Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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Leksyka z zakresu wróżbiarstwa i czarów w Nowym wielkim dykcjonarzu Pierre’a Daneta i Dymitra Franciszka Koli
Full text linkThe paper aims to investigate Polish lexis belonging to the semantic fields of DIVINATION and WITCHCRAFT. The material was excerpted from the 18th-century trilingual Nowy wielki dykcjonarz (New grand dictionary). The semantic fields under analysis were divided into subfields. In the case of DIVINATION, the subfields of DIVINATION PRACTISES and PEOPLE FORETELLING THE FUTURE were identified. In turn, WITCHCRAFT was subdivided into MAGICAL PRACTICES, PEOPLE PRACTISING MAGIC and EFFECTS OF MAGIC. The analysis of the retrieved material suggests that the number of individual lexemes is relatively small and usually polysemic, which appears to contradict the popularity and prevalence of divination and witchcraft in the 18th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as established by cultural historians. The supposed misrepresentation of the semantic fields under scrutiny may reflect the didactic nature of the Polish part of the dictionary.The paper aims to investigate Polish lexis belonging to the semantic fields of DIVINATION and WITCHCRAFT. The material was excerpted from the 18th-century trilingual Nowy wielki dykcjonarz (New grand dictionary). The semantic fields under analysis were divided into subfields. In the case of DIVINATION, the subfields of DIVINATION PRACTISES and PEOPLE FORETELLING THE FUTURE were identified. In turn, WITCHCRAFT was subdivided into MAGICAL PRACTICES, PEOPLE PRACTISING MAGIC and EFFECTS OF MAGIC. The analysis of the retrieved material suggests that the number of individual lexemes is relatively small and usually polysemic, which appears to contradict the popularity and prevalence of divination and witchcraft in the 18th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as established by cultural historians. The supposed misrepresentation of the semantic fields under scrutiny may reflect the didactic nature of the Polish part of the dictionary
Tryb rozkazujący – uwagi o definiowaniu pojęcia i zakresie jego użycia w opisach systemu fleksyjnego współczesnego języka polskiego
Full text linkThe aim of this paper is to present how the imperative mood is defined in the descriptions of the inflection system of the contemporary Polish language. First of all, imperative mood is considered to be the value of one of the inflection categories of mood, and the forms representing it, e.g. zrób! (‘do!’), myj! (‘wash!’) are considered to be in opposition to the forms of the declarative and the conditional moods. On the other hand, the imperative is a grammatical means that expresses the so-called deontic modality and utterances with imperative forms are treated, before anything else, as acts of directive speech. This way of defining the imperative mood is the reason why the status of such forms as wygraj! (‘win!’), otrzymaj! (‘receive!’), (nie) umieraj! (‘[not] die!’) or bądź (szczęśliwy) (‘be [happy]’) is problematic, because they constitute a non-directive use of the imperative mood. The conclusion is that the way of defining the imperative mood in Polish requires clarification.The aim of this paper is to present how the imperative mood is defined in the descriptions of the inflection system of the contemporary Polish language. First of all, imperative mood is considered to be the value of one of the inflection categories of mood, and the forms representing it, e.g. zrób! (‘do!’), myj! (‘wash!’) are considered to be in opposition to the forms of the declarative and the conditional moods. On the other hand, the imperative is a grammatical means that expresses the so-called deontic modality and utterances with imperative forms are treated, before anything else, as acts of directive speech. This way of defining the imperative mood is the reason why the status of such forms as wygraj! (‘win!’), otrzymaj! (‘receive!’), (nie) umieraj! (‘[not] die!’) or bądź (szczęśliwy) (‘be [happy]’) is problematic, because they constitute a non-directive use of the imperative mood. The conclusion is that the way of defining the imperative mood in Polish requires clarification
Speleonymia Slovenského rudohoria z pohľadu teórie modelovania
Full text linkThe article presents model analysis of non-standardized names of caves and chasms of the Slovenské rudohorie mountains which follows the model analysis of anoikonyms by Jana Pleskalová, as well as the work devoted to modelling of Slovak hydronymy. The model analysis pointed out the dominance of the relational model C which expresses “properties, symptoms (and circumstances)” and the relational model A which is associated with the expression of “position, the location of underground object in the field”. The most common structural model in the given relational models is the two-member ADd+S, consisting of a derivative adjective and a noun such as Jelšavská jaskyňa, Gajdova štôlňa. Relational models (VM) referring to possessivity (VM D), especially to the immediate expression of the type of object (VM B), only have a marginal position in the proposed model analysis.The article presents