Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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The Function and genesis of the musical instrument “trombita” with special focus on the Hutsul region
Get PDFThe question of the origins and cultural impact of music cultivated by the Vlachs on the Carpathian music heritage is relatively poorly examined in the previous literature. This is mostly because of insufficient ethno-historical data sources, the short time of detailed documentation of rural folklore, and the collective character of music, which often goes beyond the boundaries of nationality. Most of the previous works dealing with the problem of the Vlachs’ impact on the Carpathian music folklore were presented as a short comments. One of the still unresolved issues is the origin of the shepard’s trumpets (trombitas, horns) in the territory of the Carpathians. It is widely known as “trombita” (the Western Carpathians, Poland), „trembita” (the Ukrainian Carpathians), „trubyela”, „bucium”, and „tulnic” (Romania). They are among the wide type of instruments known by ancient Slavs. According to principal hypothesis these instruments originated in Asia and were transferred to the Carpathian Mountains by migrating Indo-European peoples. Alternative hypothesis suggests that “trembita” was brought to the Carpathians by migrating Roman legionaries, who used this instrument for the signaling functions. The occurrence of these instruments coincides clearly with the area of the Wallachian settlement, allowing the presupposition that the spread of trombita in the Carpathians is linked with the Wallachian colonisation. The problems outlined in this article concerns the spatial distribution and typology of Carpathian trumpets as well as their functions with special focus on the Hutsul region (the Eastern Carpathians, Ukraine), where they still perform important ritual and magical functions, mainly during carolling. The analysis of the function of trombita in this context allows to define its place and importance in the pastoral tradition
Muhajirs. Remarks on Muslims’ Emigration from the Bulgarian Lands in the Turn of 19th and
Get PDFDuring the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the first months after that conflict about 500 thousands Muslims emigrated from Bulgarian lands, 250 thousands died because of hostilities, hunger, diseases and cold. The prewar number of Muslim population of Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia decreased by about 50%. After the peace, the emigration of Muslims was still progressing – it is estimated that in 1878–1912 350 thousands Muslims left Bulgarian lands. The paper concentrated on the main causes and effects of that phenomenon: a lack of career possibilities for the Muslim elites, the fear of retaliation for taking part in pogroms during the April Uprising, the so-called Agrarian Revolution, the defeat of rebellions against the new authorities, army recruitment and an inability to adapt to transformations of the Bulgarian society. There are also presented the attitude of Bulgarian authorities to these phenomenon, which had the pivotal meaning for the demographic structure of Bulgarian state: the percent of Muslims declined from 23,5% in 1879\1881 (for Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia) to 15% in 1905.During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the first months after that conflict about 500 thousands Muslims emigrated from Bulgarian lands, 250 thousands died because of hostilities, hunger, diseases and cold. The prewar number of Muslim population of Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia decreased by about 50%. After the peace, the emigration of Muslims was still progressing – it is estimated that in 1878–1912 350 thousands Muslims left Bulgarian lands. The paper concentrated on the main causes and effects of that phenomenon: a lack of career possibilities for the Muslim elites, the fear of retaliation for taking part in pogroms during the April Uprising, the so-called Agrarian Revolution, the defeat of rebellions against the new authorities, army recruitment and an inability to adapt to transformations of the Bulgarian society. There are also presented the attitude of Bulgarian authorities to these phenomenon, which had the pivotal meaning for the demographic structure of Bulgarian state: the percent of Muslims declined from 23,5% in 1879\1881 (for Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia) to 15% in 1905
Pan Kubrat i jego pięciu synów. Teofanesa wizja przybycia Bułgarów na Półwysep Bałkański
