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Italian Culture As White Culture in Postwar United States
Get PDFItalian-Americans and recent immigrants to the US saw rapidly shifting political and social environment in the decade after the Second World War. Though legally white, Italian Americans did not fully benefit from the racialized systems in the US. Yet, the art and culture from their country of origin/ancestry was being used by the US in their Cultural Cold War to represent white ‘Western’ culture, which was set in opposition to Communist ‘Eastern’ culture in the USSR. Exhibitions like MoMA’s Twentieth Century Italian Art and Italy at Work: Her Renaissance in Design Today not only opened markets in the US for Italian material culture but also helped establish a cultural link between the US and Italy’s humanist past. This work had begun before the war with various exhibitions of Italian Renaissance art. The postwar shift to supporting modern art and design was important to solidifying America’s position as the ‘Western’ cultural leader.
Marshall Plan funds were being used in small and large ways to fund exhibitions of Italian art and design in the US immediately following the Second World War. These exhibitions were not neutral presentations of Italian material culture. Rather, they presented Italy and its culture as part of the capitalist democracies of the racialized-white ‘West’. This, as Said outlined, necessitates a ‘Eastern’ other who was non-white. Though Italian Americans continued to be only liminally white, Italian art and design was solidified as part of white ‘Western’ culture. Studies of the use of exhibitions in the postwar period have already highlighted the way political actors shifted the way art was contextualized by both cultural elites and the general public—from Serge Guillbaut’s early work to more recent books by Nancy Jachec. Raffaele Bedarida’s recent book also helped contextualized the longer ebb and flow of Italian art in US high and popular culture. Adding to these dialogues, in this paper, I will elaborate on how the post-war exhibitions of Italian art and design in the US served to further early American Cold War ideas about whiteness and culture. Gli italo-americani e gli immigrati di più recente arrivo negli Stati Uniti si trovarono di fronte a un ambiente politico e sociale in rapido mutamento nel decennio successivo alla Seconda guerra mondiale. Pur avendo i privilegi legali dei bianchi, gli italo-americani non beneficiarono appieno dei sistemi razzializzati esistenti negli Stati Uniti. Ciononostante, l’arte e la cultura provenienti dal loro paese d’origine o di ascendenza venivano utilizzate dagli Stati Uniti nella loro Guerra fredda culturale come rappresentazione della cultura “occidentale” bianca, contrapposta alla cultura “orientale” comunista dell’URSS. Mostre come Twentieth Century Italian Art al MoMA e Italy at Work: Her Renaissance in Design Today non solo aprirono i mercati statunitensi alla cultura materiale italiana, ma contribuirono anche ad instaurare un legame culturale tra gli Stati Uniti e il passato umanistico dell’Italia (questa narrazione era iniziata già prima della guerra con varie esposizioni di arte rinascimentale italiana). Il passaggio, nel dopoguerra, al sostegno dell’arte e del design moderni fu determinante per consolidare la posizione dell’America come leader culturale dell’“Occidente”.
