Journal Portal - Universitas Islam Indonesia
Not a member yet
15271 research outputs found
Sort by
DEVELOPING HALAL TOURISM BASED ON TRADITIONAL CULINARY HERITAGE: AN ISLAMIC LAW AND SWOT ANALYSIS OF CERTIFICATION COMPLIANCE IN TANGERANG, INDONESIA
No full textPurpose – This study aims to analyze the gap between the economic potential of traditional cuisine in the halal tourism ecosystem and the level of compliance of business actors with certification requirements, as stipulated in the Halal Product Guarantee Law. This study also examines the factors influencing the halal tourism ecosystem and halal guarantees among business actors in Laksa Tangerang.
Methods – This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a normative juridical approach. The analysis was conducted by linking the culinary practices of Laksa Tangerang with SWOT analysis and halal product assurance regulations in Indonesia. Data were obtained through observations in the culinary tourism area in Laksa Tangerang, interviews with Laksa vendors, visitors, and the local community, and relevant literature.
Findings – This study shows that the stagnation of halal culinary growth in Laksa Tangerang is caused by multidimensional structural constraints, including limited innovation, weak segmentation and promotion, and governance issues. The SWOT analysis identified several strategic strengths that position Laksa Tangerang as a potential hub for halal tourism development. From an Islamic law perspective, its integration into the halal tourism ecosystem requires formal halal certification as a Halal Product Guarantee, so that halal assurance is institutionalized in a credible manner. Therefore, strengthening halal literacy, expanding certification, and improving governance are prerequisites for transforming Laksa Tangerang into a competitive and sustainable halal culinary tourism destination.
Research contribution/limitations – This study contributes to providing space for the actualization of sharia values in local economic practices and offers a contextual and applicable SWOT analysis framework.
Originality/value – This research offers a new perspective on integrating traditional culinary heritage into the Islamic legal framework in a contextual manner, thereby offering a model for sustainable Halal tourism development
Penguatan Ketahanan Keluarga di Kabupaten Kediri Perspektif Teori Resilience Walsh: Studi di KUA, DP3A, dan BIKKSA
No full textPenelitian ini mengkaji tentang penguatan ketahanan keluarga di Kabupaten Kediri perspektif Teori Resilience Walsh (Studi di KUA, DP3A, dan BIKKSA). Ketiga sinergi yang diberikan oleh KUA, DP3A, dan BIKKSA akan membantu mewujudkan ketahanan keluarga di Kabupaten Kediri. Teori Ketahanan Keluarga (Family Resilience Theory, Walsh) sangat relevan untuk lembaga ini karena berperan dalam pencegahan, pendampingan, dan pemulihan keluarga khususnya terkait pernikahan, kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT), kerentanan perempuan dan anak, konflik suami-istri, kesiapan menjadi orang tua, pemenuhan hak anak. Pada tahun 2024 data perceraian mencapai 399.921 kasus. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan tingginya angka perceraian adalah kurangnya literasi dan kesiapan para calon pengantin tentang materi kuliah pra nikah atau yang kita kenal dengan bimbingan perkawinan bagi calon pengantin. Dalam hal ini Aisyiyah hadir dengan BIKKSA (Biro Konsultasi Keluarga Sakinah Aisyiyah) Kota Malang mempersembahkan kurikulum Kuliah Pra Nikah yang komprehensif selama 3 hari dengan diakhiri dengan wisuda sebagai apresiasi bagi peserta atas ketekunannya dalam mengikuti kuliah pra nikah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan kurikulum kuliah pra nikah dalam upaya membentuk keluarga sakinah di masyarakat luas. Metode penelitian merupakan penelitian lapangan dimana peneliti merupakan salah satu peserta dalam kuliah pra nikah ini. Hasil penelitian sinergi ketiga lembaga dapat mewujudkan ketahanan keluarga. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah Organisasi masyarakat dapat menjadi perpanjangan tangan bagi pemerintah setempat, KUA, dan pengadilan dalam rangka menekan angka perceraian dengan penguatan bimbingan perkawinan bagi calon pengantin. Hal yang positif ini telah dicanangkan Pimpinan Pusat hingga ditularkan pada akar rumput setingkat ranting atau dalam lingkup desa
Antara Paradigma dan Kritik: Studi Makki-Madani dalam Perspektif Mahmud Muhammad Thaha dan Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd
