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Einkenni og árangur ólíkra fundarforma: staðfunda, fjarfunda og blandaðra funda
No full textThe aim is to test a measurement instrument to assess the characteristics and success of meetings for both practical and theoretical purposes and to provide insights into the characteristics of successful meetings depending on the meeting format. The construct validity and reliability of a measurement instrument is tested. The key characteristics of effective meetings are also obtained by comparing the key characteristics and results of face-to-face meetings, remote meetings and hybrid meetings and analyzing what characterizes the three forms of meetings and participants’ perceptions of their effectiveness. The aim is to increase knowledge and understanding of what characterizes successful meetings, depending on the meeting format, by comparing the key characteristics and results of face-to-face meetings, remote meetings, and hybrid meetings. What characterizes the three forms of meetings, and their effectiveness are examined. A convenience sample was taken among university students at master’s level and in a snowball sample on social media. An electronic survey was submitted in February 2022 and the results are based on the responses of 289 participants. The characteristics of meetings are classified into four main factors: preparation, implementation, meeting conditions and organization. Strengths and weaknesses are analyzed by comparing the characteristics of meeting formats. Participants experience remote meetings and face-to-face meetings as equally effective, while hybrid-meetings are perceived as less effective. Meeting implementation has the strongest correlation with evaluation of meeting effectiveness, regardless of meeting format. Remote meetings have though several important advantages in terms of implementation, organization, and preparation while hybrid meetings have various weaknesses regarding implementation, meeting conditions and organization. The positive characteristics of remote meetings appear in clear goal setting, better respected time limits, and professional preparation. Communication goes more beyond the subject matter in face-to-face meetings, but the participants experience more active listening than in remote meetings and hybrid-meetings. The results indicate that remote meetings are the best option when efficient resolution or decision-making is needed, and when a greater number of people need to be brought together. However, face-to-face meetings are still important for building and maintaining relationships and to ensure that participants feel they are being heard due to more active listening in that meeting format. Due to the weaknesses, hybrid-meetings need thoughtful consideration regarding implementation and meeting conditions, this includes technical issues and acoustics, but it is also important to attempt to prevent participants´ perceptions of exclusion.Markmiðið er að prófa réttmæti og áreiðanleika mælitækis til að meta einkenni og árangur funda, bæði í hagnýtum og fræðilegum tilgangi og samtímis gefa innsýn í einkenni árangursríkra funda eftir fundarformi. Hugsmíðarréttmæti og áreiðanleiki mælitækis eru prófuð og vísbendingar um einkenni fengin með því að bera saman lykileinkenni og árangur staðfunda, fjarfunda og blandaðra funda og greina hvað einkennir fundarformin þrjú og árangur þeirra. Hentugleikaúrtak var tekið meðal háskólanema á meistarastigi og í opnu snjóboltaúrtaki á samfélagsmiðli. Rafræn könnun var lögð fyrir í febrúar 2022 og byggja niðurstöður á svörum 289 þátttakenda. Einkenni funda eru hér, samkvæmt niðurstöðu þáttagreiningar og áreiðanleikaprófunar, flokkuð í fjóra yfirþætti: undirbúning, fundaraðstæður, framkvæmd og skipulag. Styrkleikar og veikleikar þriggja fundarforma eru greindir með samanburði og tengsl einkenna við árangur eru greind með fylgni- og aðhvarfsgreiningu. Þátttakendur upplifa fjarfundi og staðfundi álíka árangursríka, en blandaða fundi árangursminni. Framkvæmd funda hefur sterkasta fylgni við mat á árangri funda, óháð fundarformi. Fjarfundir hafa ýmsa mikilvæga yfirburði varðandi framkvæmd, skipulag og undirbúning en blandaða fundarformið ýmsa veikleika í framkvæmd, fundaraðstæðum og skipulagi. Jákvæð einkenni fjarfunda birtast í skýrri markmiðssetningu, betur virtum tímamörkum og faglegri undirbúningi, s.s. eins og í formi dagskrár, fundarstjóra og upplýsingamiðlunar fyrir fundi. Samskipti fara meira út fyrir efni fundar á staðfundum, en þátttakendur upplifa þó virkari hlustun á þeim en á öðrum fundum. Niðurstöður benda til þess að fjarfundir séu ákjósanlegur kostur þegar þarf skilvirka úrlausn og ákvörðunartöku, og þegar ná þarf fleira fólki saman. Staðfundir eru þó enn mikilvægir til að byggja upp og viðhalda tengslum og þar sem þátttakendur virðast upplifa virkari hlustun í því fundarformi. Huga þarf vel að framkvæmd og fundaraðstæðum á blönduðum fundum, þ.m.t. að tæknimálum og hljóðvist, en einnig leitast við að koma í veg fyrir að þátttakendur upplifi sig afskipta