Get PDFThe Bulgarians’ settlement in the Lower Danube area constituted one of the most significant events in the history of the Balkan Peninsula in the Middle Ages. The Danube Bulgaria’s rise and its territorial expansion changed the political situation in this area. The Bulgarians became Byzantium’s chief opponents in the struggle for establishing ascendancy over the Balkan Peninsula. The analysis of Theophanes’ Chronography, which remains, in addition to the account by Patriarch Nikephoros, the main source of information about these events supports the conclusion that this Byzantine author took a very negative view of the effects of the arrival of these nomads in the former Byzantine territories. Although this account has been analysed in detail by a number of scholars, these authors have paid no attention to the key role of the tale of Khan Kubrat and the disobedience of his five sons who failed to remain faithful to his last wish. The significance of the personal experiences of Theophanes, who witnessed the Bulgarian expansion during the era of Khan Krum, is also omitted from today’s discussion of these issues. These experiences contributed to the way in which he viewed the migration of the ancestors of the distinguished Bulgarian ruler. The chronicler may thus be considered to have offered a very clear view of what the readers should think of the Bulgarians’ arrival in the Balkan territories.The Bulgarians’ settlement in the Lower Danube area constituted one of the most significant events in the history of the Balkan Peninsula in the Middle Ages. The Danube Bulgaria’s rise and its territorial expansion changed the political situation in this area. The Bulgarians became Byzantium’s chief opponents in the struggle for establishing ascendancy over the Balkan Peninsula. The analysis of Theophanes’ Chronography, which remains, in addition to the account by Patriarch Nikephoros, the main source of information about these events supports the conclusion that this Byzantine author took a very negative view of the effects of the arrival of these nomads in the former Byzantine territories. Although this account has been analysed in detail by a number of scholars, these authors have paid no attention to the key role of the tale of Khan Kubrat and the disobedience of his five sons who failed to remain faithful to his last wish. The significance of the personal experiences of Theophanes, who witnessed the Bulgarian expansion during the era of Khan Krum, is also omitted from today’s discussion of these issues. These experiences contributed to the way in which he viewed the migration of the ancestors of the distinguished Bulgarian ruler. The chronicler may thus be considered to have offered a very clear view of what the readers should think of the Bulgarians’ arrival in the Balkan territories
Bułgarska misja Tadeusza Stanisława Grabowskiego w latach 1915–1918 w świetle jego publikacji na łamach tygodnika "Wiadomości Polskie"
Get PDFThe outbreak of World War I inspired the Supreme National Committee to take action for the popularization of the political aims of Poles in Europe. The network of information agencies was created for this purpose. One of the agencies was the press office in Sofia with T. S. Grabowski at the forefront. The agency not only provided information about events in Poland, but also promoted the Polish culture and created a basis for the future bilateral Polish-Bulgarian cooperation.Wybuch I wojny światowej skłonił działaczy Naczelnego Komitetu Narodowego do podjęcia działań na rzecz politycznych celów Polaków na arenie międzynarodowej. W tym celu w kilku państwach europejskich powołane zostały ekspozytury Biura Prasowego NKN. Jedną z nich było Polskie Biuro Prasowe w Bułgarii, na czele którego stanął T. S. Grabowski. Biuro to informowało bułgarską opinię publiczną o wydarzeniach rozgrywających się na ziemiach polskich, propagowało polską kulturę i tworzyło podstawy przyszłych polsko-bułgarskich stosunków dwustronnych
Postjugosłowiański teatr pamięci w projektach wizualnych Bálinta Szombathyego i Jasminy Cibic
Get PDFThe starting point of my considerations is the category of the theatre of memory, taken from Francis Yates’ book Art of memory. The category was applied in the book in relation to ancient traditions and mnemonic techniques. In the article I attempt to reinterpret this category and apply it in the description of the contemporary practices of commemorating and reminding of the Socialist Yugoslavia’s experience in space and through space. I am interested in the artistic activities of contemporary visual creators who in their works deal with the subject of SFRY. Referring to the example of the works of the artists belonging to different generations, I discuss two trends seen in the reception of this historical experience. Metonymic approach (Szombathy) is based on problematizing one’s own biographical experience as a part of the G reat H istory, while the metaphorical recognition (Cibic) means a search for universal content in what is historical and local.The starting point of my considerations is the category of the theatre of memory, taken from Francis Yates’ book Art of memory. The category was applied in the book in relation to ancient traditions and mnemonic techniques. In the article I attempt to reinterpret this category and apply it in the description of the contemporary practices of commemorating and reminding of the Socialist Yugoslavia’s experience in space and through space. I am interested in the artistic activities of contemporary visual creators who in their works deal with the subject of SFRY. Referring to the example of the works of the artists belonging to different generations, I discuss two trends seen in the reception of this historical experience. Metonymic approach (Szombathy) is based on problematizing one’s own biographical experience as a part of the G reat H istory, while the metaphorical recognition (Cibic) means a search for universal content in what is historical and local
Percepcja Europy w wystąpieniach prezydenta Republiki Chorwacji Franja Tudjmana (1991-1999)
