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The forms of anger in the 19th and 20th-century poetry:dehumanizing and infrahumanizing tendencies of lyrical subjects in selected poems of Slovak poets
Full text linkThe paper deals with different depictions of the emotion of anger in the outlined historical framework of Slovak poetry in the 19th–20th centuries. The emphasis is mainly laid on poems associated with the period of growing Hungarianization and later on poems regarding WWII. The article attempts to look at anger, its function, its forms, and the oscillation of its meaning in the actions of lyrical subjects. At the same time, it suggests a new perspective on the phenomena of dehumanization and infrahumanization through various types of metaphors that refer to the emotion of anger in poetry, drawing on the theory of conceptual metaphors and the theory of abjection. Observing different forms of anger can thus reveal not only several attributes of masculine emotionality, but also how historical events affect it.The paper deals with different depictions of the emotion of anger in the outlined historical framework of Slovak poetry in the 19th–20th centuries. The emphasis is mainly laid on poems associated with the period of growing Hungarianization and later on poems regarding WWII. The article attempts to look at anger, its function, its forms, and the oscillation of its meaning in the actions of lyrical subjects. At the same time, it suggests a new perspective on the phenomena of dehumanization and infrahumanization through various types of metaphors that refer to the emotion of anger in poetry, drawing on the theory of conceptual metaphors and the theory of abjection. Observing different forms of anger can thus reveal not only several attributes of masculine emotionality, but also how historical events affect it
Fighting the enemy\u27s artillery in the war in Ukraine in the years 2014-2024
Full text linkPo wybuchu 22 lutego 2022 r. wojny na pełną skalę między Ukrainą a Federacją Rosyjską, głównym środkiem rażenia obu walczących stron stała się artyleria wojsk lądowych, odpowiedzialna za ok. 60-80% zadawanych strat. Wynika to głównie z powodu słabości lotnictwa Federacji Rosyjskiej, a zarazem silnej obrony przeciwlotniczej Sił Zbrojnych Ukrainy. W związku z tym wojska obu państw przystąpiły do walki z artylerią przeciwnika, która stała się największym zagrożeniem zarówno dla wojsk, jak i zaplecza obu stron. Działania polegające na zwalczaniu artylerii przeciwnika nazywa się popularnie „walką kontrbateryjną”. Celem artykułu jest m.in. wyjaśnienie pojęcia walki z artylerią przeciwnika i jej roli we współczesnych uwarunkowaniach. Hipoteza główna brzmi następująco: walka z artylerią przeciwnika to dziś element szeroko rozumianej walki ogniowej, a nie jedynie walka artylerii z artylerią. W pracy zastosowano następujące metody badawcze: analizę literatury specjalistycznej i popularno-naukowej; ocenę i porównanie poziomu strat obu stron konfliktu; analizę działań bojowych w wojnie w okresie od 24.02.2022 r. do 24.02.2024 r. Zasadnicze wnioski sformułowane w niniejszym artykule to: 1. walka z artylerią przeciwnika wymaga nowego zdefiniowania po pojawieniu się dronów; 2. tym, co decyduje dziś o skuteczności walki z artylerią przeciwnika, są rozbudowane systemy rozpoznawczo-ogniowe i skoordynowane z systemami WRE, zdolne do wykrycia celu i reakcji ogniowej w czasie rzeczywistym.Following the outbreak of a full-scale war between Ukraine and the Russian Federation on 22 February 2022, the main means of destruction of both warring sides has become artillery of the ground forces, responsible for approximately 60-80% of the damage inflicted. This is mainly due to the weakness of the Russian Federation\u27s aviation and, at the same time, the strong anti-aircraft defence of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Consequently, the armies of both countries proceeded to combat the enemy\u27s artillery, which became the greatest threat to both the troops and the facilities of both sides. The action of countering the enemy\u27s artillery is popularly referred to as ‘counter-battery fire’. The aim of the article is, among other things: to clarify the concept of counter-artillery warfare and its role in contemporary circumstances
Logistical aspects of security in penitentiary institutions
Full text linkThe purpose of this article is to analyze various aspects of the organization of work in penitentiary institutions, with particular emphasis on the role of logistics, which affects operational efficiency and security in these institutions. In addition, an attempt was made to identify key aspects of penitentiary logistics that affect the effectiveness of the operation of penitentiary institutions in the context of resource, infrastructure and personnel management. It was hypothesized that properly organized logistics that integrate various aspects of the operation of prisons and detention centers contribute to the effective rehabilitation of inmates and the improvement of overall security in these units. The article uses methods of analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as legal regulations on the functioning of the Prison Service and existing logistical solutions in penitentiary institutions. The main findings of the article indicate that a comprehensive and integrated approach to logistics in the Prison Service can significantly contribute to improving the quality of the functioning of these institutions. Prison logistics should be characterized by expediency, efficiency, comprehensiveness, flexibility, partnership, interdependence and reality in order to effectively support the operations of penitentiary institutions. Effective logistics management in this context contributes not only to security, but also to the optimization of rehabilitation processes, which is crucial to reducing recidivism and improving the functioning of the penitentiary system. The article adds significant value by attempting to define the term “penitentiary logistics,” which has not yet been distinguished in the literature. This definition encompasses the complex process of planning, implementing and controlling the flow of resources and information within the penitentiary system to ensure security and operational efficiency, taking into account the specific functioning of these institutions.Celem artykułu jest analiza różnych aspektów organizacji pracy w jednostkach penitencjarnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli logistyki, która wpływa na efektywność operacyjną i bezpieczeństwo w tych instytucjach. Ponadto podjęto próbę zidentyfikowania kluczowych aspektów logistyki penitencjarnej, które wpływają na skuteczność funkcjonowania instytucji penitencjarnych w kontekście zarządzania zasobami, infrastrukturą oraz personelem. Postawiono hipotezę, że odpowiednio zorganizowana logistyka, integrująca różne aspekty funkcjonowania zakładów karnych i aresztów śledczych przyczynia się do efektywnej resocjalizacji osadzonych oraz poprawy ogólnego bezpieczeństwa w tych jednostkach. W artykule zastosowano metody analizy literatury przedmiotu oraz przepisów prawnych dotyczących funkcjonowania Służby Więziennej i istniejących rozwiązań logistycznych w instytucjach penitencjarnych. Główne ustalenia artykułu wskazują, że kompleksowe i zintegrowane podejście do logistyki w Służbie Więziennej może znacząco przyczynić się do poprawy jakości funkcjonowania tych instytucji. Logistyka penitencjarna powinna charakteryzować się celowością, efektywnością, kompleksowością, elastycznością, partnerstwem, współzależnością oraz realnością, aby skutecznie wspierać działalność zakładów karnych. Efektywne zarządzanie logistyką w tym kontekście przyczynia się nie tylko do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa, ale także do optymalizacji procesów resocjalizacyjnych, co ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zmniejszenia recydywy i poprawy funkcjonowania systemu penitencjarnego. Artykuł wnosi istotną wartość dodaną poprzez próbę zdefiniowania terminu „logistyka penitencjarna”, który dotąd nie był wyodrębniony w literaturze przedmiotu. Definicja ta obejmuje złożony proces planowania, wdrażania oraz kontrolowania przepływu zasobów i informacji w ramach systemu penitencjarnego, mający na celu zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa oraz efektywności operacyjnej, z uwzględnieniem specyfiki funkcjonowania tych instytucji.
Dependence of Spectrogram from Graph Spectral Clustering in Text Document Domain onWord Distribution Models
Full text linkAnalysis of the shape of a Laplacian spectrogram is a new line of research used in graph spectral clustering. More precisely, we observed that (properly normalized) plots of the eigenvalues of sub-Laplacians characterizing different groups of documents differ in their shape. Thus, by computing the distance between these plots, we can solve the problem of clustering and classifying new observations. This idea is developed in a number of our papers and as such, can be considered a pioneering approach to cluster analysis. In an attempt to answer why it is so useful, in this paper we consider the hypothesis that the shape of a spectrogram could be attributed to the writing style of the authors of the document group in the cluster. We explore this hypothesis for several models of word distribution. In particular, we assume that the writing style is reflected in the word distribution of texts of an author or a group of them. We check if changing of distribution parameters of a widely accepted log-normal word distribution model changes in fact the Laplacian eigenvalue spectrogram in such a way as to distinguish between document groups. We found that in fact variation of each of the distribution parameters leads to distinct groups of documents. These findings justify the usage of Laplacian spectrograms to distinguish (cluster or classify) groups of documents
Supporting the Development of Spatial Orientation Skills of Blind People Using Binaural Sounds in VSR Game
Full text linkSpatial orientation skills are crucial for the comfortable everyday functioning of blind individuals and affect their physical and mental well-being. Developing spatial orientation is usually carried out through traditional training courses without the support of electronic tools. Training them in a natural city environment, even under the supervision of an instructor, is often a very stressful process for the student. This paper proposes a solution for a simplified city space simulator created as a game using 3-dimensional binaural sounds. This simulator can be used at home to develop basic spatial orientation skills for blind people. While feedback from testing by three blind users was positive, the limited scope of this initial evaluation underscores the need for developing more advanced applications supporting the teaching of spatial orientation to blind users
The architecture of human mind, and non-von Neumann computer architecture
Full text linkStructural plasticity in the brain (i.e. rewiring the connectome) may be viewed as mechanisms for dynamic reconfiguration of neural circuits. First order computations in the brain are done by static neural circuits, whereas higher order computations are done by dynamic reconfigurations of the links (synapses) between the neural circuits. Static neural circuits correspond to first order computable functions. Synapse creation (activation) between them correspond to the mathematical notion of function composition.Functionals are higher order functions that take functions as their arguments. The construction of functionals is based on dynamic reconfigurations of function compositions. Perhaps the functionals correspond to rewiring mechanisms of the connectome.The architecture of human mind is different than the von Neumann computer architecture. Higher order computations in the human brain (based on functionals) may suggest a non-von Neumann computer architecture, a challenge posed by John Backus in 1977 [7]. The presented work is a substantial extension and revision of [2]