Defining Publicness in Service Contracts. Adding Colour to the Grey
Get PDFThe objective of this paper is to identify the circumstances under which general principles of public administrative law apply to services delivered by private entities under service contracts with public authorities. Relying on a functional approach to public administration, it builds on the notion that public administration in the substantive sense is the key to the applicability of general principles of administrative law in service contract situations. It seeks criteria usable to define a function as “public” and so determine the applicability of such principles in the relations between the user and a private body carrying out services under a service contract. Icelandic law is used as test case, though guidance is sought from other sources and theories. Certain factors are deduced from judgements of the Icelandic Supreme Court, opinions of the Parliamentary Ombudsman and from theories on private liability for human rights violations. Together these form the grounds of a general holistic threephased test, the initial points, the material points and the supporting points, for the definition of “publicness”. Application of the test may help clarify the “grey zone” between public and private law
Ritdómur: Soliloqvia de Passione Jesu Christi: Það er Eintal sálarinnar við sjálfa sig
Get PDFRitdómur um Soliloqvia de Passione Jesu Christi: Það er Eintal sálarinnar við sjálfa sig eftir Martin Moller. Þórunn Sigurðardóttir bjó til útgáfu og ritaði inngang, Reykjavík: Bókmennta- og listfræðastofnun Háskóla Íslands og Guðfræðistofnun Háskóla Íslands, 2019, 189 bls.Ritdómur um Soliloqvia de Passione Jesu Christi: Það er Eintal sálarinnar við sjálfa sig eftir Martin Moller. Þórunn Sigurðardóttir bjó til útgáfu og ritaði inngang, Reykjavík: Bókmennta- og listfræðastofnun Háskóla Íslands og Guðfræðistofnun Háskóla Íslands, 2019, 189 bls
Hinn stóíski Jesús: Heimspekileg stef í persónusköpun samstofna guðspjallanna
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The Gospels of the New Testament are literary products richly furnished with characteri-zation, applied, among other things, as a means of persuasion. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the person of Jesus as part of the characterization of the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke in light of contemporary descriptions of the ideal philosopher, particularly in Stoic sources. The following questions are posed: What characterized the Stoic wise man? How “Stoic” is Jesus in the Gospels, and what does that mean? Is there a difference between the Gospels in this respect? To answer these questions, two main motifs are addressed: on the one hand, the message among philosophers, especially Stoics, that a particular cause or way of life must always come before one’s family ties, and, on the other, the widespread idea in the Greco-Roman world that the wise man is perfectly self-con-trolled. The conclusion suggests that, in many ways, the Gospel authors wished to various extents to present a “Stoic Jesus” to their audience.Guðspjöll Nýja testamentisins eru bókmenntaverk, þar sem persónusköpun er beitt í ríkum mæli, m.a. sem sannfæringartæki. Meginviðfangsefni þessarar greinar er persóna Jesú í persónusköpun guðspjallamannanna Markúsar, Matteusar og Lúkasar með hliðsjón af sam-tímalýsingum á fyrirmyndarheimspekingum, einkum í textum stóumanna. Leitast er við að svara eftirfarandi spurningum: Hvað einkenndi hinn stóíska vitring? Hversu „stóískur“ er Jesús í guðspjöllunum og hvað felur það í sér? Er munur á guðspjöllunum að þessu leyti? Til að svara þessum spurningum eru tvö meginstef tekin fyrir, annars vegar sú áhersla meðal heimspekinga, einkum stóumanna, að viðkomandi málstaður eða lífsstefna sé fjölskyldu-tengslum æðri, og hins vegar hin útbreidda ímynd í grísk-rómversku samfélagi af fullkominni sjálfstjórn hins vitra manns. Niðurstaðan bendir til þess að guðspjallamennirnir hafi að mörgu leyti viljað kynna „stóískan Jesú“ fyrir lesendum sínum, í mismiklum mæli þó
Býsn og fádæmi í tungumálinu Um magn og gæði heimilda í sögulegri setningafræði
