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Structure and Carbon Sequestration of Natural and Economics Forest at Wang Nam Khiao Forestry Research and Student Training Station, Nakhon Ratchasima Province
Full text linkThe purpose of this study was to examine vegetation structure and carbon sequestration of Natural and Economics Forest at Wang Nam Khiao forestry research and student training station, Nakhon Ratchasima Province in 8 plots , 40 x 40 m2 in size. Results show that total of species in Dry Evergreen forest were 95 species (76 genera, 45 families) and the most dominant trees were Hydnocarpus ilicifolia King, Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.) and Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib). The total of species in Eucalyptus Plantation were 20 species (19 genera, 13 families) and the most dominant trees were Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Grewia eriocarpa Juss. The Shanon-Wiener index of diversity in Dry Evergreen forest and Eucalyptus Plantation were 3.726 and 0.465, respectively. Carbon sequestration in Dry Evergreen forest and Eucalyptus Plantation were 94.57 tC/ha equivalent to 347.07 tCO2e/ha and 45.81 tC/ha, equivalent to 168.11 tCO2e/h
Trees Stand Clustering in Plant Community at Khao Khitchakut National Park, Chanthaburi Province
Full text linkTrees stand clustering in plant community is important for resource management and conservation planning. The objectives aimed to clarify plant diversity and their status, including, tree stand classification in the plant community in Khao Khitchakut National Park Chanthaburi Province. Twenty sampling plots, 20 ? 50 m, was used which two plots were set up based on the altitudinal gradients in every 100 meter above mean sea level (m asl.) from the foot to the top of the mountain. All trees with diameter at breasth height larger than 4.5 cm were measured and identified. The result showed that total trees of 267 species 173 genus and 63 families were found. They were sorted by using the Cluster analysis via PC-ORD program by managing data base on the similarity about 50 percent of the coefficient. It was divided to be 4 groups which mostly related on the altitudinal gradients. First group, about 100-400 m asl., it was the stand of Archidendorn quocense., second group, at the mean sea level between 500-700 meters, it was the stand of Archidendron quocense which subsequence dominant species were different, third group, about 800-900 m asl., it was the stand of Gironniera nervosa, and fourth group, at above 900 m asl., it was the stand of Sloanea sigun. All found tree species can be classified into the conservation status based on Plant Red list of Thailand and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It found that 98 species had their status classification and mostly found in family of Dipterocarpaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae respectively In addition, endangered and vulnerable status were found within 6 and 9 species, respectively. Indicating these species group may faced to the local extinction if high disturbances occur. Thus, the conservation management plan should urgently done for protecting these threated species and also for utilizing the other species for sustainable management
Landscape Structure Changes Assessment to Monitor Green Spaces in Mueang District, Amnatchaoen Province
No full textBackground and Objectives: Urbanization refers to the change of both physical and human landscape structures within an area in response to socio-economic development. This transformation leads to a reduction in urban open spaces, alongside the expansion of diverse land uses into peri-urban areas, contributing to the decline of green spaces in both urban and rural environments. This research aims to assess the changes in landscape ecological structures during the period from 2011 to 2022 by monitoring the diversity of land cover types using the Landscape Mosaic (LM) model and the LM-Anthropic model to describe the main structures and continuity of landscape components, including developed areas, agricultural areas, natural areas, and mixed-use areas, in order to evaluate the condition of green spaces in Mueang District, Amnat Charoen Province.Methodology: