Háskóli Íslands OJS
Not a member yet
1903 research outputs found
Sort by
Með börnin heima í samkomubanni: Reynsla og upplifun foreldra leikskólabarna
No full textThe public gathering restriction was first imposed in Iceland in March 2020. Special regulations were set for schools; colleges and universities were closed, and distance learning was almost exclusively used. Preschools and elementary schools were kept open but had to follow certain rules. However, the government encouraged parents to keep their children at home if possible. The rapid spread of COVID-19 had triggered a state of emergency that was a matter of international concern, i.e., regarding various challenges to the physical and mental health of people around the world. These restrictions were not eased until May of the same year. The ban on gatherings made an impact on various aspects of life: people had to work from home as much as possible and some parents made the decision to keep their children at home as well, e.g., due to epidemic prevention or underlying illnesses. This led to families being isolated for several weeks. Society is built on interacting systems, which changed because of COVID-19. Families and children had to adapt quickly to the changes that took place, often with limited information, while at the same time they had little influence on external factors related to the epidemic itself. Families were in a unique situation that no one had foreseen, but the gathering restriction had great impact on children’s schoolwork, parents’ work, leisure time and spending time with friends and relatives.
The research presented here focuses on the well-being of young children during the time of COVID-19, when most of society was locked down and schooling changed for most children. Qualitative research was used where interviews were carried out with 12 families of preschool children. The interviews were conducted between March and May 2020, with each of the three researchers following four families. Four interviews were conducted with each family.
The study explores what the parents thought important to consider during these weeks, regarding challenges, solutions at home in everyday life, and how it was to deal with these challenges. The role of the preschool was also examined and what effect preschool closures, or absence from school, had on the children. At the same time, the parents looked ahead and underlined what could be learned from the experience regarding the well-being of children both today and in the future.
The results show that the epidemic had a significant influence on the families, even though the parents considered the impact on the children to be minor. Family life changed in many ways, but the parents agreed that routine and a well-defined daily structure were greatly important, as well as having enough activities for the children, including outdoor activities, but play and creative activities were also a big part of everyday life. The majority of the parents said that this time had given them the opportunity to get to know their children better and, in many ways, it was good to be able to reduce external stimuli, even though at the same time the families were worried about the coronavirus situation and the well-being and health of family members and other relatives.
The results of the study highlight that there was a lot of stress in each family during these times. However, the resources and cohesion of the families made this experience easier to bear, and it was even possible to look back on this time in a positive way. The study also shows that support from schools or other professionals should be more accessible, as some of the families felt quite isolated. That could indicate the need for someone outside the family to share worries with, especially when facing surrounding threats and with intensified stress. Here, the kindergarten could be seen as a more supportive entity for parents, especially those in a vulnerable situation. The epidemic highlighted the value and importance of preschool, and that children should always have access to quality kindergarten and enjoy stability in everyday life with their well-being placed first.Í mars 2020 voru gefnar út reglur á Íslandi þar sem settar voru skorður á samkomur, starfsemi í framhalds- og háskólum færðist á netið, rekstur leik- og grunnskóla var takmarkaður og stjórnvöld hvöttu foreldra til að hafa börnin heima ef þess var kostur. Rannsóknin sem hér er kynnt beinist að velferð ungra barna á tímum COVID-19 þegar flestu var skellt í lás í þjóðfélaginu og skólahald breyttist hjá börnum. Þátttakendur í rannsókninni voru tólf fjölskyldur leikskólabarna og voru tekin endurtekin viðtöl við þær á tímabilinu mars til maí 2020. Áherslan var á þau áhrif sem ástandið hafði almennt á börnin og fjölskyldurnar og áskoranirnar sem fylgdu í kjölfarið. Jafnframt var horft fram á við og dregið fram hvað hægt er að læra af reynslunni, bæði er snýr að velferð barna nú á dögum og til framtíðar litið.
Niðurstöður sýna að faraldurinn hafði víðtæk og mikil áhrif á fjölskyldurnar. Fjölskyldulífið breyttist en foreldrar voru sammála um að rútína og skipulag hafi skipt miklu máli sem og að hafa nóg að gera fyrir börnin. Margir töldu að þessi tími hefði gefið þeim tækifæri til að kynnast börnunum betur og á margan hátt var gott að geta dregið úr ytra áreiti. Úrræði og samheldni fjölskyldna virtist draga úr álaginu og gerði upplifunina að sumu leyti jákvæða þegar litið var til baka. Þær ályktanir má draga að samfélagið hefði getað stutt betur við barnafjölskyldur á tímum samkomubanns, til dæmis með því að gefa þeim möguleika á að hafa einhvern til að tala við utan fjölskyldunna
Íslenskar fjölmiðlarannsóknir: Fræði á flæðiskeri?
