Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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Mirjana Stefanović, Leksikon srpskog prosvetiteljstva, Službeni Glasnik, Beograd 2009, ss. 326.
Get PDFKontrowersje wokół podboju i islamizacji Bośni. Przyczynek do krytyki tzw. “polityki historycznej”
Get PDFThe statement is a reference to the article Islamization of Bosnia in the XV-XVIth century, published last year in “Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia” vol. XVIII. A critical analysis of sources and a confrontation of studies made by different historians shows that the process of conquest and Islamization of Bosnia was similar (but not identical, of course!) as in the case of the other Balkan countries. The reasons for the extraordinary religious situation in contemporary Bosnia, therefore, should be sought in the events of later periods. Overview of the opinions on issues of Islamization and the Turkish conquest suggests that there is an amazing difference among historians. In the author’s opinion largely it results from causes not substantive and is rather politically motivated. Such events of the medieval past as: the history of the Bosnian Manicheans, Ottoman conquest of Bosnia or the process of Islamization become the building blocks of modern national identity of Bosnian Muslims, ie. Bošnjaks. These problems have become a part of the so-called. “Historical Politics” that resulted in very bad consequences. Author notes that the compromises, the selection of facts under a given hypothesis or to formulating opinions in the “name of higher reason” immediately brings fatal consequences and is counterproductive. The so-called “Historical Politics”, even in its mildest version, entails an instrumental treatment of the history. Such practices should always be condemned by scholars and teachers.The statement is a reference to the article Islamization of Bosnia in the XV-XVIth century, published last year in “Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia” vol. XVIII. A critical analysis of sources and a confrontation of studies made by different historians shows that the process of conquest and Islamization of Bosnia was similar (but not identical, of course!) as in the case of the other Balkan countries. The reasons for the extraordinary religious situation in contemporary Bosnia, therefore, should be sought in the events of later periods. Overview of the opinions on issues of Islamization and the Turkish conquest suggests that there is an amazing difference among historians. In the author’s opinion largely it results from causes not substantive and is rather politically motivated. Such events of the medieval past as: the history of the Bosnian Manicheans, Ottoman conquest of Bosnia or the process of Islamization become the building blocks of modern national identity of Bosnian Muslims, ie. Bošnjaks. These problems have become a part of the so-called. “Historical Politics” that resulted in very bad consequences. Author notes that the compromises, the selection of facts under a given hypothesis or to formulating opinions in the “name of higher reason” immediately brings fatal consequences and is counterproductive. The so-called “Historical Politics”, even in its mildest version, entails an instrumental treatment of the history. Such practices should always be condemned by scholars and teachers
Baballaret e Kombit – charakterystyka i aktywność albańskich elit politycznych w toku I wojny bałkańskiej
Get PDFThe process of creation of Albanian modern state had a crucial point in November 1912, during First Balkan War. The group of Albanian national activists from southern part of Albania and from some diaspora communities gathered in Vlora to proclaim independence of Albanian State. In the specific circumstances created by war, only a part of invited delegates could attend in Vlora meeting. The analysis of their age, profession and religious affilation showed significant differences in comparison with contemporary Albanian society. Majority of Albanian acitivists and insurgents (among them very influential Kosovo Albanians) was marginalised in the first phase of creation of Albanian state. The problem of representativeness of delegates in Vlora was one of the main obstacle in the cooperation of Albanians in the times of Principality of Albania (1912-1914).The process of creation of Albanian modern state had a crucial point in November 1912, during First Balkan War. The group of Albanian national activists from southern part of Albania and from some diaspora communities gathered in Vlora to proclaim independence of Albanian State. In the specific circumstances created by war, only a part of invited delegates could attend in Vlora meeting. The analysis of their age, profession and religious affilation showed significant differences in comparison with contemporary Albanian society. Majority of Albanian acitivists and insurgents (among them very influential Kosovo Albanians) was marginalised in the first phase of creation of Albanian state. The problem of representativeness of delegates in Vlora was one of the main obstacle in the cooperation of Albanians in the times of Principality of Albania (1912-1914)
Dziedzictwo greckie w języku rumuńskim i arumuńskim