No full textThis article discusses phenomena that are rare in languages. There is a general discussion of language corpora, especially in historical linguistics, focusing on the quantity and quality of the phenomena used to assess whether their occurrences are consistent with scholars’ knowledge of the grammar of the language in question in a given period. The main emphasis is on historical syntax and changes in sentence structure, with due consideration given to the linguistic methods used to evaluate and analyze sentences. In this context, the question is posed how many examples are needed to be considered significant evidence on the grammar of a particular language or a language stage. It is claimed that this depends on the nature of the individual phenomena. In many cases, a large number of examples are needed to assess the significance of the data, in which case it is important that the data are as abundant as possible. In other cases,only a few examples – even just one example – are sufficient to show that the phenomenon is grammatically valid and not just an exception or even a mere language error.Keywords: quality of language corpora, historical linguistics, syntax,subject tests, oblique subjectsÍ þessari grein er fjallað um fyrirbæri sem eru sjaldgæf í tungumálum. Rætt er almennt um málheimildir, einkum í sögulegum málvísindum, og um magn og gæði þeirra fyrirbæra sem notuð eru til að meta hvort þau atriði sem þar koma fyrir eru í samræmi við þekkingu fræðimanna á málfræði tungumáls á tilteknu tímabili. Aðaláherslan er á sögulega setningafræði og breytingar á setningagerðog hugað er að þeim málvísindalegu aðferðum sem notaðar eru til að meta og greina setningar. Í því samhengi er spurt hve mörg dæmi séu nauðsynleg til þess að þau teljist marktækur vitnisburður um málfræði tiltekins tungumáls eða málstigs. Því er haldið fram að það fari eftir eðli einstakra fyrirbæra. Í mörgum tilvikum þarf býsna mikinn fjölda dæma til að meta marktæknina og þá er mikilvægt að gögnin séu sem ítarlegust. Í öðrum tilvikum nægja fáein dæmi –jafnvel bara eitt dæmi – til þess að unnt sé að sýna fram á að fyrirbærið sé málfræðilega gjaldgengt en ekki bara undantekning eða jafnvel málvilla sem ekkert er að marka.Lykilorð: gæði málheimilda, söguleg málvísindi, setningafræði, frumlagspróf,aukafallsfrumlö
Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill, „Spurning um tungumálið“ (Ceist na Teangan)
No full textNuala Ní Dhomhnaill fæddist árið 1952 í Lancashire-héraði á Englandi en þegar hún var barn að aldri fluttust foreldrar hennar aftur til heimahaga sinna á Írlandi. Þó svo að báðir væru foreldrarnir írskumælandi og írska væri töluð á heimilinu lagði móðirNuölu ríka áherslu á að tala við hana á ensku svo hún kæmist áfram í lífinu.Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill fæddist árið 1952 í Lancashire-héraði á Englandi en þegar hún var barn að aldri fluttust foreldrar hennar aftur til heimahaga sinna á Írlandi. Þó svo að báðir væru foreldrarnir írskumælandi og írska væri töluð á heimilinu lagði móðirNuölu ríka áherslu á að tala við hana á ensku svo hún kæmist áfram í lífinu
Höfundar, þýðendur og ritstjórar
No full textAuthors, translators and editorsHöfundar, þýðendur og ritstjóra
Frásagnir barna á tímum COVID-19
No full textIn the spring of 2020, the Ombudsman for Children in Iceland called for narratives from Icelandic children on being a child in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic and how it has affected their daily lives and routine. Their answers are analysed in this article. The narratives are divided into five categories: discussions on the general effect of the pandemic, as well as four recurring issues in the children’s answers; that is school, leisure activities, family and friends and responses to COVID-19. The pandemic has had a profound impact on our society, not least on children and their families.It is clear from the answers received by the Ombudsman that Icelandic children have paid close attention to news regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on society. Substantial limitations on people’s right to gather were put in place on the 16th of March which extended to schools, with limitations lasting until the 4th of May when schools were able to operate in a conventional manner. The majority of schools had to rely on online teaching to some extent, some more than others.Changes within the schools and leisure activities had an instrumental impact on children. They spent more time at home with their families as many of them only attended school in a limited fashion while many parents worked from home. In light of these wide-ranging consequences it is essential to gather