Get PDFThe article deals with the discursive process through which Croatia framed its so-called “return to Europe” throughout the 1990s. T he author explores how Franjo Tudjman perceived Europe and European values by defining Croatian national identity in the strict opposition to the Balkan or Yugoslav identity. The post-communist government, which came to power after the first democratic elections in 1990, made use of the pre-communist historical-national narratives to legitimize itself and unify all ethnic Croats against the military threat. Even though since the beginning of the 1990s the Croatian president had declared his desire to join the European Union (EU ) as a visible symbol of the so called Europeanization process, a nationalist and isolationist attitude dominated both his political discourse and the intellectual debate. Europe was associated with the ontological values dedicated to the Western civilization rather than with such principles as democratization or the protection of human and minority rights, promoted by the EU . I n order to show the main directions within the F. Tudjman’s discourse, I used the analysis method focusing on his speeches and other works.The article deals with the discursive process through which Croatia framed its so-called “return to Europe” throughout the 1990s. T he author explores how Franjo Tudjman perceived Europe and European values by defining Croatian national identity in the strict opposition to the Balkan or Yugoslav identity. The post-communist government, which came to power after the first democratic elections in 1990, made use of the pre-communist historical-national narratives to legitimize itself and unify all ethnic Croats against the military threat. Even though since the beginning of the 1990s the Croatian president had declared his desire to join the European Union (EU ) as a visible symbol of the so called Europeanization process, a nationalist and isolationist attitude dominated both his political discourse and the intellectual debate. Europe was associated with the ontological values dedicated to the Western civilization rather than with such principles as democratization or the protection of human and minority rights, promoted by the EU . I n order to show the main directions within the F. Tudjman’s discourse, I used the analysis method focusing on his speeches and other works
Mniejszość żydowska w Księstwie Bułgarii w latach 1879-1885. Wybrane problemy
Get PDFThe article describes the situation of the Jewish minority after establishing the Principality of Bulgaria in 1879. The situation of the Jewish minority and other ethnic and religious groups in the country was heavily dependent on the authorities and different governments aiming at the achievement of the national ideals of Bulgaria – the creation of an ethically solid and territorially united state in the Balkans. These goals influenced the Bulgarian policy towards Jewish and other minorities in the country, especially between 1882-1883 and 1884-1886, when pro-Russian politicians run the government. The Jews in the Principality worked mostly as small merchants and craftsmen, so even though they were considered to be wealthy their situation did not differ from the situation of the Bulgarian population of the country. Generally, the minority was deprived of the possibility of achieving high official and administration posts, as well as high military ranks in the army, even after the participation of the Jews in the Serbo-Bulgarian war in 1885. The education and the level of development of the Jewish culture in the country were also very low. Jewish schools were financially subsidized by international organisations, especially the Alliance Israelite Universelle, but the local communities still lacked money for teachers and proper buildings. Jewish theatres and newspapers were also underfunded, that is why the first Jewish newspaper appeared in the country only in 1893. In conclusion, therefore, it seems that the situation of the Jews in the Principality of Bulgaria was not particularly bad, especially when we take into consideration the level of anti-Semitism in neighbouring Romania. The Jews were satisfied with the conditions of living in Bulgaria, and they supported the national goals of the country, such as the unification of the Principality with the province of Eastern Roumelia in 1885.The article describes the situation of the Jewish minority after establishing the Principality of Bulgaria in 1879. The situation of the Jewish minority and other ethnic and religious groups in the country was heavily dependent on the authorities and different governments aiming at the achievement of the national ideals of Bulgaria – the creation of an ethically solid and territorially united state in the Balkans. These goals influenced the Bulgarian policy towards Jewish and other minorities in the country, especially between 1882-1883 and 1884-1886, when pro-Russian politicians run the government. The Jews in the Principality worked mostly as small merchants and craftsmen, so even though they were considered to be wealthy their situation did not differ from the situation of the Bulgarian population of the country. Generally, the minority was deprived of the possibility of achieving high official and administration posts, as well as high military ranks in the army, even after the participation of the Jews