No full textAcademic research on media and media users started towards the end of the 1920s. Initially media research was primarily conducted by sociologists, psychologists and political scientists. Although media studies have become an independent discipline, the field has retained its interdisciplinary characteristics. There is some difference between media studies in the United States and Europe, as U.S. researchers tend to be strongly influenced by social psychology. In contrast, many European scholars approach media from the perspective of linguistics and even philosophy. In the beginning of media research in Iceland, scholars employed quantitative methods in studies of media use by children and adolescents but recently they have turned their research focus more towards political communication and elections, and the culture of journalism.Fyrstu fræðilegu rannsóknirnar á fjölmiðlum og notendum þeirra voru gerðar í lok þriðja áratugar 20. aldar. Í upphafi voru það einkum félagsfræðingar, sálfræðingar og stjórnmálafræðingar sem stunduðu fjölmiðlarannsóknir. Nú á tímum er fjölmiðlafræði kennd sem sjálfstæð fræðigrein en hún spannar enn víðfemt svið. Bandarískar rannsóknir þykja undir sterkum áhrifum félagssálfræðinnar meðan margir evrópskir fræðimenn nálgast hins vegar viðfangsefni sín út frá sjónarhóli málvísinda og jafnvel heimspeki. Rætur íslenskra fjölmiðlafræðirannsókna hafa í hálfa öld legið í megindlegum aðferðum til að rannsaka notkun barna og unglinga á fjölmiðlum en sjónum hefur í auknum mæli verið beint að hlutverki fjölmiðla í kosningum og starfsumhverfi og vinnubrögðum blaða- og fréttamanna
Væntingar Íslendinga og hugmyndir innflytjenda um aðlögun innflytjenda að íslensku samfélagi
No full textWhat are the prevailing ideas about how immigrants become part of Icelandic society? This paper joins previous studies in investigating the relationship between attitudes towards the integration of immigrants and socio-demographic variables. Our studies gathered data from a convenience sample of immigrants and a random sample of Icelanders in twelve municipalities. This paper describes reported attitudes. It further examined the relationship between the social background of the respondents (age, gender, education, income, labour market position and place of residence) and whether their attitudes could be categorized as assimilation or integration. We ran descriptive statistics and a linear regression analysis of the relationship between socio-demographic variables and integration expectations. Results indicate that both immigrants and locals felt that immigrants should try to learn Icelandic. Immigrants reported higher levels of expectation for other immigrants compared to locals. Higher age, being male and lower education are factors associated with increased expectations of assimilation into Icelandic society. Inconsistent with previous studies, our findings suggest there is little to no relationship between the proportion of immigrants in their communities and Icelandic respondents‘ attitudes towards immigrant integration-assimilation.Hvaða hugmyndir eru ríkjandi um hvernig innflytjendur verða fullgildir þátttakendur að íslensku samfélagi? Í rannsóknarverkefninu „Samfélög án aðgreiningar?“ voru spurningar um viðhorf til aðlögunar innflytjenda og fjölmenningar lagðar fyrir hentugleikaúrtak innflytjenda og slembiúrtak Íslendinga í tólf sveitarfélögum. Hér er þessum viðhorfum lýst og athugað hvort þau tengist félagslegum bakgrunni svarenda og hvort fella megi þau í flokka aðlögunarkenninga um samþættingu eða samlögun. Sett er fram lýsandi tölfræði fyrir væntingar Íslendinga og innflytjenda til aðlögunar út frá aldri, kyni, menntun, tekjum, stöðu á vinnumarkaði og búsetu. Gerð var línuleg aðhvarfsgreining á tengslum þessara breyta við samlögunar- og samþættingarvæntingar. Niðurstöður sýna að bæði heimamenn og innflytjendur gera ráð fyrir að innflytjendur læri íslensku. Innflytjendur sjálfir hafa meiri væntingar um samlögun en heimamenn hafa. Hærri aldur, karlkyn og minni menntun tengjast auknum væntingum um samlögun innflytjenda að íslensku samfélagi. Ekki koma fram tengsl hugmynda Íslendinga um innflytjendur og þess hvort meiri eða minni fjölgun innflytjenda hefur orðið í sama sveitarfélagi eða hverfi. Sú niðurstaða er ekki í samræmi við eldri rannsóknir sem þóttu benda til þess að fjölgun innflytjenda hefði í för með sér neikvæðara viðhorf Íslendinga gagnvart þeim
„Hana langar ekki að missa mig“: Upplifun háskólamenntaðra innflytjenda frá Filippseyjum af samskiptum og aðlögun á íslenskum vinnumarkaði