This study applies geo-information technology to classify green and non-green areas based on Sentinel-2A satellite imagery, in conjunction with various indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Bare Soil Index (NDBSI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), using a hybrid classification method. The accuracy of the classification results was validated against ground truth points using real-time data collection via a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). A confusion matrix was used to calculate overall classification accuracy and the Kappa coefficient, with the confidence level set at 80% and a minimum acceptance threshold of substantial agreement.The resulting data were further analyzed to examine landscape structure, patterns, and changes in order to assess spatial distribution, configuration, and component changes in relation to the intensity levels of human activities, following the principles of landscape ecology.Main Results: The land cover classification results for Mueang Amnat Charoen District in 2022 revealed an overall accuracy of 80.21% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.73, indicating substantial agreement. Agricultural land was the most dominant category, accounting for 60.46% of the area, followed by forest, barren land, perennial crops, community and built-up areas, and water bodies, at 8.59%, 6.85%, 4.72%, 1.85%, and 0.66%, respectively. These results characterize Mueang District’s core landscape structure as an agricultural matrix. Between 2011 and 2022, significant landscape changes were observed. The proportions of agricultural and natural landscape mosaics declined from 72.93% and 16.56% to 66.72% and 12.63%, respectively. In contrast, developed, mixed-use, and water landscape mosaics increased from 5.43%, 3.23%, and 1.84% to 8.93%, 9.83%, and 1.89%, respectively. Net changes in mosaic types revealed a transformation from uniqueness toward areas of dominance and presence. Specifically, dominant agricultural, natural, and developed mosaic types declined by 30.13%, 5.76%, and 1.48%, respectively, anrd were replaced by mixed-use mosaics influenced by the convergence of all three components.This pattern corresponds with the intensity levels of human activities. Areas of extreme activity intensity were concentrated in dense urban cores, covering 4.17% of the district. Moving outward from the urban center, the spatial pattern took on linear and dispersed forms, with decreasing levels of intensity and an increase in agricultural landscapes. Areas with very high and high levels of activity intensity accounted for 6.10% and 61.15%, respectively. Sparsely developed agricultural zones were categorized as moderate-intensity areas, comprising 13.59%. Low and very low-intensity areas —primarily undisturbed natural areas such as small and large forest patches and riparian woodlands—were scattered across urban and peri-urban areas, comprising 13.59% and 8.03% of the total area, respectively.Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effective application of geo-information technology for quantitatively assessing green space conditions through Sentinel satellite imagery classification, integrated with multiple indices. The approach is further enhanced by incorporating landscape mosaic modeling and human activity intensity analysis to evaluate landscape structure. These models support spatial interpretation of interactions among developed urban areas, natural green spaces, agricultural land, and mixed-use areas—revealing patterns of uniqueness, dominance, and presence. The results highlight the directions and trends of landscape structural change, which potentially affect urban and community environments, particularly the loss of natural green space and open areas, and the ongoing expansion of urban zones characterized by increasingly complex land use. It offers essential spatial information to support planners in conserving and managing target areas for long-term sustainable environmental development
STUDY OF SOME MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS OF Nili-Ravi BUFFALO IN PAKISTAN