information as to how the children experienced these changes in their lives in an attempt to make certain that when parallel measures need to be taken, they reflect the needs of children and are aimed at ensuring their rights.The Ombudsman for Children has emphasized the importance of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and children’s right to participation. According to Article 12, children’s views should be sought, heard, and considered in relation to all matters that concern them. It is important to provide children with the opportunity to be heard and to have their point of view considered when decisions are made concerning measures in relation to the pandemic. A letter was sent to every elementary school in Iceland in the beginning of March where the Ombudsman requested children to send in stories of their daily lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. No requirements were made concerning the construction of the answers; thus, children were encouraged to hand in pictures, written statements, or videos. Children had until the end of the school year in spring 2020 to respond. The Ombudsman received 116 answers from children across the country who handed in written statements, pictures, journals, and poems. There were also a few video clips with stories and plays. Probably the Ombudsman’s request did not reach all groups of children and the answers are in some respect dependent on the interest of certain teachers or schools. Nonetheless these narratives provide an important insight into the lives of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. A summary of the children’s answers was published in October 2020 on, www.barn.is, which is the webpage of the Ombudsman for Children in Iceland. This summary was also reported on the children’s news channel on the KrakkaRÚV where video clips from children were shown.In their narratives the children emphasized that their lives were different now than before the pandemic and that many things were strange. The children generally expressed feeling content during this time. Among recurring topics was the impact the pandemic had on their families with more time spent together at home. The children reported that there was less tension in their homes in the morning and that they had the opportunity to catch up on sleep. They missed their friends and grandparents and looked forward to being able to see them and hug them like before. The children talked about there being more homework and they were generally pleased with the manner of remote teaching online. They were generally satisfied with the measures taken to diminish the pandemic although some were unhappy with them. These narratives provide an important insight into children’s views and their lives during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland.Í þessari grein er fjallað um frásagnir barna og ungmenna um hvernig það er að vera barn á tímum kórónuveirunnar og hvernig faraldurinn hafði áhrif á líf þeirra vorið 2020. Efninu er skipt upp í fimm flokka; fyrst er fjallað almennt um líf barna á þessum tíma, hinir fjórir flokkarnir endurspegla þau málefni sem helst brunnu á börnunum, en þau voru skólinn, tómstundir, fjölskyldan og vinir og loks sóttvarnaaðgerðir. Miklar breytingar urðu á skólahaldi og tómstundastarfi, sérstaklega frá 16. mars til 4. maí þegar umfangsmiklar samkomutakmarkanir voru í gildi. Samverustundir fjölskyldunnar urðu almennt fleiri á þessu tímabili þar sem börn og foreldrar voru meira heima en vanalega.Umboðsmaður barna leggur í starfi sínu áherslu á 12. gr. Barnasáttmálans sem kveður á um rétt barna til þess að taka þátt í samfélagslegri umræðu og að tekið sé tillit til sjónarmiða þeirra. Með það að markmiði að fá upplýsingar um hvernig börn upplifðu þennan tíma sendi umboðsmaður barna bréf til allra grunnskóla í byrjun mars þar sem óskað var eftir frásögnum barna og ungmenna um hvernig það er að vera barn á tímum kórónuveirunnar og hvernig faraldurinn hafði áhrif á daglegt líf þeirra. Verkefnið var jafnframt kynnt á samfélagsmiðlum. Skilafrestur var til enda skólaársins vorið 2020. Alls bárust 116 svör frá börnum og ungmennum, mest var af skriflegum frásögnum en einnig bárust myndir, ljóð og myndskeið. Samantekt af frásögnum barnanna var birt á vefsíðu umboðsmanns í október 2020 og var einnig kynnt í fréttum á KrakkaRÚV. Með því að fá fram sjónarmið barna má betur draga lærdóm af reynslu þeirra og hvernig haga beri takmörkunum sem þessum í framtíðinni eða þegar aftur þarf að grípa til svo afdrifaríkra inngripa í samfélagið
„Ég held ég hafi bara ekki vitað hvað hamingja var áður en þau fæddust“: Upplifun feðra af hamingju
