Rumah E-Journal Citakonsultindo (CV. CITA UTILITAS UTAMA)
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Directors’ Personal Liability in Corporate Bankruptcy: An Analytical Study on the Application of the Business Judgment Rule and the Doctrine of Gross Negligence
No full textThis study aims to examine in depth the concept of directors’ personal liability in the bankruptcy of Limited Liability Companies (PT), focusing on the application of the Business Judgment Rule principle and the doctrine of gross negligence within the framework of Indonesian corporate law. The issue of directors’ liability in bankruptcy situations is crucial, as the boundary between managerial error and acceptable business risk is often difficult to define. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches by analyzing relevant legislation, commercial court decisions, and corporate law literature. The results of this study indicate that the Business Judgment Rule serves as a legal safeguard for directors who act in good faith, with due care, and in the best interests of the company. However, this principle cannot be used as a defense when gross negligence is proven — that is, the failure of directors to perform their managerial duties reasonably, resulting in losses or the company’s bankruptcy. In such circumstances, directors may be held personally liable under Article 97 paragraphs (3) and (5) of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of prudence, professional conduct, and accountability among directors in business decision-making to prevent abuse of authority and minimize the risk of personal liability in bankruptcy situations.
 
Farming System Analysis of Sweet Potato in Merakurak District, Tuban Regency
No full textDevelopment in Indonesia is still strongly focused on the agricultural sector and remains a top priority; therefore, agriculture plays an important role in national development. Improvements in the living standards of rural communities are greatly influenced by income, which generally originates from farming activities. This study aims to analyse the income generated from sweet potato farming by farmers in Merakurak District, Tuban Regency, and to assess the feasibility and efficiency of sweet potato farming, an analysing the revenue-to-cost ratio (R/C ratio). This study was conducted in Merakurak District, Tuban Regency. The research was conducted over a two-month period, from May to October 2024. The selection of respondent farmers was conducted using a purposive sampling method, in which farmers were deliberately chosen for interviews. A total of 40 respondent farmers were selected to analyse their farming practices. The data used in this study consisted of primary and secondary data. In terms of age, the respondents were generally elderly or non-productive, with an average age of 50 to 60 years. The respondents had extensive farming experience, having been familiar with agricultural activities since childhood; however, they began focusing more seriously on farming activities around 1983 and have continued for approximately 30 years. The educational level of the respondent farmers was relatively low, with most having completed only junior high school education. Regarding labour utilisation, most respondent farmers relied on hired labour from outside the family. The capital used in farming activities primarily came from personal funds. In addition, some farmers borrowed capital from traders in the market during capital shortages through cooperative arrangements, in which the harvested produce was sold to those traders
Marketing Distribution Strategy for Beef Cattle Through the Sea Toll Road in North Gorontalo Regency
No full textThis study aims to analyze strategic environmental factors and formulate a marketing distribution strategy for beef cattle through the Sea Toll Road in North Gorontalo Regency. The research method used is a survey method. Primary data were collected through interviews and questionnaires to respondents from technical agencies, academics, professional associations, and beef cattle marketing distribution business actors. Secondary data were obtained from agencies related to beef cattle marketing distribution. Data were processed and analyzed using a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). The results show that the role of the Sea Toll Road as a marketing distribution channel is increasingly stable in meeting the demand for beef cattle in Kalimantan. Internal Factor Scores (IFAS = 3.21) and External (EFAS = 2.99) are positive, supported by the supply of beef cattle, policy support, and the homebase of the livestock transport ship KM Camara Nusantara 5. The diagram of the position of beef cattle marketing distribution through the Sea Toll Road in North Gorontalo Regency is in Quadrant I which supports an Aggressive Strategy. The optimal strategy formulation that can be implemented is an Aggressive Strategy, namely using all strengths to take advantage of all existing opportunities
The Evolution of GEOINT-Cyber Integration in Modern Warfare: A Systematic Review of Operational Paradigms, Enabling Technologies, and Implementation Challenges
