Investigationes Linguisticae
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Nyāya Sữtra jako zmiana epistemiczna
Get PDFThe work concerns the problem of comparative research methodology and methods of argument in the philosophical systems of culturally diverse areas. The analysis and comparison is part of the Indian system of philosophical and epistemological – religious Nyāya Sữtra. The Nyāya Sữtra is interpreted in semiotic theory Ch. S. Peirce. On the basis of certain assumptions artificial intelligence and the theory of belief change, constructed for the semiotic model. As a result of the study shows that, in the epistemological Nyāya Sữtra is a system of acquiring knowledge. This system is characterized by abductive argumentation, and is aimed at the changing attitudes epistemic.The work concerns the problem of comparative research methodology and methods of argument in the philosophical systems of culturally diverse areas. The analysis and comparison is part of the Indian system of philosophical and epistemological – religious Nyāya Sữtra. The Nyāya Sữtra is interpreted in semiotic theory Ch. S. Peirce. On the basis of certain assumptions artificial intelligence and the theory of belief change, constructed for the semiotic model. As a result of the study shows that, in the epistemological Nyāya Sữtra is a system of acquiring knowledge. This system is characterized by abductive argumentation, and is aimed at the changing attitudes epistemic
Język, logika i soteriologia
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to describe the notion of language and some “logical’’ ideas that were developed by one of the greatest figure of Buddhist philosophy – Nāgārjuna. Moreover, this article will present the importance of the logical analysis of language as a factor contributory to the achievement of the ultimate goal of any Buddhist activity – enlightenment (nirvāṇa). The aim of the article is to describe the notion of language and some “logical’’ ideas that were developed by one of the greatest figure of Buddhist philosophy – Nāgārjuna. Moreover, this article will present the importance of the logical analysis of language as a factor contributory to the achievement of the ultimate goal of any Buddhist activity – enlightenment (nirvāṇa).
Struktura argumentacje we wniosku formalnym na wybranym przykładzie
Get PDFThe aim of the paper is to reconstruct the argumentational structure of formal inquiry on chosen example. It also attempts to assess the validity of every identified part of argumentations. This assessment is done by the use of notions and methods postulated by Tokarz (2006) for formalization and judgment of argumentation. As a result, proposal of general structure of argumentation and structure of every subarguments used in analyzed text is presented. The aim of the paper is to reconstruct the argumentational structure of formal inquiry on chosen example. It also attempts to assess the validity of every identified part of argumentations. This assessment is done by the use of notions and methods postulated by Tokarz (2006) for formalization and judgment of argumentation. As a result, proposal of general structure of argumentation and structure of every subarguments used in analyzed text is presented.
Gdy mówi do nas język. Krytyczne spojrzenie na współczesne aplikacje hipotezy Sapira-Whorfa w feministycznych teoriach językoznawczych
Get PDFIn this paper I discuss a common argument put forward by the feminist movement and present in academic publications in the field of gender and language studies. Based on the assumption that language is not a transparent means of communication, the argument states that a patriarchal worldview is embedded in linguistic structure of Polish and other languages. This leads some feminist activists to advocating language change that would alter certain elements of linguistic structure in an attempt to eradicate the perceived bias. I argue that the feminist argument is based on a debatable interpretation of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that does not take into consideration recent developments in the field, notably the theory of language ideologies. I conclude that for a scientific investigation of values allegedly carried by language, it is necessary to go beyond the study of linguistic structure alone and incorporate methods of other social sciences that will allow us to grasp the social context from which language cannot be ultimately separated.In this paper I discuss a common argument put forward by the feminist movement and present in academic publications in the field of gender and language studies. Based on the assumption that language is not a transparent means of communication, the argument states that a patriarchal worldview is embedded in linguistic structure of Polish and other languages. This leads some feminist activists to advocating language change that would alter certain elements of linguistic structure in an attempt to eradicate the perceived bias. I argue that the feminist argument is based on a debatable interpretation of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that does not take into consideration recent developments in the field, notably the theory of language ideologies. I conclude that for a scientific investigation of values allegedly carried by language, it is necessary to go beyond the study of linguistic structure alone and incorporate methods of other social sciences that will allow us to grasp the social context from which language cannot be ultimately separated
Współczesne trendy w lingwistyce komputerowej a problem automatycznego tłumaczenia języka arabskiego
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to present some problems concerning the machine translation of Arabic in the context of the chosen NLP theories and their evolution. First attempts of electronic machine translations in Europe started only a little more than fifty years ago. It is enough time to perceive some aspects of the evolution? Although a lot of the concepts are still valid, the situation in A.D. 2012 is quite different than even twelve years ago. We still see useful old works of N. Chomsky, D. Cohen, but CFG seems to be supported with some new theories which also have got some disadvantages. Some interesting problems occur in the process of automatic translation when the number of grammatical cases is smaller in the source language than that in the output language.The aim of this paper is to present some problems concerning the machine translation of Arabic in the context of the chosen NLP theories and their evolution. First attempts of electronic machine translations in Europe started only a little more than fifty years ago. It is enough time to perceive some aspects of the evolution? Although a lot of the concepts are still valid, the situation in A.D. 2012 is quite different than even twelve years ago. We still see useful old works of N. Chomsky, D. Cohen, but CFG seems to be supported with some new theories which also have got some disadvantages. Some interesting problems occur in the process of automatic translation when the number of grammatical cases is smaller in the source language than that in the output language
Logiczne aspekty języka a teksty humorystyczne Rola mechanizmu logicznego w dowcipach
Get PDF"The objective of this paper is a presentation of the relations between the logical aspects of a language and the study of jokes. The linguistic material used in sample analyses comprises modern texts about mathematicians which render the specific way of thinking attributed to this group within joke stereotypes. Bearing in mind that humour is frequently connected with creativity and an ability to depart from patterns, we should assume that when humorous texts are creative and break the rules, when they are inconsistent with standards and exceptional - and thus illogical - they fulfil their ludic purpose very well. Another fundamental issue is the existence and function of so-called nonsense humour which - being contrary to the principles of logic - constitutes a separate whole. Its distinction would imply that the remaining types of humorous texts are rational, that is logical. Thus humour may be both logical and illogical. The main objective of this paper is search for an answer to the question whether the logical mechanism is obligatorily present in every type of humour. ""The objective of this paper is a presentation of the relations between the logical aspects of a language and the study of jokes. The linguistic material used in sample analyses comprises modern texts about mathematicians which render the specific way of thinking attributed to this group within joke stereotypes. Bearing in mind that humour is frequently connected with creativity and an ability to depart from patterns, we should assume that when humorous texts are creative and break the rules, when they are inconsistent with standards and exceptional - and thus illogical - they fulfil their ludic purpose very well. Another fundamental issue is the existence and function of so-called nonsense humour which - being contrary to the principles of logic - constitutes a separate whole. Its distinction would imply that the remaining types of humorous texts are rational, that is logical. Thus humour may be both logical and illogical. The main objective of this paper is search for an answer to the question whether the logical mechanism is obligatorily present in every type of humour.