No full textThe traditional study of Makki–Madani has been classified by classical scholars based on the place of revelation, the time of revelation, and the target audience of the verses. This understanding is closely related to the theory of naskh–mansūkh, in which the Madaniyyah verses are considered to abrogate the Makkiyyah verses. However, this classical approach has been criticized by modern thinkers such as Mahmud Muhammad Thaha and Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, who offered alternative paradigms. This article aims to examine the views of these two figures in order to assess their relevance to contemporary Qur’anic studies. Using a library research method and employing classical Makki–Madani theory along with the classical theory of naskh as analytical frameworks, this study finds that Thaha interprets Makki–Madani through the criterion of the addressee (khitāb) and emphasizes the occurrence of reciprocal naskh between the two. Meanwhile, Abu Zayd proposes a new classification that highlights the dialectic between reality and text: reality as a dynamic historical context, and text as content and linguistic structure. Unlike Thaha, Abu Zayd rejects the simplification of the naskh–mansūkh relationship based solely on the Makki–Madani dichotomy without taking into account the historical context of asbāb al-nuzūl and the chronology of revelation. These findings demonstrate that a re-reading of the Makki–Madani category is necessary, not only to critique classical approaches but also to enrich contemporary Qur’anic discourse with more contextual and critical perspectives.
[Kajian Makki–Madani secara tradisional diklasifikasikan oleh ulama klasik berdasarkan tempat turunnya, waktu pewahyuan, dan objek sasaran ayat. Pemahaman ini erat kaitannya dengan teori naskh–mansūkh, di mana ayat-ayat Madaniyyah dipandang menasakh ayat-ayat Makkiyyah. Namun, pendekatan klasik tersebut mendapat kritik dari pemikir modern seperti Mahmud Muhammad Thaha dan Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd yang menawarkan paradigma alternatif. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji pandangan kedua tokoh tersebut guna menilai relevansinya bagi studi Al-Qur’an kontemporer. Dengan metode kajian pustaka dan menggunakan teori Makki–Madani klasik serta teori naskh klasik sebagai kerangka analisis, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Thaha menafsirkan Makki–Madani melalui klasifikasi objek sasaran (khitāb) serta menekankan adanya perputaran naskh antara keduanya. Sementara itu, Abu Zayd mengusulkan klasifikasi baru yang menekankan dialektika realitas dan teks: realitas sebagai konteks historis yang dinamis, dan teks sebagai kandungan isi serta struktur linguistik. Berbeda dengan Thaha, Abu Zayd menolak penyederhanaan relasi naskh–mansūkh berdasarkan dikotomi Makki–Madani semata tanpa memperhitungkan konteks historis asbāb al-nuzūl dan kronologi pewahyuan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pembacaan ulang terhadap kategori Makki–Madani diperlukan, tidak hanya untuk mengkritisi pendekatan klasik, tetapi juga untuk memperkaya wacana tafsir kontemporer dengan perspektif yang lebih kontekstual dan kritis.
The Role of Wahdah Islamiyah in Maintaining Social Diversity and Social Cohesion in Bulukumba Regency: Peran Wahdah Islamiyah dalam Menjaga Keberagaman dan Kohesi Sosial di Kabupaten Bulukumba
No full textThis study aims to analyze the role of Wahdah Islamiyah in maintaining social diversity and strengthening social cohesion in Bulukumba Regency. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study strategy, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation of Wahdah Islamiyah’s da‘wah, educational, and social activities. The findings indicate that Wahdah Islamiyah actively contributes to managing diversity through inclusive community-based da‘wah, the implementation of moderate and integrated Islamic education, and non-discriminatory cross-identity social programs. Although ideologically grounded in the Salafi manhaj, Wahdah Islamiyah’s socio-religious practices in Bulukumba are adaptive, persuasive, and context-sensitive, enabling the organization to build bridging social capital and function as a civil Islam actor at the local level. The study concludes that Wahdah Islamiyah plays a significant role in fostering harmony and social cohesion within a plural society, despite facing internal challenges related to cadres’ limited capacity in pluralism issues and external challenges in the form of persistent conservative stigma.