No full textThe number of immigrants from the Philippines in Iceland has more than quadrupled in the past two decades. They are a visible minority in Iceland and their ethnicity, race, and nationality influences how they experience their position in the Icelandic labor market. In-depth interviews were conducted with highly-skilled immigrants from the Philippines working in Iceland. The objective was to develop an understanding of their lived experience of communication at work, their opportunities to contribute in the workplace, and how they are adapting to the workplace. Key findings support previous research that the Icelandic language is a major barrier to the integration of immigrants into the Icelandic labor market. They experience insecurity when they meet impatience and lack of understanding from their coworkers. As a visible minority they experience prejudice and cultural differences complicate conflict management. Despite being seen as perfect workers, few of the immigrants have sought promotions and their loyalty to their supervisor can hold them back. Integration is mutual, being able to keep their original culture and language and participate in the new culture, but the Filipinos in this study experience that they are solely responsible for the integration because immigration was their choice.Á síðustu tveimur áratugum hefur fjöldi Filippseyinga á Íslandi meira en fjórfaldast. Filippseyingar eru það sem kalla má „sýnilegur minnihlutahópur“ á Íslandi og hefur uppruni þeirra, kynþáttur og þjóðerni áhrif á upplifun þeirra af stöðu sinni á íslenskum vinnumarkaði. Tekin voru djúpviðtöl við háskólamenntaða innflytjendur frá Filippseyjum sem starfa á íslenskum vinnumarkaði. Markmið rannsóknarinnar var þríþætt: að öðlast skilning á hvernig Filippseyingar upplifa samskiptin á vinnustað, hvernig þeir meta möguleika sína á að leggja sitt af mörkum og hvernig þeim finnst þeim ganga að aðlagast að vinnustaðnum. Helstu niðurstöður styðja fyrri rannsóknir sem sýna að íslenskan er stór hindrun fyrir innflytjendur á íslenskum vinnumarkaði. Þeir upplifa óöryggi þegar þeir mæta óþolinmæði og skilningsleysi samstarfsfólks. Sem minnihlutahópur mæta þeir fordómum og menningarmunur getur torveldað hvernig tekst til við að vinna úr ágreiningi. Þrátt fyrir að vera fyrirmyndarstarfsfólk hafa fáir þátttakendur í þessari rannsókn sóst eftir framgangi í starfi og hollusta við yfirmenn getur verið þeim fjötur um fót. Aðlögun (samþætting) er gagnkvæm og byggist á því að innflytjendur geti viðhaldið sinni upprunalegu menningu og tungumáli og hafi einnig möguleika á að eiga í samskiptum við Íslendinga en viðmælendur upplifa að aðlögun sé undir þeim komin þar sem þeir völdu að flytjast til annars lands
Áhrif búsetu á vinnuumhverfi starfsfólks á opinbera vinnumarkaðinum
No full textIcelandic municipalities have faced financial challenges in recent years, with most operating at a deficit. Consequently, many are unable to deliver the services mandated by law. The research question was: What are the effects of the financial situation and the municipality’s location on the work environment of employees in the public sector? By answering this research question, the aim is to gain information on whether the financial situation of the municipalities or whether the municipalities are located in the capital area, or the countryside affects the well-being and work environment of municipal employees. An online questionnaire was conducted among employees of 14 municipalities in 2021. The results showed that many employees were measured with work-related stress. Job satisfaction was the strongest predictor of work-related stress, but the location and financial status of the municipalities also had a significant effect. It is essential to pay close attention to the employees’ working environment, especially where the financial situation is weak, and to be vig[1]ilant about the work-related well-being of the employees due to the negative aspects in the working environment that uncertain times and financial difficulties can cause.Fjárhagsstaða íslenskra sveitarfélaga hefur mikið verið í umræðunni síðustu misserin enda hafa mörg þeirra skilað hallarekstri nokkur ár í röð. Þau eru því misjafnlega í stakk búin til að sinna lögbundnum skyldum sínum sem vinnuveitendur og þjónustustofnanir. Sett var fram rannsóknarspurningin: Hver eru áhrif fjárhagsstöðu og staðsetningar sveitarfélags á vinnuumhverfi starfsfólks á opinbera vinnumarkaðinum? Með því að svara þessari rannsóknarspurningu er leitast við að fá upplýsingar