model analysis of non-standardized names of caves and chasms of the Slovenské rudohorie mountains which follows the model analysis of anoikonyms by Jana Pleskalová, as well as the work devoted to modelling of Slovak hydronymy. The model analysis pointed out the dominance of the relational model C which expresses “properties, symptoms (and circumstances)” and the relational model A which is associated with the expression of “position, the location of underground object in the field”. The most common structural model in the given relational models is the two-member ADd+S, consisting of a derivative adjective and a noun such as Jelšavská jaskyňa, Gajdova štôlňa. Relational models (VM) referring to possessivity (VM D), especially to the immediate expression of the type of object (VM B), only have a marginal position in the proposed model analysis
Zwroty grzecznościowe w korespondencji prywatnej na Śląsku Cieszyńskim końca XIX i pierwszej połowy XX wieku
Full text linkThe study presents the results of the analysis of verbal politeness in private letters. The persuasive aspect was taken into account. The paper concentrates on unpublished letters and greeting cards written by inhabitants of Teschen Silesia from the 1894–1952 period. The study shows a local model of politeness. Complying with the rules, the sender of private letters can affect the recipient more efficiently.The study presents the results of the analysis of verbal politeness in private letters. The persuasive aspect was taken into account. The paper concentrates on unpublished letters and greeting cards written by inhabitants of Teschen Silesia from the 1894–1952 period. The study shows a local model of politeness. Complying with the rules, the sender of private letters can affect the recipient more efficiently
Yury Fedorushkov, Adaptacja warsztatu leksykograficznego do automatyzacji rozpoznawania frazemów w systemie uczącym się (na przykładzie konstrukcji werbo-nominalnych języka rosyjskiego), Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2019, ss. 292
Full text linkRecenzja. Yury Fedorushkov, Adaptacja warsztatu leksykograficznego do automatyzacji rozpoznawania frazemów w systemie uczącym się (na przykładzie konstrukcji werbo-nominalnych języka rosyjskiego), Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2019, ss. 292Recenzja. Yury Fedorushkov, Adaptacja warsztatu leksykograficznego do automatyzacji rozpoznawania frazemów w systemie uczącym się (na przykładzie konstrukcji werbo-nominalnych języka rosyjskiego), Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2019, ss. 29
Postulat usunięcia terminu obyczajność z Kodeksu karnego
Full text linkIn my article, I formulate and describe the demand to remove the term obyczajność (propriety) from the Penal Code. In the course of the analysis, I will attempt to prove that its presence in the Act is an example of cultivating a terminological tradition that dates back to the partitions period and was started for a reason that is currently outdated – the general language was insufficient to describe sexual crimes. I also show that due to the discrepancy between the general and legal language, the use of the term obyczajność may mislead a non-professional interpreter of a legal text. The text concludes with a more precise description of the titular demand, i.e. a proposal to change the title of Chapter 25 of the Penal Code.In my article, I formulate and describe the demand to remove the term obyczajność (propriety) from the Penal Code. In the course of the analysis, I will attempt to prove that its presence in the Act is an example of cultivating a terminological tradition that dates back to the partitions period and was started for a reason that is currently outdated – the general language was insufficient to describe sexual crimes. I also show that due to the discrepancy between the general and legal language, the use of the term obyczajność may mislead a non-professional interpreter of a legal text. The text concludes with a more precise description of the titular demand, i.e. a proposal to change the title of Chapter 25 of the Penal Code
„Pani gruba i nieletka, gruba także portmonetka” – o dawnych i współczesnych znaczeniach (użyciach) przymiotnika gruby
Full text linkIn the article, the author presents the semantics of the lexeme gruby. He draws attention to the stages and mechanisms of shaping secondary meanings of the word (presenting changes from the Old Polish period to the present day). The analyses are based on the methods commonly adopted in lexical semantics. A special place in the considerations is given to the meaning ‘an obese, overweight person.’ The observations also concern aesthetic evaluation in language (and, partly, ethical evaluation as well), and at the same time the topic is connected with the analysis of the exponents of lexical parameterisation.In the article, the author presents the semantics of the lexeme gruby. He draws attention to the stages and mechanisms of shaping secondary meanings of the word (presenting changes from the Old Polish period to the present day). The analyses are based on the methods commonly adopted in lexical semantics. A special place in the considerations is given to the meaning ‘an obese, overweight person.’ The observations also concern aesthetic evaluation in language (and, partly, ethical evaluation as well), and at the same time the topic is connected with the analysis of the exponents of lexical parameterisation