Get PDFThis article analyses the Greek influence upon two major Balkan Romance languages, Romanian and Aromanian (the most affected, as it seems, by this influence, historically, like Romanian, and also contemporarily, like Aromanian). In Romanian, for the period of the strongest Greek impact, the Greek lexicon is estimated to be over 10%, but in the contemporary language, the words of Greek origin represent only 2%. In Aromanian, due to its constant contact with Modern Greek (especially in Greece), Greek borrowings are extremely common, expressing not only abstract and specialized terminology, but also many notions of everyday life. Besides the Greek elements in Romanian and Aromanian vocabulary, we notice a number of phonetic, phonological, morphological and syntactic features of Greek origin, either obvious or potential. They appear especially in Aromanian, which borrowed some Greek phonemes and morphemes (both inflectional and derivational) and also adopted, more constantly than Romanian, some syntactic constructions, possibly of Greek origin.This article analyses the Greek influence upon two major Balkan Romance languages, Romanian and Aromanian (the most affected, as it seems, by this influence, historically, like Romanian, and also contemporarily, like Aromanian). In Romanian, for the period of the strongest Greek impact, the Greek lexicon is estimated to be over 10%, but in the contemporary language, the words of Greek origin represent only 2%. In Aromanian, due to its constant contact with Modern Greek (especially in Greece), Greek borrowings are extremely common, expressing not only abstract and specialized terminology, but also many notions of everyday life. Besides the Greek elements in Romanian and Aromanian vocabulary, we notice a number of phonetic, phonological, morphological and syntactic features of Greek origin, either obvious or potential. They appear especially in Aromanian, which borrowed some Greek phonemes and morphemes (both inflectional and derivational) and also adopted, more constantly than Romanian, some syntactic constructions, possibly of Greek origin
S. Turlej, Justyniana Prima. Niedoceniony aspekt polityki kościelnej Justyniana, Kraków 2011, ss. 265.
Get PDFIvan Božilov, Bălgarskata archiepiskopija XI-XII vek. Spisăkăt na bălgarskite archiepiskopi, IK „Gutenberg” Sofija 2011, ss. 159.
Get PDFБалканские войны: победа и поражение для Болгарии (1912-1913)
Get PDFAfter declaring its independence in 1908, in the name of the unification of all Bulgarians in one state Bulgaria carried out a policy of expanding its territory at the expense of the Ottoman provinces in the Balkans. The same policy was followed by all the other Balkan states. In the spring of 1912 under Russian auspices was formed the Balkan Alliance in which took part Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro. In the course of one year two wars with opposite goals and objectives were waged in the Balkans. The first war was between the states from the Balkan Alliance and Turkey, and the second – between Bulgaria and its allies from the Balkan Alliance. The Balkan wars changed radically the map of the Balkans. The Balkan Alliance disintegrated, the contradictions among the Balkan states aggravated and that again set them against each other in the First World War.After declaring its independence in 1908, in the name of the unification of all Bulgarians in one state Bulgaria carried out a policy of expanding its territory at the expense of the Ottoman provinces in the Balkans. The same policy was followed by all the other Balkan states. In the spring of 1912 under Russian auspices was formed the Balkan Alliance in which took part Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro. In the course of one year two wars with opposite goals and objectives were waged in the Balkans. The first war was between the states from the Balkan Alliance and Turkey, and the second – between Bulgaria and its allies from the Balkan Alliance. The Balkan wars changed radically the map of the Balkans. The Balkan Alliance disintegrated, the contradictions among the Balkan states aggravated and that again set them against each other in the First World War.After declaring its independence in 1908, in the name of the unification of all Bulgarians in one state Bulgaria carried out a policy of expanding its territory at the expense of the Ottoman provinces in the Balkans. The same policy was followed by all the other Balkan states. In the spring of 1912 under Russian auspices was formed the Balkan Alliance in which took part Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro. In the course of one year two wars with opposite goals and objectives were waged in the Balkans. The first war was between the states from the Balkan Alliance and Turkey, and the second – between Bulgaria and its allies from the Balkan Alliance. The Balkan wars changed radically the map of the Balkans. The Balkan Alliance disintegrated, the contradictions among the Balkan states aggravated and that again set them against each other in the First World War
Aspekty ekonomiczne i społeczne wojen bałkańskich 1912-1913
