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Terracotta tiles in Bengal. Decorations and techniques in Mosques of the Sultanate period
Get PDFThe mosques of Bengal exhibit a unique decorative style, representing diverse ornamentation on both interior and exterior facades. This diversity reflects the varied backgrounds of the artisans, culminating in what can be termed \u27Bengali style\u27 emerging from external influences and local Bengali traditions. This style spread along the ancient Bengal region during the sultanate period 944-1538; including present West Bengal and Bangladesh. This research, based on field studies and observation in Kolkata, Malda, Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh, aims to identify the aesthetic features in Bengal sultanate mosques connected to a specific mode of decoration: the employment of terracotta tiles. Employing a chronological study backed by statistics, the research seeks to address questions about the terracotta tiles’ properties, artistic origins, techniques used, and the impact of geographical and cultural variables on its diversity. Furthermore, an attempt is made to propose approximate dates for five mosques with uncertain dates based on their artistic style properties.The mosques of Bengal exhibit a unique decorative style, representing diverse ornamentation on both interior and exterior facades. This diversity reflects the varied backgrounds of the artisans, culminating in what can be termed \u27Bengali style\u27 emerging from external influences and local Bengali traditions. This style spread along the ancient Bengal region during the sultanate period 944-1538; including present West Bengal and Bangladesh. This research, based on field studies and observation in Kolkata, Malda, Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh, aims to identify the aesthetic features in Bengal sultanate mosques connected to a specific mode of decoration: the employment of terracotta tiles. Employing a chronological study backed by statistics, the research seeks to address questions about the terracotta tiles’ properties, artistic origins, techniques used, and the impact of geographical and cultural variables on its diversity. Furthermore, an attempt is made to propose approximate dates for five mosques with uncertain dates based on their artistic style properties
Applying of Object ID Stander on the Carpets Collection at the Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo
Get PDFThis research is the first archaeological study that applies standard of Object ID as a principle of museum collection management, that will be on Islamic carpets collection at the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo as a case study. This paper is a practical field study, which includes in its aspects field training, workshops, lectures, and automatic and manual examination of carpets as a case study, according to the organizational work and the principles available and followed by the museum.This research is the first archaeological study that applies standard of Object ID as a principle of museum collection management, that will be on Islamic carpets collection at the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo as a case study. This paper is a practical field study, which includes in its aspects field training, workshops, lectures, and automatic and manual examination of carpets as a case study, according to the organizational work and the principles available and followed by the museum
The history of the Porto Palermo Castle and the significance of its Greek inscription
Get PDFThe castle in Porto Palermo is an important historical site with a Greek inscription, which is of great cultural significance for the region and the whole world, testifying to the ancient history and connection with different cultures and eras. The aim of this study is to investigate the significance of this inscription in the context of the history of the castle in Porto Palermo. Throughout the study, various theoretical methods of understanding were employed, including analysis, synthesis, specification, abstraction, and generalization. The research revealed that Porto Palermo, formerly known as the ancient Epirot city of Panormi, maintained its significance as a fortress throughout the Middle Ages, serving trade interests. By the end of the 18th century, the region came under the governance of Governor Ali Tepelene. It was determined that the Porto Palermo Fortress, constructed in 1803, situated on a peninsula, features a triangular shape, towering walls, bastions, and marble slabs inscribed with Greek text, emphasizing the historical importance of the castle and past events. It is described that in the Paschalëk region under the Ottoman Empire\u27s rule, where the fortress stood, Greek became the official language at Ali Pasha\u27s court, fostering unity among different ethnic groups despite linguistic differences. Remarkably, during Ali Pasha\u27s era, Albanians had yet to acquire national status. It is described that on the white marble plaque, there is a relief inscription in Greek script, which elaborately describes the historical aspects of the castle, the greatness of Ali Tepelene, his significance as a historical figure for Albania and Greece, and his recognition as an unparalleled military leader. This study is important for historians whose subject is Albania under Ottoman rule, as it is possible to deepen and broaden general historical knowledge by studying such elements of culture and architecture.The castle in Porto Palermo is an important historical site with a Greek inscription, which is of great cultural significance for the region and the whole world, testifying to the ancient history and connection with different cultures and eras. The aim of this study is to investigate the significance of this inscription in the context of the history of the castle in Porto Palermo. Throughout the study, various theoretical methods of understanding were employed, including analysis, synthesis, specification, abstraction, and generalization. The research revealed that Porto Palermo, formerly known as the ancient Epirot city of Panormi, maintained its significance as a fortress throughout the Middle Ages, serving trade interests. By the end of the 18th century, the region came under the governance of Governor Ali Tepelene. It was determined that the Porto Palermo Fortress, constructed in 1803, situated on a peninsula, features a triangular shape, towering walls, bastions, and marble slabs inscribed with Greek text, emphasizing the historical importance of the castle and past events. It is described that in the Paschalëk region under the Ottoman Empire\u27s rule, where the fortress stood, Greek became the official language at Ali Pasha\u27s court, fostering unity among different ethnic groups despite linguistic differences. Remarkably, during Ali Pasha\u27s era, Albanians had yet to acquire national status. It is described that on the white marble plaque, there is a relief inscription in Greek script, which elaborately describes the historical aspects of the castle, the greatness of Ali Tepelene, his significance as a historical figure for Albania and Greece, and his recognition as an unparalleled military leader. This study is important for historians whose subject is Albania under Ottoman rule, as it is possible to deepen and broaden general historical knowledge by studying such elements of culture and architecture