Związki frazeologiczne i skrzydlate słowa wywodzące się z filmów w reżyserii Stanisława Barei (na wybranych przykładach)
Full text linkIn contemporary Polish, there are phrases and winged words that come from films, TV series, songs, the language of politics, advertising, popular TV and radio programmes. Among the well-established expressions from the film and TV series, there are permanent verbal connections derived from the films by S. Bareja. Fixed verbal connections stand out among them: Słuszną linię ma nasza władza, Jak jest zima, to musi być zimno, Narodziła się nowa świecka tradycja, Ile jest cukru w cukrze, Nie wiem, nie znam się, nie orientuję się, zarobiony jestem. These idioms, winged words appear in both canonical and modified form. The usual modifications change or replace parts of the original phrases. Innovation strengthens the invariant. Fixed verbal connections of this type are usually ironic and comic. They often fulfill a ludic or phatic function – their appearance is the sender’s communicative signal addressed to the recipient participating in the same culture which is being created today not only by literature, music, painting and other works of art, but also by films, TV series, television and radio programs and so on.In contemporary Polish, there are phrases and winged words that come from films, TV series, songs, the language of politics, advertising, popular TV and radio programmes. Among the well-established expressions from the film and TV series, there are permanent verbal connections derived from the films by S. Bareja. Fixed verbal connections stand out among them: Słuszną linię ma nasza władza, Jak jest zima, to musi być zimno, Narodziła się nowa świecka tradycja, Ile jest cukru w cukrze, Nie wiem, nie znam się, nie orientuję się, zarobiony jestem. These idioms, winged words appear in both canonical and modified form. The usual modifications change or replace parts of the original phrases. Innovation strengthens the invariant. Fixed verbal connections of this type are usually ironic and comic. They often fulfill a ludic or phatic function – their appearance is the sender’s communicative signal addressed to the recipient participating in the same culture which is being created today not only by literature, music, painting and other works of art, but also by films, TV series, television and radio programs and so on
Uwagi etymologiczne w dawnych tekstach użytkowych (na przykładzie Kroniki, to jest historyi świata Marcina Bielskiego, Informacyi matematycznej Wojciecha Bystrzonowskiego i Nowych Aten Benedykta Chmielowskiego)
Full text linkThe subject of the analysis in the article are the etymological explanations presented in the old non-literary texts (i.e. the texts that function primarily outside literature, serving various practical purposes), i.e. in the sixteenth-century Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the entire world) by Marcin Bielski and in two eighteenth-century encyclopaedic texts: Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski and Nowe Ateny (New Athens) by Benedykt Chmielowski. The review of the etymological comments allows us to take notice of their considerable substantive and formal diversity. These comments apply to both native and foreign vocabulary. On the one hand, they provide information on the origin of proper names (toponyms and anthroponyms), and on the other hand, a whole range of these etymological comments concern common names. A depth of etymological comments presented in non-literary texts is significantly diversified and independent of the nature of the vocabulary to which these comments apply – they can be merely tips on sources of borrowings of foreign words, but they can also constitute a deeper analysis of the meaning and structure of individual words, both native and foreign. These comments are usually implementations of folk etymology. The role of etymological considerations in former non-literary texts is significant. First of all, these texts have a ludic function, typical of popularised texts – they are supposed to surprise, intrigue and entertain readers. Secondly, they serve a cognitive function typical of non-literary texts – they are supposed to expand the readers’ knowledge about the world and language. Thirdly, they have a persuasive function, which is a distinctive feature of both popularised and non-literary texts – they are supposed to provoke the readers’ thoughts on the relationship between non-linguistic reality and the linguistic way of its interpretation, they also stimulate linguistic interests, which was particularly important in the past when the reflection on the native language was poor.The subject of the analysis in the article are the etymological explanations presented in the old non-literary texts (i.e. the texts that function primarily outside literature, serving various practical purposes), i.e. in the sixteenth-century Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the entire world) by Marcin Bielski and in