I fondi del Piano Marshall venivano impiegati, su piccola e grande scala, per finanziare esposizioni di arte e design italiani negli Stati Uniti subito dopo la Seconda guerra mondiale. Tali mostre non erano presentazioni neutre della cultura materiale italiana. Al contrario, proponevano l’Italia e la sua cultura come parte delle democrazie capitaliste dell’“Occidente” razzializzato e bianco. Come ha illustrato Said, ciò rendeva necessaria la costruzione di un “altro” orientale, non bianco. Sebbene gli italo-americani continuassero a essere solo marginalmente bianchi, l’arte e il design italiani si consolidarono come parte integrante della cultura “occidentale” bianca. Gli studi sull’impiego delle esposizioni nel secondo dopoguerra hanno già messo in luce il modo in cui gli attori politici cambiarono il modo in cui l’arte veniva contestualizzata sia da parte delle élite culturali sia del grande pubblico – dal lavoro pionieristico di Serge Guillbaut fino ai più recenti volumi di Nancy Jachec. Anche il recente libro di Raffaele Bedarida ha contribuito a contestualizzare il più ampio andamento dell’arte italiana nella cultura alta e popolare degli Stati Uniti. Inserendosi in questi discorsi, questo contributo intende approfondire come le esposizioni d’arte e design italiani negli Stati Uniti nel dopoguerra abbiano contribuito a rafforzare le prime concezioni americane della Guerra fredda riguardo la “bianchezza” e la cultura
«El paisaje es memoria»: Ricomposizione della perdita in Distintas formas de mirar el agua di Julio Llamazares
No full textLo studio intende analizzare l’interazione tra i meccanismi del ricordo e la rappresentazione del paesaggio in Distintas formas de mirar el agua (2015). Nel romanzo di Julio Llamazares, approdo di una ricerca estetica, attraversata da costanti tematiche e formali in cui la memoria assume un ruolo decisivo, il vincolo sentimentale intessuto con lo scenario naturale se da un lato si configura come la simbolica riparazione del dolore legato a una perdita, dall’altro consolida il valore attribuito alle storie di piccoli gruppi familiari: ad esse è demandato il compito di narrare il passato recente di una patria tradita, in cui l’alterazione degli equilibri naturali messa in campo dalle riforme economico-strutturali, promosse dal governo franchista, è solo una parte della violenza già subita dalla terra spagnola durante la Guerra Civile
Gli studi internazionali e nazionali ed il tipo di ricerca di cui abbiamo bisogno
No full textThis paper analyzes studies in literatures on advance care planning (ACP), assesses similarities and differences between ACP and shared care planning (SCP). The modest quality of many studies, the fragmentation of evidence available today, dependent on heterogeneous methodology that is not always adequate, and sometimes conflicting results, underscore the lack of evaluation of a holistic approach in the studies published to date on ACP. Additionally, more recent studies highlight the importance of the communicative-relational aspect, and call for contextualizing the new trials on ACP/SCP taking into consideration the care setting and the different needs of patients which are related to the type of disease.Questo contributo analizza lo stato attuale della ricerca internazionale sull’advance care planning (ACP) e valuta similitudini e differenze tra ACP e pianificazione condivisa delle cure (PCC). Nonostante esperienze sull’ACP siano presenti in letteratura da oltre trent’anni, la modesta qualità di molti studi e la frammentazione delle evidenze ad oggi disponibili, non permettono di esprimere un parere definitivo sul ruolo dell’ACP. Gli studi più recenti enfatizzano l’importanza dell’aspetto comunicativo-relazionale per facilitare l’adesione a programmi di ACP, come previsto anche nella PCC, e suggeriscono nel disegno di nuovi studi, di considerare il setting specifico di malattia per intercettare al meglio i diversi bisogni espressi dai malati
La fairness algoritmica: incontro tra sviluppo socio-tecnologico ed esigenze dell’ermeneutica giuridica
No full textThis work employs fairness as a dialogical term between law and technology. Critiquing the rigid and semantic construction of the concept, tied to a formalistic logic, fairness is reformulated as a metaphor for in fieri machine legal decision making, grounded in argumentation through principles and values in concrete cases. The study then analyses the impossibility for formal algorithms to adhere to such directives, proposing the recognition of a right to algorithmic contestability to “return” to the adopted hermeneutic framework. Finally, it explores how some stochastic systems may align with this perspective, showing “uncanny” behavioural analogies between human and machine action in legal decision making.Il presente lavoro utilizza la fairness come termine-dialogo tra diritto e tecnologia. Criticando la costruzione rigida e semantica del concetto, legata a una logica formalistica, si riformula la fairness come metafora di una decisione giuridica macchinica in fieri, fondata sull’argomentare mediante principi e valori nel caso concreto. Si analizza, poi, l’impossibilità degli algoritmi formali di aderire a tali direttive, proponendo il riconoscimento di un diritto alla contestabilità algoritmica per “ritornare” all’ermeneutica adottata. Infine, si esplora come alcuni sistemi stocastici possano aderire a questa prospettiva, mostrando “inquietanti” analogie comportamentali tra l’agire umano e l’agire macchinico in una scelta giuridica