[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran Wahdah Islamiyah dalam menjaga keberagaman dan memperkuat kohesi sosial masyarakat di Kabupaten Bulukumba. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan strategi studi kasus, melalui pengumpulan data berupa wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan dokumentasi terhadap aktivitas dakwah, pendidikan, dan sosial Wahdah Islamiyah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Wahdah Islamiyah berperan aktif dalam merawat keberagaman melalui dakwah inklusif berbasis komunitas, pengelolaan pendidikan Islam yang moderat dan terintegrasi, serta program sosial lintas identitas yang bersifat non-diskriminatif. Meskipun berlandaskan manhaj salafi, praktik sosial-keagamaan Wahdah Islamiyah di Bulukumba bersifat adaptif, persuasif, dan kontekstual, sehingga mampu membangun bridging social capital dan berfungsi sebagai aktor civil Islam di tingkat lokal. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa Wahdah Islamiyah memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membangun harmoni dan kohesi sosial di tengah masyarakat plural, meskipun masih menghadapi tantangan internal berupa keterbatasan kapasitas kader dalam isu pluralisme serta tantangan eksternal berupa stigma konservatisme. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan literasi pluralisme dan perluasan kajian komparatif pada konteks wilayah lain.
Comparative Analysis of The Opinions of Four Mazhab Ulama Regarding Bai' Istiglāl: Analisis Perbandingan Pendapat Ulama Empat Mazhab Terhadap Bai‘ Istiglāl
No full textThis study examines the comparative opinions of the four major Islamic schools of thought regarding Bai‘ Istiglāl, an innovative contract combining bai‘ wafā’ and ijārah, used in contemporary Sukuk instruments to meet modern transactional needs. There is scholarly debate regarding the permissibility of bai‘ wafā’ as the basis for Bai‘ Istiglāl; some prohibit it, arguing it resembles interest-based transactions (riba) or uncertain transactions (gharar), while others permit it under the principle of necessity (ḍarūrah). This research employs a qualitative textual study by analyzing primary sources from the four schools, including Hāsyiyah Radd al-Muḥtār, Bulghah al-Sālik li Aqrab al-Masālik, and al-Mughnī li Ibn Qudāmah, along with secondary sources such as theses, dissertations, and other relevant scholarly publications. The findings indicate that differences in scholarly opinion arise due to the absence of explicit textual evidence, divergent interpretations regarding elements of riba, conditional sales, and similarities to rahn (pawning practices). Based on the principles of permissibility in mu‘āmalah, justice, and prevention of harm (maḍarat), Bai‘ Istiglāl is considered permissible if the contract meets the conditions of validity. The strongest opinion supports the permissibility of Bai‘ Istiglāl, provided that the contract is conducted separately, clearly, and free from riba, gharar, and unlawful gain, in accordance with QS. Al-Baqarah verses 275 and 188 and supported by hadith narrated by Ahmad and Abu Dawud. This practice is deemed valid under sharia principles if it ensures transparency, mutual consent, fairness, and aligns with contemporary transactional needs.
