osimo 2011, Pavlović 2015, Veselica Majhut 2020). They vary from the borrowing of foreign lexemes which denote culturally-specific items to the formation of neologisms and the use of footnotes, if the translator wants their text to be appropriate (Toury 1995: 56) and thus enrich the target culture with new knowledge. On the other hand, generalization, paraphrases or even complete omission are used when the translator is aiming for an acceptable (Toury, ibid) metatext in the target culture. Venuti (2002: 20 et passim) calls these two opposites foreignization and domestication. The so-called domesticated translations make their translators seem invisible, but deprive the reader of a broader perspective and new knowledge. According to the Skopos theory, a functional translation theory which emphasizes the purpose a translation will have (Reiss and Vermeer 2014), the translator is an intercultural mediator. They assess which strategies should be used and how the metatext should be formed to accomplish successfully its function in the target culture and with the target reader. The traductological analysis of literary translations helps students gain a deeper insight into the nature of the literary translation as a process. A part of it is carried out by each student independently, in the form of a seminal paper, while the rest is done together with the teacher during lessons. It has been observed that the students’ attitudes on what constitutes a high-quality literary translation change over the course of the teaching process. The overall results of the analysis show that students notice and classify correctly the translation strategies used to translate culture-specific items. They are also able to recognize correctly that the translation in question is an example of an acceptable (Toury 1995), i.e. domesticated translation (Venuti 2002, Osimo 2011), thus proving that they have mastered the curriculum of the course. Students recognized correctly that the most frequently used strategy was neutralization, employed in cases when the original expressions belong to various diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic varieties. Following this strategy, local speech and slang are translated into Standard Italian. Neutralization is followed by generalization and paraphrasing, both of which are far less frequent. Students consider all these strategies to be inappropriate and perceive the parts of text in which they are used as examples of bad translation. On the other hand, they have a positive view of the use of explanation. This strategy is mostly applied when translating the names of the toponyms (mountains, rivers, lakes, parts of the city). It is also sometimes used for some brand names and products, although these terms are mostly translated using the generalization strategy, which usually introduces an Italian general hyperonym instead of a Croatian brand name (for example: ‘a certain type of candy’ > ‘candy’). Students perceive generalization as bad translation and change their mind only when introduced to the notion of overtranslating and Umberto Eco’s idea that translating means creating – in the best possible scenario – just roughly the same text (Eco 2003). One of the ways to achieve an acceptable translation (Toury 1995) is by using paraphrasing. This strategy is frequently used in the analyzed metatext, mostly when translating the structure of the Croatian education system and Croatian eating habits. We noted several examples of adaptation as well. Students regard them as successful interventions which facilitate the understanding of the metatext. When adapting, the translator often uses diatopically neutral terms or changes the diatopic markedness of the prototext into the diaphasic markedness of the metatext. These subtle semantic changes are usually not noticed by our students. Borrowing is one of the few used strategies that result in the foreignization of the metatext, since the reader is introduced to the culture-specific items belonging to the source culture. Almost all instances of borrowing refer to culinary terminology and are accompanied by footnotes which explain their meaning. Students generally believe that this strategy should be used far more frequently. Liebmann (2015: 32) states that, to translate successfully, the translator should be bicultural. The analysis of translation strategies used in the translation of Hotel Zagorje has shown that culture is a very complex concept, and that not even native speakers of a language have full command of all its culture-specific items. Our overall results show that our students regularly consider the foreignization of the translation to be a negative phenomenon. Frequent neutralizations, generalizations and paraphrasing make them perceive the metatext as “a too free translation”. It seems that, in cases where the target language is their own mother tongue, students value an acceptable translation much more than an appropriate one. At the same time, when the target language is Italian, they seem to place a much higher value on appropriate translations of Croatian prototexts.Nel presente contributo viene fornita un’analisi della traduzione italiana degli elementi culturospecifici tratti dal romanzo Hotel Zagorje di Ivana Bodrožić. La