Intersectionality as a legal concept? Applications and implications of the notion (within and) beyond non-discrimination law
No full textThe present paper deals with the concept of intersectionality and its applications in the legal realm, with special regard to human rights law. Intersectional legal approaches have traditionally been linked to non-discrimination law, while the application in human rights law is still inconsistent, but with significant potential. The article will thus focus on the theoretical and practical developments concerning these less trodden aspects of intersectionality, to unveil in which sense it can bring innovations to legal theory and practice beyond the connection to non-discrimination. To do so, it firstly deals with the origins of the concept and subsequently focuses on its legal applications. The second part of the paper focuses on the developments of the concept of intersectionality in human rights law in general and in some specific areas thereof, i.e. climate change law, migration law, emergency law, and democratic innovations.The present paper deals with the concept of intersectionality and its applications in the legal realm, with special regard to human rights law. Intersectional legal approaches have traditionally been linked to non-discrimination law, while the application in human rights law is still inconsistent, but with significant potential. The article will thus focus on the theoretical and practical developments concerning these less trodden aspects of intersectionality, to unveil in which sense it can bring innovations to legal theory and practice beyond the connection to non-discrimination. To do so, it firstly deals with the origins of the concept and subsequently focuses on its legal applications. The second part of the paper focuses on the developments of the concept of intersectionality in human rights law in general and in some specific areas thereof, i.e. climate change law, migration law, emergency law, and democratic innovations
I meccanismi di valutazione d’impatto nel prisma della tutela dei diritti fondamentali. Un’analisi in prospettiva comparata in materia di intelligenza artificiale
No full textThis paper seeks to examine the role of impact assessment mechanisms as instruments for the protection of fundamental rights within the regulatory frameworks governing emerging technologies, with specific reference to artificial intelligence systems. It will first consider the increasing prominence of impact assessments as a governance tool for artificial intelligence, highlighting their dual function: on the one hand, to safeguard the diverse interests implicated in the deployment of intelligent systems, and on the other, to prevent undue limitations on the development and application of such technologies. Subsequently, the paper will conduct a comparative analysis of the design and implementation of impact assessment mechanisms in Canada, the United States, and the European Union, with particular emphasis on their capacity to uphold fundamental rights and the nature of the entities entrusted with their execution within the regulation of artificial intelligence.Il contributo si propone di indagare il ruolo assunto dai meccanismi di valutazione d’impatto come strumento per la tutela dei diritti fondamentali nella regolamentazione delle nuove tecnologie, con particolare riferimento ai sistemi di intelligenza artificiale. In primo luogo, si esaminerà l’importanza che la valutazione d’impatto ha assunto come strumento di governance dell’intelligenza artificiale, in quanto mira, da un lato, a garantire la tutela di tutti gli interessi che emergono in relazione all’uso dei sistemi intelligenti e, dall’altro, a impedire che questa tecnologia sia aprioristicamente limitata nella sua applicazione. In secondo luogo, il contributo analizzerà, in prospettiva comparata, le modalità in cui i meccanismi di valutazione d’impatto sono inquadrati e implementati in Canada, negli Stati Uniti e nell’Unione europea, prestando particolare attenzione alla loro effettiva capacità di tutelare i diritti fondamentali e ai soggetti a cui è demandata la loro attuazione nel contesto della regolamentazione dell’intelligenza artificiale
Access to reproductive healthcare beyond the territorial borders. The experience of Ireland and the United States of America