No full textIn an era of converging digital and physical realities, the integration of Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) and cyber operations has become a strategic imperative for modern defense. This systematic review examines the evolution of GEOINT-cyber integration from 2016 to 2025, synthesizing operational paradigms, enabling technologies, and implementation challenges. Methodologically, the study adopts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA 2020 framework. Data were collected using Publish or Perish (PoP) from Crossref and Google Scholar, with keywords including “cyber warfare” and “GEOINT.” From an initial pool of 216 articles obtained, only 4 articles met the inclusion criteria for the analysis stage. Key findings highlight three pivotal developments: (1) the Internet of Things (IoT) serves as both a distributed GEOINT sensor network and a cyberattack vector; (2) epidemiological models provide an analytical framework for tracking cyber threats across spatial and cognitive domains; and (3) Cognitive Intelligence (COGINT) enables the geospatial mapping and influence of human decision-making. Case studies such as the Ukraine conflict and Operation “Salt Typhoon” illustrate real-world applications while revealing tensions between security efficacy, ethical governance, and human dignity. The study concludes that the future of GEOINT-cyber integration will be shaped not only by technological advances but also by principled frameworks that balance operational effectiveness with societal values. This review offers a structured, human-centric overview of a rapidly evolving domain, contributing to both academic discourse and professional practice
Strategies In The Procurement Of Sustainable Goods And Services In Green Infrastructure Development In North Gorontalo Regency
No full textSustainable procurement of goods and services is increasingly relevant in relation to green infrastructure development. The 2025-2029 National Medium-Term Development Plan emphasizes green and blue architecture development as a step towards Net Zero Emission by 2060. The Regional Medium-Term Development Plan in North Gorontalo Regency has only recently been approved and has not yet been properly integrated. Therefore, an analysis is needed to examine internal and external factors as a form of determining strategies in sustainable procurement of goods and services in North Gorontalo Regency. This study uses a mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The analysis tool used is SWOT to identify internal and external factors and determine the most effective strategy to use in sustainable procurement of goods and services. The findings of this study are coordinates (0.28: 0.07) located in quadrant one, meaning that the most suitable strategy to use is a progressive strategy, namely by utilizing the strengths of sustainable goods and services procurement policies and existing opportunities. There are two strategies that can be implemented, namely: 1) Utilizing the strengths of regulations and the e-procurement system to accelerate the implementation of sustainable procurement. 2) Integrating the commitment of the North Gorontalo Regency Government with opportunities for national and international program support to strengthen the market for local environmentally friendly products
Penguatan Kapasitas Komunitas dalam Mitigasi Tanah Longsor melalui Edukasi Kebencanaan dan Vegetasi Lokal
Full text linkTanah longsor merupakan bencana alam yang sering terjadi di wilayah dengan topografi berbukit dan kemiringan lereng curam, sehingga memerlukan upaya pengurangan risiko bencana yang terintegrasi dan berbasis partisipasi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penerapan mitigasi bencana tanah longsor berbasis masyarakat melalui pendekatan partisipatif di wilayah RW 4 dan RW 6 Desa Banjarsari, Kecamatan Ajibarang, Kabupaten Banyumas. Metode yang digunakan meliputi survei awal, observasi lapangan, wawancara dengan pemerintah desa dan masyarakat, serta Focus Group Discussion (FGD) untuk pemetaan risiko dan perencanaan mitigasi. Upaya mitigasi yang dilakukan mencakup edukasi kebencanaan yang disertai pre-test dan post-test, penyusunan jalur evakuasi dengan titik kumpul di SD Negeri Banjarsari, pengembangan sistem peringatan dini berbasis informasi BMKG dan kearifan lokal, serta penanaman vegetasi sebagai mitigasi struktural. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan mitigasi yang terintegrasi mampu meningkatkan pemahaman, kesiapsiagaan, dan kapasitas masyarakat dalam menghadapi potensi tanah longsor, sehingga pendekatan ini dinilai efektif dan berpotensi direplikasi pada wilayah lain dengan karakteristik kerawanan bencana serupa
The Effect Of Work Motivation On Employee Performance With Job Satisfaction As A Mediating Variable