[Penelitian ini membahas perbandingan pendapat ulama empat mazhab mengenai Bai‘ Istiglāl, yaitu struktur akad inovatif yang menggabungkan bai‘ wafā’ dan ijārah, yang digunakan dalam instrumen Sukuk kontemporer untuk memenuhi kebutuhan transaksi modern. Terdapat perdebatan di kalangan ulama mengenai keabsahan bai‘ wafā’ sebagai dasar akad Bai‘ Istiglāl; sebagian melarang karena dianggap menyerupai riba atau transaksi yang tidak jelas (gharar), sementara sebagian lain memperbolehkan dengan alasan kebutuhan mendesak (ḍarūrah). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif berupa studi teks dengan menganalisis literatur primer dari kitab-kitab empat mazhab, termasuk Hāsyiyah Radd al-Muḥtār, Bulghah al-Sālik li Aqrab al-Masālik, dan al-Mughnī li Ibn Qudāmah, serta literatur sekunder seperti skripsi, tesis, disertasi, dan publikasi ilmiah relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan pendapat ulama muncul karena tidak terdapat dalil eksplisit, perbedaan interpretasi terkait unsur riba, jual beli bersyarat, dan kemiripannya dengan rahn (gadai). Berdasarkan prinsip kebolehan mu‘āmalah, keadilan, dan peniadaan maḍarat, Bai‘ Istiglāl dapat dibolehkan jika memenuhi syarat sah akad. Pendapat yang paling kuat mendukung kebolehan Bai‘ Istiglāl, dengan syarat akad dilakukan secara terpisah, jelas, dan bebas dari riba, gharar, serta pengambilan harta secara batil, sesuai QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 275 dan 188, serta didukung hadis riwayat Ahmad dan Abu Dawud. Praktik ini sah secara syariat jika memenuhi prinsip transparansi, keridaan, keadilan, dan relevan dengan kebutuhan mu‘āmalah kontemporer.
Pendekatan Hukum Profetik Terhadap Investasi Hutan Produksi Di Pulau Sipora
No full textPulau Sipora sebagai pulau kecil dalam pengelolaan investasi dan pelindungan masyarakat adat mengalami paradoks hukum. Paradoks ini berkaitan dengan ekspansi investasi hutan produksi yang kerap bertentangan dengan hak ulayat masyarakat adat. Rezim perizinan hukum investasi membuka ruang lebar eksplorasi tanpa diimbangi perhatian ekologis. Eksplorasi dari berbagai korporasi justru menimbulkan kerusakan ruang hidup bagi masyarakat adat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguraikan problematika peraturan perundang-undangan, seperti Undang-Undang Kehutanan, Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal, dan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Pulau-Pulau Kecil. Penelitian ini penting dilakukan karena telah terjadi peminggiran hak-hak masyarakat ada di Pulau Sipora. Rumusan masalah difokuskan pada: (1) Bagaimana disharmoni peraturan perundang-undangan bidang investasi di sektor hutan produksi memengaruhi pelindungan hukum masyarakat adat di Pulau Sipora dan (2) Bagaimana pendekatan hukum profetik dapat menjadi paradigma korektif terhadap problematika yang ada. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan integratif yang meliputi pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual berbasis keadilan profetik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan dua temuan utama. (1) Hukum positif dalam pengaturan rezim investasi di Pulau Sipora berwatak antroposentris dan berorientasi pada kapitalisasi ruang hidup. (2) Pendekatan hukum profetik mampu menjadi pendekatan korektif berbasis cita humanisasi, liberasi, dan transendensi dalam merumuskan kebijakan yang berpihak pada masyarakat adat. Penelitian ini menawarkan gagasan korektif untuk melalui pendekatan profetik untuk membebaskan ketimpangan hukum yang telah terjadi
Decisive factors for indie publishers to win authors' hearts to publish their books
No full textPurpose – This study aimed to determine the significant impact of marketing stimuli on perceived usefulness, the appreciably effect of social media interaction on content quality, and the remarkably influence of perceived usefulness and content quality on purchase intentions.Design/methodology/approach – This is quantitative research, where quantitative data were obtained from the distribution of online questionnaires. The research sample was all participants of the "Book Writing Camp" up to Batch 21 (2023) who had published their books at PT. Litera Media Tama, totaling 162 people. A sophisticated PLS-SEM analysis was used to examine the data gathered.Findings – The results showed that perceived usefulness and content quality on the publisher's social media greatly determine the author's choice. To increase perceived usefulness, publisher must strengthen marketing stimuli such as relative service innovation, service and price advantage, and promotional effort. Meanwhile, publisher must interact more with consumers on social media to improve content quality.Research limitations – Limitations of this study are that the data collecting process was conducted online and only at one publisher. Therefore, the results obtained from this study may vary if applied to other publishers.Practical implications – Publishers should optimize marketing stimuli to strengthen perceived usefulness and increase interaction with followers on social media to improve content quality. Therefore, publishers can effectively attract very motivated writers to publish their books with that publisher.Originality/value – The originality of this work lies in the utilization of Planned Behaviour Theory inside a sophisticated conceptual framework that has yet to be employed in prior research. In addition, the framework tested on Indie publishers in developing countries, a practice that has yet to be explored