Full text linkNili-Ravi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is famous for milk production in Pakistan. This study focused on several milk production traits in this breed. Performance records (n=2599) of Nili-Ravi buffalo in different parities kept under bull mother scheme run by LPRI, Bahadurnagar district Okara, Punjab, Pakistan were subjected to statistical descriptive analysis. Lactation period, total milk yield and 305-day milk yield averaged 384.40±73.16 days, 3148.1±717.69 kg and 2736.7±487.56 kg in first parity, 379.39±77.35, 3195.3±748.86, 2799.9±474.15 in second parity, 374.1±73.36, 3193.6±695.34, and 2816.5±510.23 in third parity, 360.9±78.30, 3140.9±655.91 and 2796.6±474.15 in fourth parity, 374.4±76.07, 3136.1±599.31 and 2820.1±428.18 in fifth parity, 357.5±86.19 days, 3101.9±770.61 kg and 2754.3±497.73 kg in sixth parity, respectively. It was worth mentioning that total milk yield increased after first lactation and reached the highest in 2nd parity. Further, a gradual decrease was observed in this trait. The 305-day milk yield increased up to 3rd parity and then declined afterwards. Lactation periods were longer in earlier parities as compared to later ones. It is therefore, suggested that contemporary selection program for the best performing buffaloes should be launched to improve the breed to exploit its highest potential. Voluntary selection is the dire need of the hour in order to exploit the milk production potential of Nili-Ravi breed to its maximum
METHANE FOOTPRINT OF MILK IN INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK FARMS IN INDIAN PUNJAB
Full text linkThe present study was undertaken to examine the methane footprint of milk in integrated crop-livestock farms in Indian Punjab by taking stock of a crucial narrative, i.e., the methane emission in relation to the specie-specific milk production. The formulations of the study are based on the primary data from 180 mixed farms with a herd volume of 1064 heads from all three agro-climatic zones (Central Plain Zone: Zone 1, South-western Zone: Zone 2, and Sub-mountainous Zone; Zone 3) of Punjab. The enteric methane emission at the farm level has been quantified by using Tier II methodology given by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007), The estimation has provided evidence that the methane emission rate has been the lowest in the case of indigenous cattle in comparison to buffalo and crossbred cattle. The entire in-milk herd accounted for 81.2% of the farm level enteric methane emission, the contribution of lactating buffalo being the highest (50.3%) followed by crossbred (27%) and indigenous cattle (3.9%). The study has conclusively established the supremacy of crossbred cattle from the environmental sustainability standpoint, with the carbon footprint of crossbred cows’ milk being the lowest (681.6 g CO2-e/kg milk) in comparison to that of buffalo (836.1 g CO2-e/kg milk) and indigenous cattle (900.9 g CO2-e/kg milk). The long-term solution for enhancing the sustainability of livestock sector lies in lowering the quantum of methane emission, which calls for policy prescriptions to address the issue of lowering the emissions and enhancing the productivity
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF UPWARD FIXATION OF PATELLA AND ITS SURGICAL ALLEVIATION IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES BY CLOSED MEDIAL PATELLAR DESMOTOMY
Full text linkUpward Fixation of Patella is a common malady of cattle and buffaloes throughout the world. The anatomical location and physiological role of the three ligaments that support the stifle joint in cattle and buffalo is critical in the incidences of upward fixation of patella. Several predisposing causes have been identified including genetics, malnutrition, mineral deficiency, excessive use, hilly terrain etc. In the present study, 82 cases of cattle and buffaloes presented with symptoms like flexion of hind limb, lameness after rest which gradually wanes off and dragging of hoof were clinically examined and selected for medial patellar desmotomy. Considering the vicious and aggressive nature of the breed all the cases were treated in lateral recumbency. Out of the 82 cases presented for treatment 78 cases recovered uneventfully by closed medial patellar desmotomy in lateral recumbency. The cases were followed up for complications if any, all the complications were rationally treated. The study highlights the utility of closed medial patellar desmotomy in treating upward fixation of patella at field level especially in vicious and aggressive Indian breeds