um hvort fjárhagsleg staða sveitarfélaganna eða hvort þau séu staðsett á höfuðborgarsvæðinu eða landsbyggðinni hafi áhrif á líðan og vinnuumhverfi starfsfólks sveitarfélaga. Spurningalisti var lagður fyrir starfsfólk 14 sveitarfélaga á vordögum 2021. Niðurstöðurnar sýndu að margir þátttakendur voru yfir viðmiðunarmörkum vinnutengdrar streitu. Starfsánægja var sterkasti forspárþátturinn um vinnutengda streitu en staðsetning og fjárhagsleg staða sveitarfélaganna höfðu einnig marktæk áhrif. Mikilvægt er að fylgjast vel með vinnuumhverfi starfsfólks, sérstaklega hjá sveitarfélögum þar sem fjárhagsstaðan er veik, og vera vel vakandi fyrir vinnutengdri líðan starfsfólksins vegna þeirra neikvæðu þátta í vinnuumhverfinu sem óvissutímar og fjárhagserfiðleikar geta alið af sér
Staða innflytjenda á vinnumarkaði á krepputímum eftir byggðamynstri og atvinnugreinum
No full textUnemployment was higher amongst immigrants than Icelanders during the economic crisis following COVID-19. This study investigated the status of immigrants in the labour market in the autumn of 2020 and compared it to that of Icelanders. The aim was to investigate whether immigrants enjoyed economic advantages that certain regions and industries have historically provided Icelanders. Data from the 2020 Regional Residential Survey were utilised (10,253 participants with 1,261 immigrants). Findings suggested that the situation of immigrants in the labour market was worse than that of Icelanders. Immigrants in the capital area did not enjoy higher salaries, increased job security, and job selection like Icelanders did. Industries that promised prosperity for Icelanders, such as fisheries, construction, and management, did not result in increased income, satisfaction with wages, or job security for immigrants. Job security and job selection were in no industry as low for immigrants as in tourism. It was noteworthy that immigrants in rural areas seemed to be more satisfied with their living conditions than immigrants in the capital area or urban areas in the countryside. The conclusion is that immigrants did not enjoy the so-called agglomeration economies (e.g., higher wages in urban areas and profitable industries, such as fisheries).Það er áhyggjuefni að atvinnuleysi var meira meðal innflytjenda en Íslendinga í efnahagsþrengingunum sem fylgdu heimsfaraldri COVID-19. Í þessari rannsókn var staða innflytjenda á vinnumarkaði haustið 2020 greind og samanburður gerður við stöðu Íslendinga. Markmiðið með rannsókninni var að kanna hvort innflytjendur hafi notið þess efnahagslega forskots sem vissir landshlutar og vissar atvinnugreinar hafa jafnan skilað Íslendingum. Stuðst er við gögn úr Íbúakönnun landshlutanna 2020 þar sem rúmlega 10.253 íbúar tóku þátt, þar af 1.261 innflytjandi. Helstu niðurstöður benda til þess að staða innflytjenda á atvinnumarkaði hafi verið verri en Íslendinga. Innflytjendur á höfuðborgarsvæðinu nutu ekki hærri launa, aukins atvinnuöryggis og atvinnuúrvals sem Íslendingar þar nutu. Að sama skapi virtust atvinnugreinar sem vænkuðu hag Íslendinga, svo sem sjávarútvegur, byggingarstarfsemi og stjórnun, ekki skila sér í auknum tekjum, ánægju með laun eða atvinnuöryggi hjá innflytjendum. Atvinnuöryggi og atvinnuúrval innflytjenda var í engum atvinnugreinum eins lítið og í ferðaþjónustu. Athygli vakti að innflytjendur í dreifbýli virtust vera ánægðari með búsetu sína en innflytjendur á höfuðborgarsvæðinu eða öðru þéttbýli úti á landi. Því er dregin sú ályktun að innflytjendur hafi ekki notið svokallaðs borgarhagræðis (t.d. hærri launa í þéttbýli) eða velgengni sumra atvinnugreina (t.d. sjávarútvegs) að sama skapi og Íslendingar
Inntak konungdóms í konungsríkinu Íslandi
Get PDFThe article describes the implementation of the monarchy in the Kingdom of Iceland. Until the time Iceland became sovereign state, the royal heads of state were influential actors in the governance of European countries, especially in terms of foreign affairs. The article outlines how the handling of foreign affairs was the core of the monarchy in the mind of Christian X, the first and only king of the Kingdom of Iceland. He wished to direct it through a single foreign service working undir his authority. First, there was a serious falling out with the king and the Icelandic politicians when the latter demanded the termination of the union agreement and thus the establishment of an Icelandic foreign service. In the article, the terms personal union and real union are defined and lead to the argument that there was a personal union between Iceland and Denmark.