in the Serbo-Bulgarian war in 1885. The education and the level of development of the Jewish culture in the country were also very low. Jewish schools were financially subsidized by international organisations, especially the Alliance Israelite Universelle, but the local communities still lacked money for teachers and proper buildings. Jewish theatres and newspapers were also underfunded, that is why the first Jewish newspaper appeared in the country only in 1893. In conclusion, therefore, it seems that the situation of the Jews in the Principality of Bulgaria was not particularly bad, especially when we take into consideration the level of anti-Semitism in neighbouring Romania. The Jews were satisfied with the conditions of living in Bulgaria, and they supported the national goals of the country, such as the unification of the Principality with the province of Eastern Roumelia in 1885
Zmierzch panowania tureckiego na Bałkanach. Polityczne, społeczno-kulturowe i militarne uwarunkowania schyłku władania Bośnią i Hercegowiną przez Osmanów
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to present a paradigm according to which Bosnia and Herzegovina can be seen as a mirror in which the multifaceted problems of Turkey as the ”sick person of Europe” are reflected. Contributing to the Turkish withdrawal from the Balkans, however, the Ottoman legacy characterized by political and cultural fragmentation permanently became a part of the history of the Balkans and influenced its fate in the 21st century. The author, on the basis of the studies of the American, Polish, Turkish, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian historians examines the factors that determined the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. Bosnia and Herzegovina should be considered the key to the analysis of the Eastern crisis (1875-1878), which proved to be a mere preludes prelude to the end of the Ottoman Empire. The characteristic feature of this province was its permanent insubordination against Turkey, visible in a great number of revolts and uprisings of different provenance against the Turkish government. Already at the beginning of the 17th century, increasing corruption and taxes imposed on the Muslim population led to the first protests against the government. In the 17th century the great uprisings of Bosnian Muslims took place in the following years: 1636, 1650, 1682. In Herzegovina unrest and riots were reported in the following years: 1711, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1732. The Ottoman sources confirmed the occasional participation of the Christian population in those riots. On the one hand, the Muslim feudal lords, who were opposed to the reforms of the Sultan and fought to maintain their privileges, acted against the central power. On the other hand, rebellions had the character of the people’s liberation movement. The largest peasant revolt against the Muslim feudal lords from 1875 in Herzegovina rapidly evolved into the rise of Christian peasants all over Bosnia and Herzegovina, at the same time, the uprising became the South Slavic war of liberation from Turkish rule, contributing to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.The aim of this paper is to present a paradigm according to which Bosnia and Herzegovina can be seen as a mirror in which the multifaceted problems of Turkey as the ”sick person of Europe” are reflected. Contributing to the Turkish withdrawal from the Balkans, however, the Ottoman legacy characterized by political and cultural fragmentation permanently became a part of the history of the Balkans and influenced its fate in the 21st century. The author, on the basis of the studies of the American, Polish, Turkish, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian historians examines the factors that determined the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. Bosnia and Herzegovina should be considered the key to the analysis of the Eastern crisis (1875-1878), which proved to be a mere preludes prelude to the end of the Ottoman Empire. The characteristic feature of this province was its permanent insubordination against Turkey, visible in a great number of revolts and uprisings of different provenance against the Turkish government. Already at the beginning of the 17th century, increasing corruption and taxes imposed on the Muslim population led to the first protests against the government. In the 17th century the great uprisings of Bosnian Muslims took place in the following years: 1636, 1650, 1682. In Herzegovina unrest and riots were reported in the following years: 1711, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1732. The Ottoman sources confirmed the occasional participation of the Christian population in those riots. On the one hand, the Muslim feudal lords, who were opposed to the reforms of the Sultan and fought to maintain their privileges, acted against the central power. On the other hand, rebellions had the character of the people’s liberation movement. The largest peasant revolt against the Muslim feudal lords from 1875 in Herzegovina rapidly evolved into the rise of Christian peasants all over Bosnia and Herzegovina, at the same time, the uprising became the South Slavic war of liberation from Turkish rule, contributing to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire