Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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Medieval name and ethnicity: Serbs and Vlachs
Get PDFThis article is aimed at showing the existence of a medieval aristocracy in north-eastern Hungary, characterized in connection to certain elements of the Serbian identity. The noble families from the Maramuresh region are often identified by their Orthodox identity. It linked them to the Serbian church organization and the Serbian aristocracy, in contrast with the peasants mostly represented by the Vlachs. The migration of the Vlachs within this zone probably was generated by the influx of noble elements from Serbia to Hungary, especially during the period, when Stefan Vladislav influenced actively the Hungarian politics in the 13-14th century. In this article I show, that the social and ethnic processes in the region were determined by a wider context of connections between Serbia and Hungary and the presence of the Serbian Orthodox church. The Catholic organization in Hungary accepted its autonomy and ecclesiastical independence. That is why there was possible to integrate the Orthodox elites to Hungarian nobility and arrange a kind of dual identity of the region. On the other side, in the long-term perspective, the Orthodox branches became rustic, living in villages with other nobles who became impoverished. Only of the Magyarized groups were able to remain within the high aristocracy.This article is aimed at showing the existence of a medieval aristocracy in north-eastern Hungary, characterized in connection to certain elements of the Serbian identity. The noble families from the Maramuresh region are often identified by their Orthodox identity. It linked them to the Serbian church organization and the Serbian aristocracy, in contrast with the peasants mostly represented by the Vlachs. The migration of the Vlachs within this zone probably was generated by the influx of noble elements from Serbia to Hungary, especially during the period, when Stefan Vladislav influenced actively the Hungarian politics in the 13-14th century. In this article I show that the social and ethnic processes in the region were determined by a wider context of connections between Serbia and Hungary and the presence of the Serbian Orthodox church. The Catholic organization in Hungary accepted its autonomy and ecclesiastical independence. That is why there was possible to integrate the Orthodox elites to Hungarian nobility and arrange a kind of dual identity of the region. On the other side, in the long-term perspective, the Orthodox branches became rustic, living in villages with other nobles who became impoverished. Only of the Magyarized groups were able to remain within the high aristocracy
The Vlachs – several research problems
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to show the inconsistency of terminology, conceptual and substantive research on Vlachs, carried out on different areas of their residence. Seeing the need to clarify the terminology, the author proposes the use of names: “Wallachia”, “Wallachians” only in the sense of the state, in relation to the principalities of Wallachia and its people, and “Vlachia”, “Vlachs” only in the sense of ethno-society or social group. Particular attention was paid to the traps that you will encounter, examining various aspects of the life and activities of the Vlachs. The similarities on the Vlachian Right in contact with different regional conditions led to the formation of a completely new quality ethnic, legal and cultural factors that should be taken consider about conducting research. Only advanced international cooperation and joint research initiatives can yield significant progress in research about Vlachs.The aim of this article is to show the inconsistency of terminology, conceptual and substantive research on Vlachs, carried out on different areas of their residence. Seeing the need to clarify the terminology, the author proposes the use of names: “Wallachia”, “Wallachians” only in the sense of the state, in relation to the principalities of Wallachia and its people, and “Vlachia”, “Vlachs” only in the sense of ethno-society or social group. Particular attention was paid to the traps that you will encounter, examining various aspects of the life and activities of the Vlachs. The similarities on the Vlachian Right in contact with different regional conditions led to the formation of a completely new quality ethnic, legal and cultural factors that should be taken consider about conducting research. Only advanced international cooperation and joint research initiatives can yield significant progress in research about Vlachs
Pomacy – bułgarscy poturczeńcy (na przykładzie wsi Selcza w zachodnich Rodopach)
Get PDFThe Selcha village, situated at the Smolian District, is inhabited by Pomaks, a specific ethnos, created itself after acceptance of Islam, most likely at the turn of XVI and XVII century. Currently, this large village once (about 2 thousands inhabitants in the mid-twentieth century) shares the fate of others, ‘ageing”and ‘moribund’ village communities in Bulgaria. Author tries to recreate a complicated history of this village, in order to analyse the reasons of gradual atheisation. The author discusses the problem of the simultaneous attachment to some traditions and giving up on other traditions on the basis of the stories of inhabitants stories, legends stored in their memories and well-retained documents. All of this become a pretext to discuss (from the sociological perspective) a change of the type of husbandry and the political decisions made during the parliament elections.The Selcha village, situated at the Smolian District, inhabited by Pomaks, a specific ethnos, created itself after acceptance of Islam, most likely at the turn of XVI and XVII century. Currently, this large village once (about 2 thousands inhabitants in the mid-twentieth century) shares the fate of others, ‘ageing”and ‘moribund’ village communities in Bulgaria. Author tries to recreate a complicated history of this village, in order to analyse the reasons of gradual atheisation. The author discusses the problem of the simultaneous attachment to some traditions and giving up on other traditions on the basis of the stories of inhabitants stories, legends stored in their memories and well-retained documents. All of this become a pretext to discuss (from the sociological perspective) a change of the type of husbandry and the political decisions made during the parliament elections
Uwarunkowania geopolityczne bałkańskiej polityki Turcji w latach 20. i 30. XX wieku
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to show the role of the Balkans in the context of the tasks carried out by the diplomacy of the Turkish Republic in the interwar period. Turkish foreign policy was determined by the position of the state in the three regions - the Mediterranean, the Middle East and the Balkans. The activity of the Turkish diplomacy in the Balkans should be divided into two phases covering the years 1923–1932 and 1932–1939. Many Turkish diplomatic initiatives met with a positive reaction in the Balkans. Turkey was an advocate of solutions based on negotiations, not on the arguments of force. On the other hand, the political successes in the Balkans did not substantially strengthen its position in other matters concerning Turkish security. Neither did Turkey increase the Turkish rank in the eyes of superpowers.The aim of the article is to show the role of the Balkans in the context of the tasks carried out by the diplomacy of the Turkish Republic in the interwar period. Turkish foreign policy was determined by the position of the state in the three regions - the Mediterranean, the Middle East and the Balkans. The activity of the Turkish diplomacy in the Balkans should be divided into two phases covering the years 1923–1932 and 1932–1939. Many Turkish diplomatic initiatives met with a positive reaction in the Balkans. Turkey was an advocate of solutions based on negotiations, not on the arguments of force. On the other hand, the political successes in the Balkans did not substantially strengthen its position in other matters concerning Turkish security. Neither did Turkey increase the Turkish rank in the eyes of superpowers
Nad wodami Zatoki Perskiej. Brytyjsko-osmańskie stosunki za panowania Abdülhamida II
Get PDFThe main purpose of the article is an attempt to present the relationship that occurred between London and Constantinople during the reign of Abdülhamid II within in the Persian Gulf region and to show the effects of the British policy, which greatly limited the Ottoman sovereignty in the area. The Ottoman forces conquered Arabia and the Persian Gulf during the era of the Süleyman I. The influence of the Ottomans had loosened to a great extent in the following ages. Britain emerged as the winner of the showdown among the Western Great Powers in the Gulf in the 19th century and subsequently it established its supremacy over the region. The Anglo-Ottoman relations relations greatly deteriorated with the beginning of Abdülhamid II`s rule. The British menace to the Ottoman existence in the Gulf was the consequence of the shift in the British policy aiming at the breakdown and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Evidence of the British threat to the Ottoman presence in the region was that Britain, in principle, did not want any challenge to its supremacy in the region, so it thwarted all foreign interventions into the Gulf.The main purpose of the article is an attempt to present the relationship that occurred between London and Constantinople during the reign of Abdülhamid II within in the Persian Gulf region and to show the effects of the British policy, which greatly limited the Ottoman sovereignty in the area. The Ottoman forces conquered Arabia and the Persian Gulf during the era of the Süleyman I. The influence of the Ottomans had loosened to a great extent in the following ages. Britain emerged as the winner of the showdown among the Western Great Powers in the Gulf in the 19th century and subsequently it established its supremacy over the region. The Anglo-Ottoman relations relations greatly deteriorated with the beginning of Abdülhamid II`s rule. The British menace to the Ottoman existence in the Gulf was the consequence of the shift in the British policy aiming at the breakdown and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Evidence of the British threat to the Ottoman presence in the region was that Britain, in principle, did not want any challenge to its supremacy in the region, so it thwarted all foreign interventions into the Gulf
Recepcja osmańskiego systemu rządów w państwach bałkańskich w XIX-XX wieku
Get PDFThe article identifies the key elements of the reception of Ottoman rule in the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th c. The character of the centralized regimes established in the Balkan states defined as sultanism, autocracy, and authoritarianism, resulting from the absence of democratic tradition and an underdeveloped political awareness and culture. A characteristic feature of the Turkish system was the position of relatively free peasants, very different from that in Europe. The feature characteristic of the Ottoman tradition which survived in the Balkans the longest, until the end of the 20th century, was violence as an intrinsic component of political life and power often changing hands as a result of violence, assassinations, murders, etc.The article identifies the key elements of the reception of Ottoman rule in the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th c. The character of the centralized regimes established in the Balkan states defined as sultanism, autocracy, and authoritarianism, resulting from the absence of democratic tradition and an underdeveloped political awareness and culture. A characteristic feature of the Turkish system was the position of relatively free peasants, very different from that in Europe. The feature characteristic of the Ottoman tradition which survived in the Balkans the longest, until the end of the 20th century, was violence as an intrinsic component of political life and power often changing hands as a result of violence, assassinations, murders, etc