No full textThe experience of women travelling to different territories to obtain an abortion raises complex legal questions due to the numerous rules and principles involved. A comparative analysis of Ireland and the United States serves as a compelling example of how the right to terminate a pregnancy intersects with the right to travel, particularly given that neither country’s constitutional texts explicitly recognise women’s sexual and reproductive freedoms. This context becomes especially intricate given the contemporary paradigm shift introduced by telemedicine in which, instead of women personally seeking reproductive healthcare, abortion pills are now crossing territorial borders via mail services, with all the legal repercussions that this entails.The experience of women travelling to different territories to obtain an abortion raises complex legal questions due to the numerous rules and principles involved. A comparative analysis of Ireland and the United States serves as a compelling example of how the right to terminate a pregnancy intersects with the right to travel, particularly given that neither country’s constitutional texts explicitly recognise women’s sexual and reproductive freedoms. This context becomes especially intricate given the contemporary paradigm shift introduced by telemedicine in which, instead of women personally seeking reproductive healthcare, abortion pills are now crossing territorial borders via mail services, with all the legal repercussions that this entails
Il sistema CPR nella simbiosi tra pubblico e privato: le criticità in termini di trasparenza, accountability e salute pubblica
No full textAdministrative detention must be looked at as a system. It relies on the privatisation of management services, including health care, leading to critical issues regarding transparency, accountability and public health. This contribution provides an overview of the relationship between public and private sectors in the CPR, with a focus on the ambiguities encountered in the contracts and on the consequences related to possible conflicts of interest of healthcare personnel. It is crucial, in analysing the CPR system, to frame the total institution from a broader perspective, asking the right questions and investigating the deep historical meaning of administrative detention.La detenzione amministrativa va osservata nel suo insieme, come sistema. Oggi si regge sulla privatizzazione dei servizi di gestione, compreso quello di assistenza sanitaria, comportando numerose criticità in termini di trasparenza, accountability e salute pubblica. Questo contributo fornisce una panoramica dei rapporti tra pubblico e privato nella gestione del CPR sottolineandone le criticità, con un focus sulle ambiguità riscontrate nelle gare d’appalto e sulle conseguenze relative ai possibili conflitti d’interesse del personale sanitario interno. Risulta fondamentale, nell’analisi del sistema-CPR, inquadrare l’istituzione totale da una prospettiva ampia, ponendosi le domande giuste e indagando il significato storico profondo del trattenimento amministrativo
A value-sensitive framework for informed consent: considerations from the WHO\u27s Guidance for Human Genome Data Collection, Access, Use and Sharing
No full textThe growing complexity of clinical genomic research challenges existing informed consent models, demanding frameworks that reflect the collective, dynamic, and relational nature of genetic data. Drawing on six ethical principles from the recent WHO’s Guidance for Human Genome Data Collection, Access, Use and Sharing — social justice, inclusivity, solidarity, responsible stewardship, transparency, and accountability — this paper proposes Value Sensitive Design as a methodological approach to translate normative aims into practice. It complements models like dynamic consent by integrating stakeholder values from the outset and enhancing ethical robustness, cultural sensitivity, and adaptability across diverse sociotechnical contexts. It also opens pathways for developing digital tools and speculative strategies for inclusive and forward-looking genomic data governance.The growing complexity of clinical genomic research challenges existing informed consent models, demanding frameworks that reflect the collective, dynamic, and relational nature of genetic data. Drawing on six ethical principles from the recent WHO’s Guidance for Human Genome Data Collection, Access, Use and Sharing — social justice, inclusivity, solidarity, responsible stewardship, transparency, and accountability — this paper proposes Value Sensitive Design as a methodological approach to translate normative aims into practice. It complements models like dynamic consent by integrating stakeholder values from the outset and enhancing ethical robustness, cultural sensitivity, and adaptability across diverse sociotechnical contexts. It also opens pathways for developing digital tools and speculative strategies for inclusive and forward-looking genomic data governance