Islam in Xinjiang: Geopolitical and Ethnocultural Drivers of Social and Cultural Formation
No full textThis article analyzes the main geopolitical and ethnocultural factors that influenced the spread and social embedding of Islam in Xinjiang (also referred to in some historical usages as East Turkestan). To address the recurrent mismatch between region-wide claims and community-specific evidence, the study adopts an explicitly comparative lens: it draws on the substantial English-language scholarship on Uyghur religious history and authority formation, while also integrating Kazakh- and Russian-language historiography and regional publications on Kazakh communities in Xinjiang as an analytically important minority case. Using a historical-comparative design complemented by geopolitical analysis and content analysis, the article applies a four-phase periodization and examines each phase through common explanatory lenses: (1) geopolitical setting and external linkages, (2) political power and elite incentives, (3) religious authority networks and institutions (including Sufi lineages), and (4) ethnocultural boundary-making and cultural production. The findings support a multi-driver account of Islamization in which connectivity, elite sponsorship, and authority infrastructures interact, with driver salience shifting across historical phases. By reducing language segmentation in the field and distinguishing majority (Uyghur) and minority (Kazakh) configurations, the study offers a mechanism-oriented synthesis and identifies priorities for future comparative research on Islam, ethnicity, and governance in Xinjiang
Efektivitas Program Komik Bicara Dalam Meningkatkan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Pencegahan Pelecehan Seksual Pada Remaja Tunanetra : Indonesia
No full textThe high incidence of sexual violence against visually impaired individuals, particularly in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (26 documented cases), underscores the urgency of providing self-protection education to this vulnerable group. The partner institution, MTs LB/A Yaketunis, faces challenges due to students' minimal understanding of physical interaction boundaries and the lack of adaptive educational media. This community service project aimed to analyze the effectiveness of multisensory media in enhancing the knowledge, attitudes, and protective skills of visually impaired adolescents regarding sexual harassment prevention.
The intervention involved the development and implementation of a Braille Comic with Audio Narrative called "Komik Bicara" (Talking Comic). This media covers topics such as body boundaries, gender equality, and simulated assertive responses ('daring to say no'). A Mix Method approach was employed. Program effectiveness was quantitatively measured through pre-test and post-test data, analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test to determine the significance of improvements in knowledge and attitude scores. Qualitative data from observations and interviews were used to describe the enhancement of students' protective skills.
The results demonstrate that the Komik Bicara program successfully and significantly increased student comprehension and skills. This success proves that inclusively designed, multisensory educational media is highly effective in empowering visually impaired adolescents. The project generated the Komik Bicara book and a Teacher Partner Guidebook, which are expected to become permanent references for fostering a safe and disability-friendly school environment.Tingginya kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap penyandang disabilitas tunanetra, khususnya di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (26 kasus), mengindikasikan urgensi pembekalan perlindungan diri bagi kelompok rentan. Mitra kegiatan, MTs LB/A Yaketunis, menghadapi tantangan berupa minimnya pemahaman siswa tentang batasan interaksi fisik dan keterbatasan media edukasi yang adaptif. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas media multisensori dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan, sikap, dan keterampilan remaja tunanetra dalam pencegahan pelecehan seksual.
