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Elisabetta I come Cinzia: Una regina e il suo oceano
Get PDFThe defeat of the Spanish Armada in the Channel in 1588 turned ‘a weak and feeble woman’ into one of the most relevant characters of late 16th-century European history: Elizabeth I, the Tudor Queen, was considered a semi-divine creature whom the myth, by comparing her to Moon goddesses like Diana and Cinthia, had made known as Semper Eadem.
The identification of the queen with Cinthia became more and more evident after the events occurred in 1588, when she was hailed as the moon goddess par excellence in a series of texts written by her contemporaries. It was in that period, the last decades of the 16th century, that Sir Walter Ralegh, courtier, poet and seaman, wrote The Poems to Cynthia: a collection of short poems where Elizabeth I, the lady of the seas, is addressed as his beloved. The role of Elizabeth as Cinthia is evident above all in Ralegh’s Last Book of the Ocean to Cynthia, an unfinished poem where the author, desperate for being in disgrace, appeals to her clemency and addresses her as the empress of the ocean.La sconfitta della flotta spagnola nelle acque della Manica nel 1588 trasformò una donna sola e fragile in una delle figure più rilevanti della storia europea di fine XVI secolo: Elisabetta I Tudor divenne per i suoi sudditi una creatura semidivina che il mito, accostandola alle divinità lunari Diana e Cinzia, avrebbe consegnato alla Storia come Semper Eadem.
Pur essendo evidente già nei primi tempi del suo regno, l’identificazione della sovrana con Cinzia, la dea che governa i mari e i corsi d’acqua, si fa ancora più evidente dopo il 1588, quando si assiste ad una fioritura di testi che esaltano Elisabetta I come la dea lunare per eccellenza.
Sempre in quegli anni di fine XVI secolo, Sir Walter Ralegh compone The Poems to Cynthia: letterato, cortigiano e uomo di mare, Ralegh dedicherà il suo amore ad Elisabetta come Cinzia, signora dei mari. Il legame tra Elisabetta e l’oceano è soprattutto evidente in Last Book of the Ocean to Cynthia, un poemetto incompiuto in cui il poeta, caduto in disgrazia, riunisce sotto il nome di Cinzia, la donna e la regina, l’amante e la dea, trasformando così Elisabetta in dea e imperatrice dei mari
You never get a second chance to make a first impression. La Competenza consultiva della corte Edu nella prima (e forse ultima?) advisory opinion sulla Convenzione di Oviedo
No full textOn September 2021, the ECtHR has delivered its first-ever decision on a request for an advisory opinion under art. 29 of the Oviedo Convention. The ECtHR has established – giving a strict interpretation of the limits of its advisory jurisdiction – that the request is not within its competence ratione materiae. The present paper aims at analyzing the decision deepening the theoretical framework the Court offered about its advisory jurisdiction, focusing on the similarities and differences among the ECHR’s advisory opinion mechanisms, and providing food for thought about the contextualization of this decision within the ECtHR’s constitutionalisation process.On September 2021, the ECtHR has delivered its first-ever decision on a request for an advisory opinion under art. 29 of the Oviedo Convention. The ECtHR has established – giving a strict interpretation of the limits of its advisory jurisdiction – that the request is not within its competence ratione materiae. The present paper aims at analyzing the decision deepening the theoretical framework the Court offered about its advisory jurisdiction, focusing on the similarities and differences among the ECHR’s advisory opinion mechanisms, and providing food for thought about the contextualization of this decision within the ECtHR’s constitutionalisation process
Dati e ricerca genetica. Dalla tutela individuale alla gestione procedurale
No full textThe essay focuses on the interconnections between the processing of genetic data and the goals of scientific research studies. After an analysis of the research exemptions set out by the GDPR to foster researchers\u27 activities, which are performed by using specifically genetic data, particular attention is shown for the regulatory measures (both public and private) in order to increase data sharing and secondary use of personal data. In this sense, it is essential to move from a perspective closely related to the data subjects towards a governance model led by the data controllers and at the same time overseen by supervisory authorities and ethics committees.The essay focuses on the interconnections between the processing of genetic data and the goals of scientific research studies. After an analysis of the research exemptions set out by the GDPR to foster researchers\u27 activities, which are performed by using specifically genetic data, particular attention is shown for the regulatory measures (both public and private) in order to increase data sharing and secondary use of personal data. In this sense, it is essential to move from a perspective closely related to the data subjects towards a governance model led by the data controllers and at the same time overseen by supervisory authorities and ethics committees
Biobanche di ricerca e banca dati nazionale del DNA: un difficile bilanciamento tra interessi contrapposti
No full textBiobanks, as specialized facilities for the collection and storage of biological samples and for the processing of personal data, represent a powerful tool for the discovery of new treatments in medicine, as well as in the identification of offenders in forensic science. Nevertheless, their use raises important ethical and legal issues, as their activity affects the fundamental rights of the individual, such as self-determination, confidentiality and protection of personal data. From the legal point of view, it is therefore necessary to find a balance between the rights of the individual and the collective interests in biomedical research and public security.Biobanks, as specialized facilities for the collection and storage of biological samples and for the processing of personal data, represent a powerful tool for the discovery of new treatments in medicine, as well as in the identification of offenders in forensic science. Nevertheless, their use raises important ethical and legal issues, as their activity affects the fundamental rights of the individual, such as self-determination, confidentiality and protection of personal data. From the legal point of view, it is therefore necessary to find a balance between the rights of the individual and the collective interests in biomedical research and public security