No full textThere is limited research available on how having children impacts fathers’ sense of happiness. Despite evidence suggesting that fathers experience vast happiness in their role, findings on parental happiness show conf licting results. Some studies show that having children increases parents’ happiness while others maintain that the process might reduce parents’ level of happiness. The aim of this study was to increase understanding of how fathers experience happiness through fatherhood. A phenomenological approach was used and interviews taken with nine fathers. They had between two and three children each, aged 13 and younger, and lived with the mother of their children. Participants belonged to a group of fathers who were likely to experience high levels of happiness, partly because they lived with their children and their children’s mother and they seemed to enjoy sufficient financial security. The study looked at the fathers’ definition of happiness, framed within three happiness theories: theory of positive emotions, self-determination theory about eudaimonia and basic psychological needs, and theory of meaning in life.The findings showed that the fathers experienced happiness differently after their children were born. They reported an increase of positive emotions compared to before, deep-felt love, joy and gratitude. They also described a strengthened sense of meaning in their life following the birth of their children, expressing that their happiness had become richer and more meaningful. As a result, their life, decisions and actions began to take on a more important meaning after the children arrived in the world.Despite the happiness-filled life with their children, the fathers found the role challenging and, in many ways, more difficult, as they sought to raise and care for their children, grapple with all the practical tasks accompanying parenthood, coordinate work and family life, as well as having enough time to spend with their partner, friends and hobbies. The fathers also experienced powerlessness and insecurity, for example when they felt there was but little they could do for their children when they fell ill. They also expressed concerns about their lack of competence in the parental role, given they were now responsible for their children’s well-being.The study suggests that the fathers’ happiness was related to the degree of autonomy they experienced in their role, how competent they felt in their parental role and in bonding with their children - that is, the extent to which their basic psychological needs were met. It is likely that the fathers experienced a lack of autonomy when they had to prioritize work over their children. It is also possible to surmise that their need for relatedness was insufficiently met if they felt there was little time to spend with their partner or their friends. Finally, it is possible to argue that the fathers felt less competent when faced with feelings of powerlessness and insecurity in relation to childrearing. At the same time, the fathers are likely to experience increased autonomy, relatedness, and competence when they have ample time to spend with their children, their partner and their friends and feel competent in their parenting role at the same time. The role of parenthood, therefore, created conditions in which the fathers’ basic psychological needs were met, but the reverse was also the case.In general, the challenges of parenthood were much less significant when compared to the level of happiness the children brought them. The fathers agreed that the challenges of fatherhood were worth the effort. The joy and happiness of the role compensates for how demanding it can be. They also noted that the source of happiness was different from what it used to be. Before becoming fathers, the happiness they experienced was more superficial and even more meaningless, whereas the happiness they felt in their role as fathers was fuller and more meaningful. It is possible that their previous experiences of happiness had more to do with short-term gratification. Their life changed radically after becoming fathers, a life where the children gave them a stronger sense of meaning. In sum, the fathers claimed that their life was considerably better with their children than without them. The fathers said that raising their children was a unique experience; seeing them grow and f lourish. They were grateful for having the opportunity to live a life shared with their children.The authors are unaware of previous research focusing on fathers’ sense of happiness in the manner conducted in the current