Í greininni er gerð grein fyrir inntaki konungdóms í konungsríkinu Íslandi en allt fram til þess tíma er Ísland verður frjálst og fullvalda ríki eru konungbornir þjóðhöfðingjar áhrifamiklir gerendur við stjórn ríkja Norðurálfu, sér í lagi hvað varðar utanríkismál. Í greininni er rakið hvernig meðferð utanríkismála var kjarni konungdómsins í huga Kristjáns X, fyrsta og eina konungs konungsríkisins Íslands, en í hans huga kom ekki annað til álita en aðeins ein utanríkisþjónusta starfaði í hans umboði. Fyrst kastaðist verulega í kekki með konungi og íslenskum ráðamönnum þegar þeir hinir síðarnefndu léðu máls á uppsögn sambandslagasamningsins og þar með stofnun eigin utanríkisþjónustu. Í greininni eru hugtökunum persónusambandi og málefnasambandi gerð skil, leidd að því rök að milli Íslands og Danmerkur hafi verið persónusamband og um tvö aðskilin konungsembætti hafi verið að ræða
Starfendarannsókn til starfsþróunar leikskólakennara: Ávinningur og áskoranir
Get PDFAction research is an umbrella term used for research conducted with and by practitioners. The aim of action research is to improve practice and therefore the methodology has been effective for teachers’ professional development. Professional development deepens and widens teachers’ competences, knowledge, perspective, motivation and independence. This can happen both through formal and informal education and promotes teachers’ performance, satisfaction and reduces the likelihood of burnout or elimination from the profession. The study reported in this article was a collaborative action research project where two communities with different aims and demands meet: a scientific community and a practice community. Such research can be understood to involve two joint learning cycles that together create a process of change. In collaborative action research, in a school–university partnership, both parties benefit from the collaboration. It is suggested that from the collaboration of researchers and practitioners, a third space can emerge when a successful partnership is achieved. In this study, the collaboration was between seven preschool teachers in one Icelandic preschool and one university teacher. The research lasted over two years. The preschool teachers focused on their own professional development in relation to values education, which was the focus of Nordic research project this study was part of. The researcher’s role was to support and encourage the preschool teachers throughout the whole process and to collect the bulk of the data. In this article, the focus will be on the advantages and challenges the participating preschool teachers experienced during the research process, as well as how they experienced the collaboration with their colleagues and the university teacher. The focus here is not on findings related to values education, which was the research topic since these have been presented elsewhere.The data for this study was collected as follows: Firstly, three interviews were conducted at the end of the research process, two focus group interviews with the preschool teachers working with the children and one individual interview with the preschool principal. Secondly, recordings from all meetings during the action research process were used as data for this study. Thirdly, journal writings from four preschool teachers were part of the dataset, three participants did not hand in their journals as data. Finally, notes from the final project meeting were used as data, where the participating preschool teachers evaluated the research process. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.The findings show that when the preschool teachers looked back at the end of the process, they agreed that the action research had been a successful journey. The principal mentioned that this was because all participating preschool teachers were interested and ready to make changes in their practice. However, the participants experienced ups and downs during the research process where the advantages and their own development stages were not always clear until they looked back. The main advantages the preschool teachers experienced during the process related to professional development, improvement of practice and children’s learning and well-being. The main challenges the preschool teachers faced were associated with finding time for the action research, uncertainty concerning the process of action research and values education, and how to influence the whole preschool. Finally, the preschool teachers reported that