The ethnic conflict over Karabakh in the context of the activities of the military-political representations of the Great Britain in the Transcaucasia (1918-1920)
Get PDFIn 1918-20s the steps of military politics of Azerbaijani were directed towards the frustration of Armenian State system. With this intention, Andranik’s and Dro’s forces were taken out, with the help of British generals Thomson and Shutleworth. This allowed Azerbaijani families on the 21 of August in 1912 make the Armenian council In Karabagh temporarily obey Azerbaijani Government till the solution of this disputable issue by the French conference of allied union, which was one of the beforehand planned cunningsteps of Azerbaijani government. In reality, as a result t of later important military changes in the Republic of Armenia and as a result of mutually beneficial agreement between Russian and Kemal Turkey as well as taking into consideration the evident connivance of allied powers during 1920-23 Azerbaijani managed to capture not only Nachijevan, but Karabagh and other Armenian lands, as well, the struggle for which restarted in 1988-1990.In 1918-20s the steps of military politics of Azerbaijani were directed towards the frustration of Armenian State system. With this intention, Andranik’s and Dro’s forces were taken out, with the help of British generals Thomson and Shutleworth. This allowed Azerbaijani families on the 21 of August in 1912 make the Armenian council In Karabagh temporarily obey Azerbaijani Government till the solution of this disputable issue by the French conference of allied union, which was one of the beforehand planned cunningsteps of Azerbaijani government. In reality, as a result t of later important military changes in the Republic of Armenia and as a result of mutually beneficial agreement between Russian and Kemal Turkey as well as taking into consideration the evident connivance of allied powers during 1920-23 Azerbaijani managed to capture not only Nachijevan, but Karabagh and other Armenian lands, as well, the struggle for which restarted in 1988-1990
The Deportation of the Poles to Kazakhstan: Ethnic Cleansing, Collective Suffering, and Cultural Assimilation
Get PDFThe paper explores and analyzes one of the darkest pages of the history of the Polish people linked to the deportation of the Poles from Ukraine in 1936 and from Ukraine and Belarus in 1940-1941 to Kazakhstan. The central argument of the study is that the deportation of Poles from their historical homeland was carried out based exclusively on their ethnicity. We argue that the real intention of the Soviet regime’s genocidal policy was not confined only to the collective punishment and extermination of Poles as a distinct ethnic group, but the regime also sought to subject the deported Poles to slave labor exploitation for profit and to forced Russification. The assumption here is that Poles were uprooted from their homeland not only for extermination, but also the Soviet regime considered Poles to be an important component of its nation building project and their assimilation into Russian-dominated society was on the totalitarian regime’s agenda. The theoretical basis of this study constitutes the concept of ethnification of Stalinism, yet we add another dimension to our research, namely we employ the concept of racialization as a theoretical underpinning of the study to further deepen our analysis and indicate how ethnic identity of Poles was racialized. The study draws upon archival sources and the extant literature on the history of deportation in the Soviet Union, specifically we increasingly focus on Polish deportees’ collective and individual experiences who went through horrendous dehumanization and brutalization in exile in various parts of Kazakhstan between 1936 and 1956.The paper explores and analyzes one of the darkest pages of the history of the Polish people linked to the deportation of the Poles from Ukraine in 1936 and from Ukraine and Belarus in 1940-1941 to Kazakhstan. The central argument of the study is that the deportation of Poles from their historical homeland was carried out based exclusively on their ethnicity. We argue that the real intention of the Soviet regime’s genocidal policy was not confined only to the collective punishment and extermination of Poles as a distinct ethnic group, but the regime also sought to subject the deported Poles to slave labor exploitation for profit and to forced Russification. The assumption here is that Poles were uprooted from their homeland not only for extermination, but also the Soviet regime considered Poles to be an important component of its nation building project and their assimilation into Russian-dominated society was on the totalitarian regime’s agenda. The theoretical basis of this study constitutes the concept of ethnification of Stalinism, yet we add another dimension to our research, namely we employ the concept of racialization as a theoretical underpinning of the study to further deepen our analysis and indicate how ethnic identity of Poles was racialized. The study draws upon archival sources and the extant literature on the history of deportation in the Soviet Union, specifically we increasingly focus on Polish deportees’ collective and individual experiences who went through horrendous dehumanization and brutalization in exile in various parts of Kazakhstan between 1936 and 1956
The European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood During the Russia-Ukraine War
