Investigationes Linguisticae

This paper presents some Japanese forms of address. The use of correct forms of address in Japanese requires linguistic as well as social knowledge. Japanese people seem to avoid employing pronouns as address forms, employing other nouns instead. Family terms, place names, occupations, company names, shop names are popularly used as forms of address in everyday life. An important factor in choosing an appropriate form of address is the relationship between interlocutors. Thus, address forms can represent a referent’s position in their society. The grammatical category of person is not exactly the same as its practical use

Mogi, Norie

Polish

Japanese Ways of Addressing People

Pietrzak, Justyna

 23
 
 
 
Polish-Basque Dictionary (Project Report) 
Justyna Pietrzak 
Institute of Linguistics, Adam Mickiewicz University 
ul. Mi dzychodzka 5, 60-371 Pozna , POLAND 
 
justynap@amu.edu.pl 
 
 
 
The first Polish-Basque dictionary is in the process of preparation. The work is being carried out in 
the Basque Section of the Department of General and Comparative Linguistics of the Institute of 
Linguistics,  Adam Mickiewicz University (Pozna ).  
The Basque language (called “Euskara” by its native speakers) is spoken by approximately 
700,000 people living in the Spanish provinces of Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, Araba and Nafarroa and 
nearly 100,000 in the French department of the Atlantic Pyrenées.  It has a different status in each 
of those provinces, ranging from an official language, as it is Spanish (in Spanish department of 
Euskadi), to an ethnographic curiosity used for tourism purposes (in France).  
The core of the dictionary represents the Euskara Batua – “the Unified Basque”, the literary 
Basque, while approximately one third of the entries come from other dialect varieties of the 
language. In order to reflect the fact that the Euskara Batua  is a relatively young language and 
there is an extensive literature written in dialects, it is essential that the mentioned entries should be 
included in the dictionary. 
The dictionary contains approximately 35,000 entries in each section (Basque-Polish and 
Polish-Basque). Most of the words are illustrated with free and phraseological word-combinations: 
phrases, idioms, proverbs and sayings. Sample sentences illustrating the words’ meaning in a 
typical context are provided and the dictionary incorporates not only linguistic but also cultural 
information. Besides the dictionary itself, the volume contains a short grammatical sketch of 
Basque. 
The Basque-Polish part of the dictionary is primarily based upon the data collected and prepared 
by the group of Basque linguist researchers Bostak Bat. It has been updated and follows the latest 
recommendations of the Euskaltzaindia (Academy of the Basque Language). The word list of 
Batua is taken from Batua Hiztegia – the official Batua word list published by Euskaltzaindia.  
There are 9 members in the Polish team working in the project, all of them have started learning 
Basque at the Adam Mickiewicz University while studying Linguistics or Spanish Philology and 
were perfecting their language skills on intensive courses organised in the Basque Country by 
Aurten Bai Foundation. The raw data, including sample sentences, are taken from the electronic 
databases of Basque literature, press publications and consulted with native speakers of Basque. 
The dictionary is intended for learners of, respectively, Basque and Polish, as well as for Polish 
linguists who are working on the Basque language, and for all those who are interested in this 
language. The project will be finished by 2003. 
 
In
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 Linguisticae
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ol
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 V
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 P
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 2002 


Polish-Basque Dictionary (Project Report)

Recent research has shown that adult students learning a second or foreign language generally form a systematic interlanguage grammar which is influenced by both the mother tongue and the target language and has features of each. This interlanguage continues to approximate and improve in the process of the learner’s second language acquisition towards the final internalization of the target language system. In this paper, the author introduces the Interlanuage Hypothesis, analyses its nature and mainly based on the cases of the Chinese adult learners of English, explores the specific characteristics of the interlanguage grammar - its phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Towards the end of the paper the author also points out some implications the Interlanguage research might have on the practical fields of our contemporary second language teaching and learning

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Japanese Ways of Addressing People

Polish-Basque Dictionary (Project Report)

Interlanguage and its Implications in L2 Teaching

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