From the Greek Goddess Isis Holding a Flower to Sasanian Dancers with Blossoms in Hand
Full text linkThe cultural ties between Iran and the Hellenic world are ancient and well-documented. However, this article focuses on the influence of a particular aspect of Roman art on a distinct form of Sasanian performance. The author refers to this combination as a ritual performance. This dance style retains the overall structure of Sasanian art but is significantly influenced by Roman art. There are many important gilded silver vessels housed in well-known museums that depict dancers who share strikingly similar features. They have been found across a wide geographic range, from northern Iran – such as Mazandaran – through Central Asia and into Eurasia. These semi-nude dancers, with prominently displayed chests, typically hold a long-stemmed flower in one hand. In the other, they may be seen holding a bird, a sugarcane, or even the hand of a child. For the background of such a style, carrying a flower branch in one hand and another instrument in the other, it is quite possible to refer to Hellenistic art. The sculpture of the Greek Goddess Isis was one of the most important statuettes and, of course, the best known in Iran, Mesopotamia and Central Asia
The religious factor in commercial activities of Armenian merchants (15th-18th centuries)
Full text linkThis paper examines the significant impact of religious identity on the commercial activities of Armenian Christian merchants operating in Muslim spaces between the 15th and 18th centuries. Drawing on primary sources including Armenian chronicles, colophons of Armenian manuscripts, and European travel accounts, the study examines how religious identity created both obstacles and opportunities for Armenian merchants. The results show that Armenian merchants faced systematic disadvantages and challenges compared to Muslim merchants on the one hand, including higher customs duties, vulnerability to confiscation of property and physical threats based solely on religious identity, and on the other hand compared to European merchants who operated largely under state protection or within large trading organizations such as the East India Companies. We have categorized these problems into three main groups: physical harassment and violence, economic discrimination through differential taxation and pressure to convert. At the same time, the Christian identity of Armenian merchants sometimes facilitated diplomatic missions and trade relations with European powers. However, unlike European merchants who enjoyed protection in the form of surrender treaties and the support of trading companies, Armenian merchants largely lacked institutional support in Muslim territories. This study contributes to the understanding of the intersection of religion, trade networks and cross-cultural commercial relations in the pre-modern Middle East by emphasizing that religious affiliation served as both a burden and a strategic asset for minority merchant communities
Mass Crimes in Kars (1920-1921) and Smyrna (1922) – Eyewitness Testimony
Full text linkThe article presents and analyzes the anti-Armenian policies of the Turkish military and political leadership in Kars (1920-1921) and Smyrna (1922). The systematic killings of the unarmed population were marked by extreme brutality, including mass rapes and ritualized murders. Data is combined from ethnographic fieldwork, materials from the National Archives of Armenia, memoirs, andmanuscript records from the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute
Duel Between Rostam and the White Div: An Allegorical Critique of War in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh in Ghazniavi Context
Full text linkFerdowsi’s Shahnameh was written during the reigns of two very different ethnic dynasties. The Samanids created an ideal climate for a scholar of the history of pre-Islamic Iran, which made it easier for Ferdowsi to begin his work, but the change in the ruling dynasty meant that his work did not receive the reception he had hoped for. In the article I hypothesize that the main reason for this was the poet\u27s anti-war criticism of the policies of Mahmud of Ghazni, specifically his expedition to India in the years 1000-1001. For his own safety, Ferdowsi hid the criticism under a historical allegory and placed it in the initial, non-historical part of the poem – Kay Kavus’ expedition to Mazandaran. The duel between Rostam and White Div, which is the climax of the expedition, is also the culmination of the anti-war message. Despite hiding the criticism in literary fiction, it was read by Mahmud and his court, resulting in his strong negative reaction. To prove my hypothesis, I cite evidence showing that Ferdowsi drew inspiration from contemporaneity in creating other elements of the Shahnameh.Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh was written during the reigns of two very different ethnic dynasties. The Samanids created an ideal climate for a scholar of the history of pre-Islamic Iran, which made it easier for Ferdowsi to begin his work, but the change in the ruling dynasty meant that his work did not receive the reception he had hoped for. In the article I hypothesize that the main reason for this was the poet\u27s anti-war criticism of the policies of Mahmud of Ghazni, specifically his expedition to India in the years 1000-1001. For his own safety, Ferdowsi hid the criticism under a historical allegory and placed it in the initial, non-historical part of the poem – Kay Kavus’ expedition to Mazandaran. The duel between Rostam and White Div, which is the climax of the expedition, is also the culmination of the anti-war message. Despite hiding the criticism in literary fiction, it was read by Mahmud and his court, resulting in his strong negative reaction. To prove my hypothesis, I cite evidence showing that Ferdowsi drew inspiration from contemporaneity in creating other elements of the Shahnameh