Get PDFThis paper examines the geopolitical implications of a weakened European Union (EU) in relation to Russian interests. A unified EU poses challenges to Russian policy, while internal discord offers Russia opportunities to advance its agenda. The EU\u27s composition of 27 sovereign states often impedes cohesive action, especially in foreign, security, and defense policies, as noted by Judy Dempsey. This fragmentation benefits Russia, which exploits these divisions. The paper analyzes Russia’s foreign policy leading up to the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict and explores the EU’s role in security during the war, highlighting the impact of EU unity and discord on the crisis.This paper examines the geopolitical implications of a weakened European Union (EU) in relation to Russian interests. A unified EU poses challenges to Russian policy, while internal discord offers Russia opportunities to advance its agenda. The EU\u27s composition of 27 sovereign states often impedes cohesive action, especially in foreign, security, and defense policies, as noted by Judy Dempsey. This fragmentation benefits Russia, which exploits these divisions. The paper analyzes Russia’s foreign policy leading up to the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict and explores the EU’s role in security during the war, highlighting the impact of EU unity and discord on the crisis
Paweł Szymon Skworoda, Párkány 7-9 X 1683. Szczęśliwe zwycięstwo Lwa Lechistanu. Tarnowskie Góry: Inforteditions, 2023, ISBN: 836773033X
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25 Years of Poland’s Membership in NATO. Poland’s Role in the Changing Security Environment
Get PDFReflecting on 25 years of Poland’s membership in the largest political-military alliance since the end of the Second World War reveals significant changes in the security environment of NATO, as well as Poland’s evolving role within its structures. Twenty-five years after accession, it is evident that this decision has not only enhanced security guarantees but, more importantly, has elevated Poland’s role and importance on the international stage. Joining NATO necessitated the adaptation of the Polish Armed Forces to NATO standards, significantly accelerating their transformation and enabling the participation of Polish soldiers in international missions. Thus, the anniversary of Poland’s quarter-century in NATO prompts scholarly reflection and the search for answers on how Poland’s position in NATO has evolved and what role Poland plays in ensuring the security of the eastern flank in a changing security environment. The following conclusions are drawn from this discussion: during 25 years of membership in the North Atlantic Alliance, the Polish armed forces have undergone significant transformation, enhancing Poland’s role in the Alliance. Additionally, the security environment has evolved considerably during this time, particularly regarding the need to ensure the security of the eastern flank.Reflecting on 25 years of Poland’s membership in the largest political-military alliance since the end of the Second World War reveals significant changes in the security environment of NATO, as well as Poland’s evolving role within its structures. Twenty-five years after accession, it is evident that this decision has not only enhanced security guarantees but, more importantly, has elevated Poland’s role and importance on the international stage. Joining NATO necessitated the adaptation of the Polish Armed Forces to NATO standards, significantly accelerating their transformation and enabling the participation of Polish soldiers in international missions. Thus, the anniversary of Poland’s quarter-century in NATO prompts scholarly reflection and the search for answers on how Poland’s position in NATO has evolved and what role Poland plays in ensuring the security of the eastern flank in a changing security environment. The following conclusions are drawn from this discussion: during 25 years of membership in the North Atlantic Alliance, the Polish armed forces have undergone significant transformation, enhancing Poland’s role in the Alliance. Additionally, the security environment has evolved considerably during this time, particularly regarding the need to ensure the security of the eastern flank
On the Sasanian horse-shaped rhyta. A type of Sasanian wine vessel in historical perspective
Get PDFAmong the vessel types employed in Sasanian toreutics the horse-shaped rhyta attract attention. They combine the functionality with figural shape. The article aims in setting them within the development of the Iranian drinking vessels with figural elements, and placing them within art-historical sequences. This proves that they match Sasanian decorum and that the fashion continued after the fall of the dynasty.Among the vessel types employed in Sasanian toreutics the horse-shaped rhyta attract attention. They combine the functionality with figural shape. The article aims in setting them within the development of the Iranian drinking vessels with figural elements, and placing them within art-historical sequences. This proves that they match Sasanian decorum and that the fashion continued after the fall of the dynasty
Jan Amos Komeński i jego wkład w rozwój edukacji włączającej
Get PDFJohn Amos Comenius assumed that all children (including those with various needs, deficits and disabilities) can and have the right to study in public schools, closest to their place of residence. He focused his interest on how to teach them effectively and how to provide them with a sense of belonging to the school community. The article presents the pedagogue\u27s views on this issue and the influence they had on the formation of legal regulations, both international and national, including people with various needs in the community, as well as on the contemporary formation of the idea of inclusive education.Jan Amos Komeński wychodził z założenia, że wszystkie dzieci (także te z różnymi potrzebami, deficytami i niepełnosprawnościami) mogą i mają prawo uczyć się w szkołach ogólnodostępnych, najbliższych miejsca zamieszkania. Skupiał zainteresowanie na tym, jak efektywnie uczyć i jak zapewnić dzieciom poczucie przynależności do społeczności szkolnej. W artykule przybliżono w tym zakresie poglądy pedagoga na to zagadnienie i ich wpływ na kształtowanie się regulacji prawnych, zarówno międzynarodowych, jak i krajowych włączających do społeczności osoby z różnego rodzaju potrzebami, jak też na współczesne kształtowanie się idei edukacji włączającej