Kwestia tzw. Powstania Konstantyna i Frużyna w bułgarskiej literaturze naukowej
Get PDFoai:ojs.pressto.amu.edu.pl:article/1414The present article demonstrates the main points made in the discussion on the co-called uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin, raised in Bulgarian academic literature over the last one hundred fifty years. The overview of the proposed approaches (which concern, amongst other, such issues as when and where the rebellion broke out, how large forces where involved in it and when it came to an end) leads the author of the study to the conclusion that there is an urgent need for the academic world to develop (balanced and more closely connected with the results of the academic discussion) a vision not only of the topical issue itself but also of the whole first quarter of the century after the battle of Nicopolis.The present article demonstrates the main points made in the discussion on the co-called uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin, raised in Bulgarian academic literature over the last one hundred fifty years. The overview of the proposed approaches (which concern, amongst other, such issues as when and where the rebellion broke out, how large forces where involved in it and when it came to an end) leads the author of the study to the conclusion that there is an urgent need for the academic world to develop (balanced and more closely connected with the results of the academic discussion) a vision not only of the topical issue itself but also of the whole first quarter of the century after the battle of Nicopolis
Władza turecka i strategie jej opisu w piśmiennictwie staroserbskim (na przykładzie krótkich form literackich – zapisów)
Get PDFIn the article, a problem of conceiving and depicting the Turkish rule is taken into account, for my reflections concentrate on the patterns of presentation regarding the Ottoman Turks’ invasion of the Balkan territory, and their oppressive rule in the Balkans. The patterns mentioned above, present in the Old Serbian literature, were to commemorate all those tragic events. In the Old Serbian texts (pertaining to hagiography, historiography, hymnic literature, and also to the brief literary forms – notations), the Turkish rule was expressed in explicitly negative categories of illegality, violence, and godlessness, presented in the context of the “end of times”, the Christian community’s martyrdom, mentioned in the eschatological perspective of the definition of history and exegesis, the perspective so characteristic for the Middle Ages.In the article, a problem of conceiving and depicting of the Turkish authority is taken into account, for the considerations concentrate on the patterns of presentation regarding the Ottoman Turks’ invasion of the Balkan territory, together with their oppressive rule. The above mentioned patterns, present in the Old Serbian literature, were to commemorate all those tragic events. In the Old Serbian texts (pertaining to hagiography, historiography, hymnic literature, and also to the brief literary forms – notations), the Turkish authority was expressed in explicitly negative categories of illegality, violence, and godlessness, presented in the context of the “end of time”, Christian community’s martyrdom, maintained in the eschatological perspective of history’s definition and exegesis, the perspective so characteristic for the Middle Ages
Tomasz Jacek Lis, Polskie osadnictwo i duchowieństwo w Bośni i Hercegowinie od 1894 do 1920 roku, Wydawnictwo Maria, Toruń 2014, ss. 287.
Get PDF“Idea zrodzona z rozpaczy“. Rola ruchu unickiego w bułgarskim odrodzeniu narodowym
Get PDFThe article describes problems connected with the idea of a cooperation between Orthodox Bulgarian population and the Catholic Church at the turn of 50s and 60s of 19th century. The Uniate Movement was founded by Dragan Tsankov, who started to propagate the idea of westernization of Bulgarians in the newspaper “Bălgariya” with the cooperation with the French missionaries from the Congregation of the Mission and the Polish emigrants from the Hôtel Lambert. The milieu of Dragan Tsankov firstly supported the Union in Kukush in 1859 and one year later leaded to the nationwide Union. These events played an important role in history of the Bulgarian Revival and development of the Church Movement. It contributed to the emergence of the Bulgarian exarchate (1870), which was a decisive step for the Bulgarian fight for political rights in the Ottoman Empire.The article describes problems connected with the idea of a cooperation between Orthodox Bulgarian population and the Catholic Church at the turn of 50s and 60s of 19th century. The Uniate Movement was founded by Dragan Tsankov, who started to propagate the idea of westernization of Bulgarians in the newspaper “Bălgariya” with the cooperation with the French missionaries from the Congregation of the Mission and the Polish emigrants from the Hôtel Lambert. The milieu of Dragan Tsankov firstly supported the Union in Kukush in 1859 and one year later leaded to the nationwide Union. These events played an important role in history of the Bulgarian Revival and development of the Church Movement. It contributed to the emergence of the Bulgarian exarchate (1870), which was a decisive step for the Bulgarian fight for political rights in the Ottoman Empire