Intervensi dilakukan melalui pengembangan dan implementasi Komik Braille dengan Audio Naratif yang disebut "Komik Bicara". Media ini memuat materi batasan tubuh, kesetaraan gender, dan simulasi sikap asertif 'berani berkata tidak'. Metode yang digunakan adalah Mix Method (Metode Campuran). Efektivitas program diukur secara kuantitatif melalui pre-test dan post-test yang dianalisis menggunakan Uji Wilcoxon untuk melihat signifikansi peningkatan skor pengetahuan dan sikap. Sementara, data kualitatif dari observasi dan wawancara digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan peningkatan keterampilan protektif siswa.
Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa program Komik Bicara berhasil secara signifikan meningkatkan pemahaman dan keterampilan siswa. Keberhasilan ini membuktikan bahwa media edukasi yang dirancang inklusif dan multisensori sangat efektif memberdayakan remaja tunanetra. Program ini menghasilkan luaran Komik Bicara dan Buku Pedoman Mitra Guru, yang diharapkan menjadi rujukan permanen untuk mewujudkan lingkungan madrasah yang aman dan ramah disabilitas
Pengembangan “Green Squad” Gen Z: Inspirasi dan Aksi Hijau di Era Digital Dukungan “Zero Sampah” di SMP 4 Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta: Indonesia
No full textWaste management remains a major challenge in various settings, including schools. SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta initiated the Zero Waste Program to foster a sustainable, environmentally friendly culture. This program aims to reduce waste generation, raise student awareness, and establish an integrated waste management system. The program began with a situational analysis to identify the sources and types of waste within the school. Based on these findings, a Zero Waste Team consisting of teachers, students, and external partners—was formed to design and implement the program. The team developed educational modules, provided segregated waste bins, and facilitated workshops and training on the 3R principles (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) through practical learning activities, such as creating wall magazines from waste materials and reducing the use of single-use products. The program was further strengthened by concrete actions supported by digital campaigns and active student participation as change agents. As part of its sustainability strategy, the program also encouraged intergenerational collaboration by involving students, teachers, and parents. This approach ensured the transfer of knowledge and the long-term continuity of an environmentally conscious culture within the school. Regular monitoring and evaluation were conducted to assess the program’s effectiveness. The results demonstrated the establishment of a sustainable waste management system, a reduction in waste volume, and increased environmental awareness. This study concludes that schools can serve as environmentally friendly models that are replicable in other educational institutions.Permasalahan pengelolaan sampah merupakan tantangan utama di berbagai lingkungan, termasuk sekolah. SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta menginisiasi Program Zero Sampah untuk menciptakan budaya ramah lingkungan yang berkelanjutan. Program ini bertujuan mengurangi produksi sampah, meningkatkan kesadaran siswa, dan membangun sistem pengelolaan sampah yang terintegrasi. Tahapan kegiatan diawali dengan analisis situasi untuk mengidentifikasi sumber dan jenis sampah di sekolah. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, tim Zero Sampah yang terdiri dari guru, siswa, dan mitra eksternal dibentuk untuk merancang serta mengimplementasikan program. Tim menyiapkan modul edukasi, menyediakan tempat sampah terpilah, serta memfasilitasi workshop dan pelatihan prinsip 3R melalui praktik edukasi, seperti pembuatan mading dari bahan sampah dan pengurangan penggunaan bahan sekali pakai. Program dilanjutkan dengan aksi nyata yang didukung kampanye digital serta partisipasi siswa sebagai agen perubahan. Serta sebagai bagian dari keberlanjutan, program ini mendorong kolaborasi lintas generasi, melibatkan siswa, guru, dan orang tua. Hal ini bertujuan memastikan transfer pengetahuan dan keberlanjutan budaya peduli lingkungan di sekolah. Monitoring dan evaluasi dilakukan secara berkala untuk menilai efektivitas program. Hasil pelaksanaan menunjukkan terciptanya sistem pengelolaan sampah yang berkelanjutan, pengurangan volume sampah, dan peningkatan kesadaran lingkungan. Program ini menyimpulkan bahwa sekolah mampu menjadi model ramah lingkungan yang dapat direplikasi oleh sekolah lain