maggior parte dei realia selezionati sono di origine caicava e appartengono alla parlata urbana di Zagabria o alla parlata rurale della regione Hrvatsko zagorje, sebbene nel romanzo non manchino riferimenti anche ad altre parlate locali ed urbane. Lo studio si basa sulle osservazioni raccolte durante il corso di Teoria della Traduzione, tenuto all’interno del corso di laurea in Italianistica a Zagabria. I realia presenti nel prototesto sono stati tradotti utilizzando diverse strategie traduttive. L’analisi ha evidenziato come la strategia più utilizzata sia stata la neutralizzazione, seguita da esplicazione, generalizzazione e parafrasi. Sono stati registrati, inoltre, alcuni esempi di adattamento. Tutte queste strategie avvicinano il prototesto alla cultura di arrivo. Sono stati riscontrati anche alcuni esempi di prestiti dal croato, grazie ai quali il lettore italiano viene a conoscenza di elementi della cultura croata. Sulla base degli esempi tratti dal corso, viene dimostrato perché riteniamo che gli studenti possano imparare molto dall’analisi traduttologica delle strategie traduttive applicate ai realia che originariamente appartengono a una varietà diatopica tipologicamente diversa dal croato standard. In seguito, vengono presentate le valutazioni espresse dagli studenti circa l’efficacia delle traduzioni e la loro percezione sulla qualità delle soluzioni traduttive derivanti dall’uso di diverse strategie traduttive. Infine, viene discussa criticamente la rilevanza del concetto di biculturalità del traduttore, considerato nella teoria traduttologica contemporanea come prerequisito indispensabile per una traduzione di qualità
Lički đaci na Kraljevskoj zemaljskoj muškoj obrtnoj školi u Zagrebu u razdoblju od osnutka škole 1882. do 1929. godine
No full textThe paper encompasses the research into archival materials of the former Royal Land Men’s Vocational School in the period from 1882 to 1929. It was carried out in the State Archives in Zagreb and it resulted in discovery of names of more than fifty Lika pupils who attended the school. Documentation on the work of the institution as well as pedagogical documentation (Class books, School Diaries, Directories, Certificates) is interpreted in the paper. Official School Reports, not only list the names of the students, but also record details from the time of their education and reduced circumstances in which some of them lived. By using the synthesis method, numerous data were combined and important facts about the education of pupils from Lika in Zagreb were highlighted. The development of vocational or apprenticeship schools in Lika at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century is also presented. The education system at the Crafts School in Zagreb is described, as well as the life of pupils who lived in its boarding school. The paper contributes and encourages research into the history of craftsmen in the Lika area.Radom je obuhvaćeno istraživanje arhivske građe nekadašnje Kraljevske zemaljske muške obrtne škole u razdoblju od 1882. do 1929. provedeno u Državnom arhivu u Zagrebu u sklopu kojega su otkrivena imena više od pedeset ličkih pitomaca koji su pohađali tu školu. U tekstu se interpretira dokumentacija o radu ustanove kao i pedagoška dokumentacija (Dnevnici, Imenici, Svjedodžbe) te službeni Izvještaji škole, u kojima se ne navode samo imena učenika već se bilježe i detalji iz vremena njihova školovanja i okolnosti u kojima su se neki od njih nalazili. Metodom sinteze obrađeni su mnogobrojni podatci i istaknute su važne činjenice o školovanju ličkog đaka u Zagrebu. Prikazan je i razvoj obrtnih odnosno šegrtskih škola u Lici krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća. Opisan je sustav školovanja na Obrtnoj školi u Zagrebu kao i život učenika smještenih u internatu škole. Radom je dan doprinos i poticaj istraživanju povijesti obrtnika na području Like
Crtice iz organiziranog poštanskog prometa u Lici: primjer pošte na Malom (H)Alanu i pisma iz 1873.
No full textThe history of organized postal traffic in Lika; as well as in the Lovinac region; is closely related to the Vojna krajina, as post offices were primarily established according to military needs. This paper presents rare philatelic objects from the postal history of the Vojna krajina region (Military Frontier) in the 19th century. The first post offices used for both military and civilian postal services in the Lovinac area were Mali Halan and Sveti Rok, both of which were closed more than 125 years ago, meaning that the rare written traces of their existence not only provide an insight into certain social processes, but also show the way the post functioned at that time.Povijest organiziranog poštanskog prometa u Lici, a tako i u lovinačkom kraju, usko je vezana uz Vojnu krajinu te su poštanski uredi bili smješteni u mjestima koja su odgovarala vojnim potrebama. U radu se predstavljaju rjeđi filatelistički objekti iz poštanske povijesti lovinačkog kraja u 19. stoljeću. Prvi poštanski uredi na lovinačkom području koji su bili korišteni i za vojnu i za civilnu poštu bili su Mali Halan i Sveti Rok, a kako su oba zatvorena do 1894. godine, rijetki pisani tragovi njihovog postojanja pružaju uvid u tadašnje funkcioniranje pošte kao i neke društvene običaje i procese