Il contenzioso climatico di tono costituzionale: studio comparato sull’invocazione delle costituzioni nazionali nei contenziosi climatici
No full textAlthough the dissemination of environmental provisions in national constitutions is by now a consolidated phenomenon at a global level, it remains to be seen whether the adoption of these clauses actually increased the weight of environmental reasoning in the balancing process with other constitutional values. In order to assess the effectiveness of these provisions, this paper aims to analyze how constitutional clauses have been used by the parties or by the judges in climate litigations up to now. Some diachronic and synchronic classifications of these cases will then be proposed, according to the type of judgments in which the constitutional norms have been invoked and to the content of the environmental clauses deployed in those litigations.Nonostante la diffusione di disposizioni di contenuto ambientale nelle costituzioni sia un fenomeno ormai consolidato a livello globale, resta da verificare se l’adozione di tali clausole abbia effettivamente comportato un rafforzamento delle argomentazioni ambientali nel bilanciamento con altri valori costituzionali. Al fine di valutare l’efficacia di tali disposizioni, nel presente contributo si analizzerà come il parametro costituzionale sia stato adoperato dalle parti o dai giudici nei contenziosi climatici proposti fino a questo momento. Verranno quindi proposte alcune classificazioni diacroniche e sincroniche dei casi esaminati, a seconda della tipologia di giudizi in cui le disposizioni costituzionali sono state invocate e del contenuto delle clausole ambientali adoperate nei suddetti contenziosi
La posizione della partoriente come misura del grado di medicalizzazione del parto: ricostruzione storica e prospettive odierne
No full textThis article aims at analyzing the current process of birth’s medicalization starting from the observation of the position of woman in labour as a proof of the medical approach to gestation and pregnancy. This research traces the historical origin of the birth’s medicalization from the XVII century when the male doctor appeared and replaced the midwives, thus breaking the traditional exclusiveness of women on the birth scene. Looking at the state-of-the-art in Italy, this paper highlights the frequent risks of excessive medicalization, through a comparison of the methods of hospital assistance in different geographical areas.Il presente articolo si propone di analizzare l\u27attuale processo di medicalizzazione del parto a partire dall\u27osservazione della posizione della partoriente quale emblema di un approccio medicalizzato su gravidanza e gestazione. Il testo intende ripercorrere l\u27origine storica del processo di medicalizzazione della gravidanza, segnata dall’apparizione della figura del medico sulla scena del parto nel XVII secolo, sostituendo così le figure femminili delle ostetriche ma, soprattutto, determinando la rottura della storica esclusività femminile nella stanza della partoriente. A partire da un breve sguardo sullo stato dell\u27arte in Italia, si intendono qui evidenziare i frequenti rischi di eccessiva medicalizzazione, attraverso un confronto delle modalità di assistenza ospedaliera in diverse aree geografiche
Big healthcare data sets: circolazione e nuove forme di appartenenza
No full textDigitalization of healthcare pursues general interest, aimed at encouraging medical care and improving the quality standards of healthcare systems, enhancing the predictive nature of medicine. These objectives are achievable above all thanks to the large-scale of health data processing, the discipline of which, however, being modeled on the collection of individual data, does not offer secure protection either to informative self-determination or to the privacy of users-patients. In this context, the reconstructive proposal of healthcare data sets as resources under shared management makes it possible to recover the active role of consent, identifying an autonomous regulatory statute and a new form of data belonging, able to guarantee effective protection of the interested parties.La digitalizzazione della sanità persegue interessi generali finalizzati ad incentivare l’assistenza medica e a migliorare gli standard qualitativi dei sistemi sanitari, valorizzando il carattere predittivo della medicina. Tali obiettivi sono perseguibili soprattutto grazie alla raccolta su larga scala di dati sanitari, la cui disciplina, tuttavia, essendo modellata sulla raccolta dei dati individuali, non offre sicura tutela né all’autodeterminazione informativa né alla privacy degli utenti-pazienti. In tale contesto, la proposta ricostruttiva degli healthcare data sets come risorse a gestione partecipata consente di recuperare il ruolo attivo del consenso, individuando un autonomo statuto normativo e una nuova forma di appartenenza dei dati, capace di garantire una effettiva protezione degli interessati
Due anni di COVID-19: cosa abbiamo imparato sul tema “Proprietà intellettuale e vaccini?”
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Il ruolo dei Comitati Etici in Italia: ambiti di competenza e impatto del Regolamento Europeo 536/14
No full textEthics committee activity is strictly embedded in the development and implementation of clinical research: from the most regulated clinical trials on medicines, to retrospective observational studies without medicines, with lower clinical risk for involved subjects, but with potential risks for data protection and quality of evidence dumped in the scientific literature. The application of the 536/14 regulation aims to accelerate authorisation of clinical trials on medicines, by requiring the assessment by only one Ethics Committee per Country and tight deadlines. Strict monitoring of these studies during their implementation is needed, with the aim to verify the actual compliance with the main principles of clinical research.L’attività dei Comitati Etici in Italia è pienamente inserita nella progettazione e lo svolgimento della ricerca clinica: dai più regolamentati trial clinici con medicinali, fino agli studi osservazionali retrospettivi senza medicinali, a più basso impatto clinico per i soggetti partecipanti, ma con potenziali rischi su protezione del dato personale e produzione di letteratura scientifica di qualità. L’applicazione del Regolamento 536/14 mira all’accelerazione dell’autorizzazione degli studi interventistici con farmaco e prevede l’espressione del parere da parte di un solo Comitato Etico in Italia, in tempi brevi. Sarà necessario maggiore monitoraggio di tali studi durante il loro svolgimento, per verificare il reale rispetto dei principi della ricerca clinica