two eighteenth-century encyclopaedic texts: Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski and Nowe Ateny (New Athens) by Benedykt Chmielowski. The review of the etymological comments allows us to take notice of their considerable substantive and formal diversity. These comments apply to both native and foreign vocabulary. On the one hand, they provide information on the origin of proper names (toponyms and anthroponyms), and on the other hand, a whole range of these etymological comments concern common names. A depth of etymological comments presented in non-literary texts is significantly diversified and independent of the nature of the vocabulary to which these comments apply – they can be merely tips on sources of borrowings of foreign words, but they can also constitute a deeper analysis of the meaning and structure of individual words, both native and foreign. These comments are usually implementations of folk etymology. The role of etymological considerations in former non-literary texts is significant. First of all, these texts have a ludic function, typical of popularised texts – they are supposed to surprise, intrigue and entertain readers. Secondly, they serve a cognitive function typical of non-literary texts – they are supposed to expand the readers’ knowledge about the world and language. Thirdly, they have a persuasive function, which is a distinctive feature of both popularised and non-literary texts – they are supposed to provoke the readers’ thoughts on the relationship between non-linguistic reality and the linguistic way of its interpretation, they also stimulate linguistic interests, which was particularly important in the past when the reflection on the native language was poor
Współczesny stosunek do normy językowej w świetle memów internetowych
Full text linkThe aim of the article is to present how the approach towards linguistic correctness of current users of the Polish language is reflected in Internet memes. The starting point is the assumption that language norms in online communication are treated in a different manner than usual. However, the high frequency of deviations from norms in online texts (especially in memes) does not mean a simple neglecting of the rules of linguistic correctness, as it includes both unintentional and accidental breaches of norms (coming from ignorance, lack of knowledge of rules or carelessness) and intentional actions of functional character, dictated mostly by treating the language in a ludic manner. In this article, the analysis of deviations from norms in memes is subordinated to presenting their purpose, which could be one of the following: linguistic fun, satire, anarchist defiance or provocation, attracting attention of recipients in order to distinguish the meme among massive amounts of information, and the diagnosis of linguistic correctness of specific people or representatives of various social groups (e.g. junior high school students, sports fans, blokers, sports commentators, teachers, elderly women). Moreover, creating negative protagonists of memes by attempting to imitate their language, which consists mostly of repeating their linguistic errors, allowed for the recreation of linguistic awareness of Internet users, e.g. for indicating the most ridiculed types of errors (spelling, phonetic and lexical). The key conclusion from the analysis is the indication of memes exemplifying the alignment with norms as a value, even if its appreciation is preceded by the (apparent) rejection of all rules.The aim of the article is to present how the approach towards linguistic correctness of current users of the Polish language is reflected in Internet memes. The starting point is the assumption that language norms in online communication are treated in a different manner than usual. However, the high frequency of deviations from norms in online texts (especially in memes) does not mean a simple neglecting of the rules of linguistic correctness, as it includes both unintentional and accidental breaches of norms (coming from ignorance, lack of knowledge of rules or carelessness) and intentional actions of functional character, dictated mostly by treating the language in a ludic manner. In this article, the analysis of deviations from norms in memes is subordinated to presenting their purpose, which could be one of the following: linguistic fun, satire, anarchist defiance or provocation, attracting attention of recipients in order to distinguish the meme among massive amounts of information, and the diagnosis of linguistic correctness of specific people or representatives of various social groups (e.g. junior high school students, sports fans, blokers, sports commentators, teachers, elderly women). Moreover, creating negative protagonists of memes by attempting to imitate their language, which consists mostly of repeating their linguistic errors, allowed for the recreation of linguistic awareness of Internet users, e.g. for indicating the most ridiculed types of errors (spelling, phonetic and lexical). The key conclusion from the analysis is the indication of memes exemplifying the alignment with norms as a value, even if its appreciation is preceded by the (apparent) rejection of all rules