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE MANDIBLE IN MURRAH BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)
Full text linkThere is no previously reported information on the anatomy of the mandible in Murrah buffaloes; hence the present investigation is designed to provide the morphological features of the mandible of Murrah buffaloes. In this study, twelve mandibles from both male and female Murrah buffaloes were collected after their natural deaths in the states of Rajasthan and Punjab, India. In the present study, the mandible (mandibula) was a paired bone consisted of a body and a ramus. The mandible was the heaviest bone of the skull and both mandibles were unossified as mandibular synchondrosis rostrally. The body of the mandible was subdivided into a rostral part, that contained the incisor teeth and a caudal part, that contained the cheek teeth. The ramus of the mandible was a vertical bony plate that extended from the mandibular body towards the zygomatic arch. The mandibular ramus presented two surfaces, two borders and two extremities. Two surfaces were medial and lateral. The mandibular borders were alveolar and ventral. The anatomy of the mandible of Murrah buffalo has been described in detail in the manuscript and compared with the other large domestic and wild animals as per literature available. It can be concluded from the present study that the mandible of the Murrah buffalo resembled that of other large domestic and wild ruminant animals with few minor morphological differences
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NON-DESCRIPT BUFFALOES IN RAIGAD DISTRICT OF KONKAN REGION IN MAHARASHTRA
Full text linkThis study aims to characterize the non-descript, an undocumented buffalo phenotypically during the time of survey period in Raigad district of Konkan region in Maharashtra. The data were collected from 400 non-descript buffaloes, through interview from the farmers with the help of pre-form questionnaire. The average head length, ear length, horn length, circumference at the base of horn, neck length, height at wither, chest girth, body length, body weight (kg), hind leg length tail length and switch length of non-descript male and female buffaloes recorded in different age group were found to be 43.72±0.66 and 33.37±0.97 cm, 20.99±0.32 and 18.53±0.75 cm, 50.60±1.38 and 29.97±4.19 cm, 17.22±0.57 and 10.66±0.93 cm, 41.04±0.74 and 37.87±2.02 cm, 113.7±0.91 and 93.52±4.36 cm, 161.9±0.88 and 117.34±6.61 cm, 111.76±0.68 and 87.04±5.12 cm, 363.70±3.71 and 238.35±6.27 kg, 103.62±0.34 and 86.10±2.24 cm, 62.06±0.34 and 46.72±1.22 cm and 9.95±0.32 and 8.75±0.33 cm, respectively in Raigad district. Male buffalo was comparatively heavier than female buffalo. The phenotypic character and behaviour indicated that non-descript buffalo of Raigad district might be medium type. For identifying the actual breed characteristics of non-descript buffalo in this region
การพัฒนาบอร์ดเกมคณิตศาสตร์ เรื่อง รูปทรงเรขาคณิตสามมิติ ในการส่งเสริมทักษะทางคณิตศาสตร์ ของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 6 โรงเรียนพัฒนศึกษา
Full text linkThe purposes of this research were 1) to develop a mathematics board game on three-dimensional geometric shapes to enhance mathematical learning skills for Grade 6 students at Phatthanasueksa School in Chumphon Province, 2) to compare students’ mathematical achievement before and after using the board game, and 3) to evaluate students’ mathematical skills after instruction against a criterion score of 1.50. The participants were selected by a convenient sampling technique, which consisted of 25 Grade 6 students from Phatthanasueksa School in Thailand. The research instruments consisted of 1) a lesson plan on three-dimensional geometry, 2) a mathematics board game on three-dimensional shapes, 3) a mathematics achievement test, and 4) a process skills assessment rubric. Data were analyzed using paired-sample t-tests to compare pre- and post-test results.The findings indicated that students’ post-test achievement scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores at the .05 level. Additionally, students’ mathematical skills scores after instruction were significantly higher than the predetermined criterion score at the .05 level. These results suggest that integrating game-based learning into mathematics instruction can effectively promote both academic achievement and skill development in primary mathematics education.การวิจัยนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์ คือ (1) เพื่อพัฒนาบอร์ดเกมคณิตศาสตร์ เรื่อง รูปทรงเรขาคณิตสามมิติ ในการส่งเสริมทักษะการเรียนรู้ทางคณิตศาสตร์ของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 6 โรงเรียนพัฒนศึกษา จังหวัดชุมพร (2) เพื่อเปรียบเทียบผลการเรียนรู้ทางคณิตศาสตร์ ก่อนและหลังการเรียนรู้ด้วยบอร์ดเกมคณิตศาสตร์ และ (3) เพื่อประเมินทักษะทางคณิตศาสตร์ หลังเรียนเทียบกับเกณฑ์มากกว่า 1.50 กลุ่มตัวอย่างในการวิจัย คือ นักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 6 โรงเรียนพัฒนศึกษา จำนวน 25 คน เครื่องมือวิจัย ได้แก่ (1) แผนการจัดการ เรียนรู้รายวิชาคณิตศาสตร์ เรื่อง รูปทรงเรขาคณิตสามมิติ (2) บอร์ดเกมคณิตศาสตร์ เรื่อง รูปทรงเรขาคณิตสามมิติ (3) แบบประเมินผลการเรียนรู้รายวิชาคณิตศาสตร์ เรื่อง รูปทรงเรขาคณิตสามมิติ (4) แบบประเมินทักษะทางคณิตศาสตร์ เรื่อง รูปทรงเรขาคณิตสามมิติ
ผลการวิจัยพบว่าคะแนนเฉลี่ยการเรียนรู้ทางคณิตศาสตร์ เรื่อง รูปทรงเรขาคณิตสามมิติ หลังเรียนมีคะแนนเฉลี่ยสูงกว่าก่อนเรียนอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 นอกจากนี้ผลคะแนนทักษะทางคณิตศาสตร์ ของนักเรียน เรื่อง รูปทรงเรขาคณิตสามมิติ หลังเรียนสูงกว่าคะแนนเกณฑ์ที่กำหนดอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 ผลการวิจัยแสดงให้เห็นว่าการบูรณาการการเรียนรู้แบบเกมเข้ากับการเรียนการสอนคณิตศาสตร์สามารถส่งเสริมผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนและการพัฒนาทักษะในการศึกษาคณิตศาสตร์ระดับประถมศึกษาได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภา
การพัฒนาเกมกระดานสำหรับการเรียนรู้มโนทัศน์ทางคณิตศาสตร์
No full textMathematics educational games are learning tools with the primary purpose of helping students learn a specific topic, focusing on presenting mathematical facts, nature, patterns, or relationships. Students can gain mathematical experiences that serve as a foundation for thinking and building mathematical knowledge and skills. Currently, mathematical educational games are being widely developed by teachers, professors, and educators. Most of these games focus on reviewing previously learned content to develop calculation proficiency. However, games used as tools to support learning mathematics and developing abstract mathematical concepts are still limited because such games require a complex development process with many factors to consider during development. This article aims to present the process of developing a board game that emphasizes helping students learn mathematical concepts from concrete media to abstract ideas. The game development process presented in this article is based on a review of relevant literature on educational and commercial game development, with modifications to some essential steps to develop a game that aligns with the desired objectives.เกมทางคณิตศาสตร์ศึกษาเป็นสื่อการเรียนรู้ที่มีจุดประสงค์หลักสำหรับใช้ในการเรียนรู้เรื่องใดเรื่องหนึ่งอย่างเฉพาะเจาะจงโดยเน้นการแสดงข้อเท็จจริง ธรรมชาติ รูปแบบ หรือความสัมพันธ์ทางคณิตศาสตร์ เพื่อให้นักเรียนได้รับประสบการณ์ทางคณิตศาสตร์เพื่อนำไปใช้เป็นฐานในการคิดสำหรับสร้างความรู้และทักษะทางคณิตศาสตร์ ปัจจุบันได้มีการพัฒนาเกมทางคณิตศาสตร์ศึกษาอย่างแพร่หลายทั้งจากครู อาจารย์ และนักการศึกษา ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่เป็นเกมที่มีจุดประสงค์หลักในการทบทวนเนื้อหาที่ได้เรียนมาแล้วเพื่อสร้างความเชี่ยวชาญในการคำนวณ แต่เกมที่นำไปใช้เป็นเครื่องมือสนับสนุนในการเรียนรู้คณิตศาสตร์เพื่อสร้างมโนทัศน์ทางคณิตศาสตร์ที่มีความเป็นนามธรรมยังมีอยู่อย่างจำกัด เนื่องจากเกมในลักษณะนี้มีขั้นตอนการพัฒนาที่ค่อนข้างซับซ้อนและมีรายละเอียดที่ต้องคำนึงถึงในระหว่างการพัฒนาในหลากหลายแง่มุม บทความนี้มีจุดมุ่งหมายในการนำเสนอกระบวนการพัฒนาเกมกระดานที่เน้นให้นักเรียนเรียนรู้แนวคิดทางคณิตศาสตร์จากสื่อรูปธรรมไปสู่แนวคิดเชิงนามธรรม กระบวนการพัฒนาเกมที่นำเสนอในบทความนี้เกิดจากการทบทวนวรรณกรรมที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการพัฒนาเกมทางการศึกษาและเกมในเชิงพาณิชย์แล้วดัดแปลงสาระสำคัญในบางขั้นตอนเพื่อให้สามารถพัฒนาเกมได้ตรงตามวัตถุประสงค์ที่ต้องกา