Tłumacz – archeolog słodyczy
Get PDFThe articles discusses the problem of translation of lexical units referring to sweets on the example of the Polish translation series of E. T. A. Hoffmann’s world famous story Nutcracker. The first part of the article contains a short description of the significance of author’s lexical choices concerning sweets produced in the 19th century. In the second part a case study of the translation of the term “Devisen-Figuren” is presented. The third part shows the wide range of detailed descriptions used in the original text and their (more or less successful) transfer into Polish. The fourth part presents a specific case of a contemporary adaptation transforming all sophisticated sweets of the past into modern chocolate products. In the conclusions it is shown that translators’ fidelity on the lexical level means fidelity as a global approach to the original text.The articles discusses the problem of translation of lexical units referring to sweets on the example of the Polish translation series of E. T. A. Hoffmann’s world famous story Nutcracker. The first part of the article contains a short description of the significance of author’s lexical choices concerning sweets produced in the 19th century. In the second part a case study of the translation of the term “Devisen-Figuren” is presented. The third part shows the wide range of detailed descriptions used in the original text and their (more or less successful) transfer into Polish. The fourth part presents a specific case of a contemporary adaptation transforming all sophisticated sweets of the past into modern chocolate products. In the conclusions it is shown that translators’ fidelity on the lexical level means fidelity as a global approach to the original text
Operatory metatekstowe w funkcji wskazówek organizacji tekstu w telewizyjnej relacji na żywo
Get PDFThe article presents a study of the use of metatext markers for signalling the structure of television live report. The study is aimed at analysing how reporters organize their messages with metatextual elements. A corpus of live reports form polish news bulletins was used. The list of metatext markers was based on metadiscourse classifications by Hyland (2005), Dahl (2004) and Ädel (2006) and extended with propositions of the authors.The article presents a study of the use of metatext markers for signalling the structure of television live report. The study is aimed at analysing how reporters organize their messages with metatextual elements. A corpus of live reports form polish news bulletins was used. The list of metatext markers was based on metadiscourse classifications by Hyland (2005), Dahl (2004) and Ädel (2006) and extended with propositions of the authors
Rodzaj gramatyczny rzeczownika jako nośnik informacji pozagramatycznej I. Przegląd literatury dotyczącej rodzaju gramatycznego
Get PDFThis article aims at investigating the nature of the gender system in Polish. The paper includes a review of various approaches to the problem, as seen by psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and feminist linguistics, as well as an attempt at presenting a synchronic view on the gender system. It is also the theoretical introduction to a following empirical article treating of Polish genders.This article aims at investigating the nature of the gender system in Polish. The paper includes a review of various approaches to the problem, as seen by psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and feminist linguistics, as well as an attempt at presenting a synchronic view on the gender system. It is also the theoretical introduction to a following empirical article treating of Polish genders
Dystynktywność ciągów
Get PDFThe article discusses the problem of sequence distinctiveness. The author sets out to define this concept and explain why the problem deserves attention. He then goes out to carry out a study investigating the degree of distinctiveness of one and two sequences (as a result of their comparison). The paper’s framework is based on the properties of Pascal’s triangle. W artykule omawia się zagadnienie dystynktywności ciągów: wychodząc od zdefiniowania tego pojęcia i wykazania potrzeby zajęcia się tym zagadnieniem, przechodzi się do przeprowadzenia konkretnych badań, a mianowicie stopnia dystynktywności jednego jak i dwóch ciągów (w wyniku ich porównania). W pracy tej aktywnie wykorzystuje się własności trójkąta Pascala.The article discusses the problem of sequence distinctiveness. The author sets out to define this concept and explain why the problem deserves attention. He then goes out to carry out a study investigating the degree of distinctiveness of one and two sequences (as a result of their comparison). The paper’s framework is based on the properties of Pascal’s triangle. W artykule omawia się zagadnienie dystynktywności ciągów: wychodząc od zdefiniowania tego pojęcia i wykazania potrzeby zajęcia się tym zagadnieniem, przechodzi się do przeprowadzenia konkretnych badań, a mianowicie stopnia dystynktywności jednego jak i dwóch ciągów (w wyniku ich porównania). W pracy tej aktywnie wykorzystuje się własności trójkąta Pascala