Get PDFAt the dawn of the XXth century the Balkan countries were intent on waging war against Turkey. In the preparation period, however, they had severely exceeded their economic and demographic capabilities. The arms production consumed vast amounts of money, leading to an extraordinary debt of the Balkan states. The 1912-1913 wars have proved to be a veritable ordeal for the economies of the involved countries as well as their social endurance. This great sacrifice was supposed to further the national goal of defeating Turkey and finally establishing the inter-state borders, even in the face of an impending economic collapse. The Balkan conflicts turned into a war of attrition, a harbinger of what was to come during the World War I. The pre-war efforts and the cost of the actual warfare brought Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro as well as Turkey to the brink of economical breakdown and major social turbulence. The calling of 1.3 million men to arms resulted in halting the industrial production and an agricultural crisis in the countries of the Balkan Alliance. The civilian transport sector was non-existent (since all the means and assets had been requisitioned by the military) which proved fatal to the commerce. This in turn greatly diminished the states’ tax income, further worsening the financial repercussions of the war. The number of soldiers fallen, wounded or killed by cholera were reaching hundreds of thousands. Due to the harsh war conditions and the lack of suitable attention many of the wounded have become disabled, which banned them from the work market and doomed them to social benefits. Amongst the consequences of the war were also migrations of the civilians, forced by the war itself and the following border changes. The Christian refugees alone numbered hundreds of thousands, while any real means of administering to the basic needs of the displaced masses were actually non-existent. On the Muslim side the losses amounted to 620,000 Turkish soldiers and civilians. A further 440,000 have been displaced and moved to Anatolia. Moreover the pillage, the atrocity, as well as the destruction of private property have engraved the feelings of mutual hatred and longing for a vendetta in the minds of the Balkan people.At the dawn of the XXth century the Balkan countries were intent on waging war against Turkey. In the preparation period, however, they had severely exceeded their economic and demographic capabilities. The arms production consumed vast amounts of money, leading to an extraordinary debt of the Balkan states. The 1912-1913 wars have proved to be a veritable ordeal for the economies of the involved countries as well as their social endurance. This great sacrifice was supposed to further the national goal of defeating Turkey and finally establishing the inter-state borders, even in the face of an impending economic collapse. The Balkan conflicts turned into a war of attrition, a harbinger of what was to come during the World War I. The pre-war efforts and the cost of the actual warfare brought Bulgaria, Greece,Serbia, Montenegro as well as Turkey to the brink of economical breakdown and major social turbulence. The calling of 1.3 million men to arms resulted in halting the industrial production and an agricultural crisis in the countries of the Balkan Alliance. The civilian transport sector was non-existent (since all the means and assets had been requisitioned by the military) which proved fatal to the commerce. This in turn greatly diminished the states’ tax income, further worsening the financial repercussions of the war. The number of soldiers fallen, wounded or killed by cholera were reaching hundreds of thousands. Due to the harsh war conditions and the lack of suitable attention many of the wounded have become disabled, which banned them from the work market and doomed them to social benefits. Amongst the consequences of the war were also migrations of the civilians, forced by the war itself and the following border changes. The Christian refugees alone numbered hundreds of thousands, while any real means of administering to the basic needs of the displaced masses were actually non-existent. On the Muslim side the losses amounted to 620,000 Turkish soldiers and civilians. A further 440,000 have been displaced and moved to Anatolia. Moreover the pillage, the atrocity, as well as the destruction of private property have engraved the feelings of mutual hatred and longing for a vendetta in the minds of the Balkan people
Łacinniczka na tronie trzynastowiecznej Serbii. Wizerunek królowej Jeleny z Andegawenów w pismach arcybiskupa Danila II
Get PDFThe main purpose of this article is to present one of the most interesting women in the history of medieval Serbia – Helene d’Anjou (Jelena Anžujska), the wife of the king Stefan Uroš I and the mother of Stefan Dragutin and Stefan Milutin. Queen Jelena’s origin has so far not been established with certainty. She is supposed to be the daughter of Raoul de Courtenay, the cousin of Louis IX of France, Charles d’Anjou, king of Naples and Baldwin, emperor of Constantinople after the Latin conquest. It is also important to confirm that she was a Catholic. The most reliable source of information about her life is the biography written by Danilo II, archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church. This is the only life of a woman that he wrote and is particularly valuable because Danilo knew Jelena personally and clearly liked and admired her.The main purpose of this article is to present one of the most interesting women in the history of medieval Serbia – Helene d’Anjou (Jelena Anžujska), the wife of the king Stefan Uroš I and the mother of Stefan Dragutin and Stefan Milutin. Queen Jelena’s origin has so far not been established with certainty. She is supposed to be the daughter of Raoul de Courtenay, the cousin of Louis IX of France, Charles d’Anjou, king of Naples and Baldwin, emperor of Constantinople after the Latin conquest. It is also important to confirm that she was a Catholic. The most reliable source of information about her life is the biography written by Danilo II, archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church. This is the only life of a woman that he wrote and is particularly valuable because Danilo knew Jelena personally and clearly likedand admired he