collaboration with the external researcher and with colleagues was a crucial factor in making the project successful.The study contributes important knowledge about how the methodology of action research can be used for teachers’ professional development and simultaneously supports findings from previous studies. Furthermore, the findings from this study shed light on the main challenges teachers might face during the action research process, which gives future action researchers opportunities to reduce the likelihood of these common challenges hindering the process. Finally, the findings highlight the importance of good collaboration when conducting action research, both with insiders and outsiders.Starfendarannsóknir eru rannsóknir sem gjarnan eru gerðar af starfandi kennurum og stundum í samstarfi við utanaðkomandi aðila. Markmiðið er að breyta og bæta starf og starfshætti og hefur nálgunin reynst vel fyrir starfsþróun kennara. Í þessari rannsókn unnu sjö leikskólakennarar að eigin starfsþróun í nánu samstarfi við einn háskólakennara. Í greininni er gerð grein fyrir ávinningi og áskorunum sem þátttakendur upplifðu í gegnum ferli starfendarannsóknarinnar. Niðurstöðurnar sýna að leikskólakennurunum fannst ferlið hafa haft jákvæð áhrif á starfsþróun þeirra, á starfið í leikskólanum og á nám og velferð barnanna. Helstu áskoranir tengdust tímaskorti, óvissu um rannsóknarferlið og hvernig væri hægt að hafa áhrif á starfið í leikskólanum í heild. Samstarf við háskólakennara var talið lykilatriði fyrir velgengni í rannsóknarferlinu, auk samstarfs kennara innan leikskólans
Ritdómur: Religion, Sustainability and Education: Pedagogy, Perspectives, and Praxis — Towards Ecological Sustainability
Get PDFReligion, Sustainability and Education: Pedagogy, Perspectives, and Praxis — Towards Ecological Sustainability, ritstj. Mary Philip, Chad Rimmer og Tom S. Tomren. Steinkjer [Noregi]: Embla Akademisk, 2021, 314 bls
Varla brot eða vondir menn? Orðræða um kynferðisbrot og skrímslavæðing í fjölmiðlum og athugasemdakerfum
No full textThis article looks to identify discourses about sexual violence and perpetrators as they appear in discussions about the revocation of an alleged perpetrator’s previously announced recruitment to an Icelandic university. Foucaultian discourse analysis was applied to data from media discussions, opinion pieces, blogs and comment sections. Content analysis was used to find the gender composition of commenters. The majority of commenters were male, they commented the most and their views were more often recounted in the media. The main findings of the research indicate that discourse about sexual violence relies upon a hierarchy where physical sexual violence is used as a norm against which other sexual violations are subordinated and excluded, and therefore not worth speaking about. Nor are they thought to warrant any feeling of violation. Just as violation is clearly separated from non-violation so is violator from non-violator. Persuasions about perpetrators generally fall on either side of the clear cut, where, in accordance with monsterification, the perpetrator is seen as a foul monster or, because of the inability to reconcile his amiable qualities with the monstrous image, he is seen as an immaculate hero.Í þessari grein er skoðað hvernig orðræða um kynferðisofbeldi og gerendur birtist í umfjöllun um afturköllun á ráðningu meints geranda til kennslu við háskóla. Til þess var orðræðugreiningu í anda Foucault beitt á umfjöllun fjölmiðla, innsendar greinar, bloggsvæði og athugasemdakerfi. Þá var innihaldsgreining notuð til þess að greina kyngervi ummælenda, fjölda ummæla eftir kyngervi og skoðanir hverra fengu brautargengi. Karlar voru þar í meirihluta og áttu mun fleiri ummæli á sama tíma og fleiri karlar fengu skoðanir sínar endurfluttar í fjölmiðlum. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar gefa til kynna að orðræða um kynferðisbrot byggi á stigveldi þeirra þar sem líkamlegt kynferðisofbeldi sé notað sem viðmið sem undirskipi og útiloki annars konar kynferðisbrot sem varla eru talin taka því að tala um. Þar af leiðir að brot sem samræmast ekki þess háttar líkamlegum kynferðisbrotum eru síður talin vera brot. Samhliða skýrri aðgreiningu í kynferðisofbeldi og ekki ofbeldi má svo sjá skýran aðskilnað milli brotamanna og annarra. Skiptast viðhorf til meints geranda brotanna eftir þeim línum þar sem hann er, í krafti skrímslavæðingar kynferðisbrotamanna, ýmist álitinn vera ógeðfellt skrímsli eða, vegna ósamræmanleika mannkosta hans við ímynd skrímslisins, ólöstuð hetja