study. The study is an important contribution to happiness research within the field of positive psychology as well as a study on fathers’ experience of their role.Lítið er um rannsóknir á áhrifum barneigna og barnauppeldis á hamingju feðra. Markmið þessarar rannsóknar var að öðlast aukinn skilning á hvernig feður upplifa hamingju við að eignast og eiga börn. Fyrirbærafræðilegri nálgun var beitt, þar sem tekin voru opin viðtöl við níu feður. Þeir áttu tvö til þrjú börn, 13 ára eða yngri, og bjuggu allir með barnsmóður sinni. Upplifun feðranna á hamingju var skoðuð út frá þremur kenningum um hamingju; kenningu um jákvæðar tilfinningar, sjálfsákvörðunarkenningu um farsæld og sálrænar grunnþarfir, og kenningu um hamingju út frá auknum lífstilgangi. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar sýndu að feðurnir upplifðu hamingjuna á annan hátt eftir að þeir eignuðust börn. Þeir upplifðu meira af jákvæðum tilfinningum; djúpstæðri ást, gleði og þakklæti eftir að þeir eignuðust börnin en áður. Feðurnir tengdu hamingjuna því að hve miklu leyti þeir gætu ráðið sér sjálfir, hversu hæfir þeir töldu sig vera til að sinna foreldrahlutverkinu og hvernig þeir tengdust börnunum. Einnig lýstu þeir auknum lífstilgangi eftir að þeir eignuðust börnin og að hamingjan yrði merkingarbærri og innihaldsríkari. Þrátt fyrir að lífið með börnunum veitti þeim hamingju töldu þeir það líka krefjandi og að mörgu leyti erfiðara en áður, þar sem þeir leituðust við að sinna uppeldi, samræma vinnu og fjölskyldulíf og hafa tíma fyrir maka, vini og áhugamál. Í heildina virtist það þó engu máli skipta í samanburði við þá hamingju sem börnin veittu þeim. Ekki er vitað til þess að hamingja feðra hafi verið rannsökuð með þessum hætti áður. Rannsóknin er mikilvægt framlag til rannsókna á hamingju innan jákvæðrar sálfræði sem og rannsókna á upplifun feðra af hlutverki sínu
Skrifað á mörgum málum: Viðtökur Ós Pressunnar og meðlima hennar á Íslandi og erlendis
No full textÓs Pressan was born in the Icelandic literary landscape of 2015 as a continuation of a multilingual writing workshop sponsored by UNESCO Reykjavík City of Literature and the Reykjavík City Library. Ós Pressan prints an annual literary magazine that includes works from authors on, about or connected to Iceland and has organized workshops, a book club, and readings with visiting and local authors. This paper presents the literary collective and publishing nonprofit as anexample of multilingual literature. We look at the democratic processes of running Ós Pressan and the reception of the initiative and its members in the Icelandic media and publishing industry and abroad. We conclude that, while Ós Pressan has been received positively and some of its members were able to launch their professional careers in literature, the Icelandic media often frame Ós Pressan as the other by, among other things, emphasizing the members’ countries of origin and lengths of stay in Iceland. This image of Ós Pressanas apart from or not a part of Icelandic literature demonstrates once more the challenges authors who don’t speak Icelandic as their first language face in the Icelandic literary landscape.Keywords: Multilingual literature, migrant literature, non-profit initiatives, democracy, publishing industry, literary collectiveÓs Pressan varð til í íslensku bókmenntasenunni árið 2015 í framhaldi fjöltyngdrar ritstofu sem Reykjavík – bókmenntaborg UNESCO og Borgarbókasafn Reykjavíkur stóðu fyrir. Ós Pressan gefur árlega út bókmenntatímarit sem innheldur verk eftir höfunda sem tengjast Íslandi á einn eða annan hátt og stendur fyrir vinnustofum, bókmenntaklúbbi og upplestrum með innlendum og erlendum höfundum. Í þessari ritgerð verður bókmenntafélagið, sem rekið er án ágóða, tekið sem dæmi um fjöltyngdar bókmenntir og fjallað um viðtökur þess í fjölmiðlum á Íslandi og erlendis. Við skoðum lýðræðisferlið að baki Ós Pressunni og viðtökur sem framtakið og meðlimir þess hafa fengið í fjölmiðlum og í útgáfu á Íslandi. Niðurstaða okkar er að þó að ÓS Pressunni hafi verið vel tekið og sumir meðlima hennar hafi getað hafið feril í bókmenntageiranum, þá hafi íslenskir fjölmiðlar oft stimplað Ós Pressuna sem „hina“, þ.e.a.s. með því að leggja áherslu á erlendan uppruna meðlimanna og hversu lengi þeir dveldust á Íslandi. Þessi ímynd Ós pressunnar, að hún standi einhvern veginn utan við íslenskar bókmenntir en sé ekki hluti af þeim, sýnir eina ferðina enn þær áskoranir sem þeir höfundar, sem tala ekkiíslensku sem fyrsta mál, mæta í bókmenntaheiminum á Íslandi.Lykilorð: fjöltyngdar bókmenntir, innflytjendabókmenntir, frumkvöðlastörfán hagnaðar, lýðræði, útgáfugeirinn, útgáfuféla