No full textHuman resources play a strategic role in the hospitality industry because service quality is largely determined by employee performance. Three-star hotels in Bandar Lampung face intense competition, fluctuations in occupancy rates, and high service demands, making it important to improve employee performance. One factor that influences employee performance is work motivation, but high motivation does not necessarily result in optimal performance without the support of job satisfaction. Therefore, job satisfaction is seen as a variable that mediates the influence of work motivation on employee performance.This study uses a quantitative approach with purposive sampling techniques for employees of 3-star hotels in Bandar Lampung. Data collection was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 114 respondents who met the research criteria. The data obtained was then analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS)-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of SmartPLS 4.0 software.The results of this study indicate that it supports the proposed hypothesis, namely that work motivation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at 3-star hotels in Bandar Lampung. Furthermore, job satisfaction was found to mediate the relationship between work motivation and employee performance at 3-star hotels in Bandar Lampung. These findings imply that hotel management needs to improve working conditions, increase job satisfaction through fair systems, and strengthen training and interpersonal skills in order to encourage optimal employee performance
The Influence of Brand Image and Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction of Export-Import Shipping Services at Evergreen Line
No full textThis study aims to analyze the influence of brand image and service quality on customer satisfaction of export-import shipping services on Evergreen Line. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The research sample amounted to 96 respondents who were users of Evergreen Line services in the export-import documentation division. The data collection technique was carried out through a questionnaire with a Likert scale, while the data analysis technique used multiple linear regression accompanied by a classical assumption test, F test, t test, and determination coefficient. The results of the study show that simultaneously brand image and service quality have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. Partially, service quality has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction, while brand image does not have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. The determination coefficient value of 0.742 showed that 74.2% of the variation in customer satisfaction could be explained by brand image and quality of service, while the rest was influenced by other variables outside the research model. This finding indicates that improving service quality is the main factor in building customer satisfaction of export-import shipping services on Evergreen Line
English Learning in Primary School: A Review of the Literature on Teaching Methods and Strategies
No full textThis study aims to examine and synthesize various methods and strategies of learning English in elementary schools through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The data source was obtained from national and international journal articles published in the 2020–2025 period and discussed methods, strategies, and approaches to learning English for young learners. The results of the study show a significant shift from traditional approaches such as the Grammar Translation Method to communicative and student-centered approaches, such as Communicative Language Teaching, Task-Based Learning, Total Physical Response, Direct Method, and storytelling strategies. Communicative and contextual approaches have been shown to be more in line with the characteristics of elementary school students who are active, love concrete activities, and learn through social interaction. In addition, the integration of interactive digital media also increases student motivation and learning participation. However, the implementation of innovative strategies still faces challenges in the form of limited teacher competencies, large class sizes, and uneven infrastructure. Therefore, the use of an integrative approach that combines various methods contextually and adaptively is recommended to optimally improve students' communicative competence
Leadership in Business Organizations: Concepts, Processes, and Strategies in Directing Organizations
No full textLeadership is a strategic element in a business organization that plays a role in determining the direction, stability, and ability of the organization in dealing with environmental dynamics. This article comprehensively discusses the concept of leadership, including the definition, roles, and characteristics of an effective leader in the context of modern business. In addition, this article outlines the leadership process which includes vision formation, decision-making, communication, team coordination, and organizational change management. Leadership strategies are also the main focus, especially transformational, transactional, and situational styles that can be used to direct the organization according to the needs and challenges faced. The discussion shows that the effectiveness of leadership does not only depend on the individual qualities of the leader, but also on the ability to implement the right processes and strategies according to the internal and external conditions of the organization. Thus, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of how directed and adaptive leadership can improve the performance, competitiveness, and sustainability of business organizations in an ever-changing era