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Zagrożenia hybrydowe w kontekście wojen buntowniczych względem państw NATO w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego
Get PDFThe article presents selected factors destabilizing international security, grouped within hy-brid threats towards selected NATO countries in the Baltic Sea region, based on the concept of rebellious wars by J. Messner. The geographical limitations introduced by the author are necessary due to the wide and varied scope of impact of aggression using hybrid methods on NATO member states. Searching for answers to the question of what methods of hybrid operations we are currently dealing with in the Baltic Sea region, based on the concept of rebellious wars, the literature on the subject, media information and official statements and views of experts dealing with international security issues were analyzed. The as-sumptions of the concept of rebel wars and an outline of tools regarding hybrid threats towards NATO countries in the Baltic Sea region are presented. The conclusion, preceded by a research procedurę consisting of logical analysis, abstraction, classification and inference, allows for a preliminary capture of the undertaken research goals against the background of the synthetic characteristics of the described hy-brid threats. The results of the conducted research indicate that Messner\u27s concept is a prototype for modern hybrid wars and a reference point for a better understanding of this phenomenon. Moreover, selected Baltic Sea countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Poland) within NATO are currently not fully pre-pared to counter hybrid threats. This results not only from the complexity of the threats, but also from the difficulty of their unambiguous recognition and classification. At the same time, the author directs the attention of researchers dealing with this issue to the need to discuss the directions of NATO\u27s development and develop an appropriate strategy adapted to the nature of hybrid threats, which will allow the Alliance to assume responsibility for the security of its members.Artykuł przedstawia wybrane czynniki destabilizujące bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe, skupione w ramach zagrożeń hybrydowych względem wybranych państw NATO w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego na podstawie koncepcji wojen buntowniczych J. Messnera. Wprowadzone przez autora ograniczenia geograficzne są konieczne ze względu na szeroki i zróżnicowany zakres oddziaływania agresji przy użyciu metod hybrydowych na państwa członkowskie NATO. Poszukując odpowiedzi na pytanie, z jakimi metodami działań hybrydowych mamy obecnie do czynienia w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego, opierając się na koncepcji wojen buntowniczych, przeanalizowano literaturę przedmiotu, informacje medialne oraz oficjalne wypowiedzi i poglądy ekspertów zajmujących się problematyką bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Przedstawiono założenia koncepcji wojen buntowniczych oraz zarys narzędzi dotyczących zagrożeń hybrydowych względem państw NATO w rejonie Morza Bałtyckiego. Konkluzja poprzedzona procedurą badawczą złożoną z analizy logicznej, abstrahowania, klasyfikacji oraz wnioskowania pozwala wstępnie uchwycić podjęte cele badawcze na tle syntetycznej charakterystyki opisywanych zagrożeń hybrydowych. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że koncepcja Messnera stanowi pierwowzór dla współczesnych wojen hybrydowych i punkt odniesienia dla lepszego zrozumienia tego zjawiska. Ponadto wybrane kraje Morza Bałtyckiego (Estonia, Łotwa, Litwa, Finlandia i Polska) w ramach NATO nie są obecnie w pełni przygotowane do przeciwdziałania zagrożeniom hybrydowym. Wynika to nie tylko ze złożoności zagrożeń, ale również z trudności ich jednoznacznego rozpoznania i klasyfikacji. Jednocześnie autor kieruje uwagę badaczy zajmujących się tą problematyką na konieczność podjęcia dyskusji na temat kierunków rozwoju NATO oraz opracowania odpowiedniej strategii dostosowanej do charakteru zagrożeń hybrydowych, co pozwoli na powzięcie odpowiedzialności Sojuszu za bezpieczeństwo jego członków
Suicides in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in the Years 2019–2022– Research Report
Get PDFArtykuł przedstawia problematykę samobójstw na terenie województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego jako poważne zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa społecznego. Przedstawiono różne rodzaje samobójstw oraz czynniki ryzyka z nimi związane. W artykule opisano także metody prewencji i interwencji mające na celu zapobieganie samobójstwom. Analizowane są wyniki badań przeprowadzonych przez Komendę Wojewódzką Policji w Olsztynie w latach 2019-2022 oraz społeczny odbiór problematyki samobójstw na tym terenie oparty na badaniach ankietowych. Celem artykułu jest analiza trendów samobójczych w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim, zrozumienie ich wpływu na bezpieczeństwo społeczne oraz identyfikacja czynników ryzyka i ochronnych związanych z tym zjawiskiem. Pytania badawcze: Zostały zrealizowane za pomocą ankiety, która pozwoliła na zebranie bezpośrednich opinii i sugestii mieszkańców województwa dotyczących skuteczności oraz potrzeb w zakresie działań profilaktycznych. Metodologia: Przedstawia kontekst badawczy oraz ramy przeprowadzonych badań, w tym problematykę, cel, hipotezy robocze, metody i narzędzia badawcze. Opisuje lokalizację i organizację badań, co pomaga zrozumieć tło danych, oraz wskazuje ograniczenia wpływające na interpretację wyników. Wnioski: Szczegółowo odnoszą się do postawionych hipotez, analizując je w świetle uzyskanych w trakcie badań danych. Zawierają omówienie trudności badawczych oraz sugerują przyszłe kierunki badań.The article addresses the issue of suicides in the warmian - masurian voivodeship as a se-rious threat to public safety. It presents various types of suicides and associated risk factors. The article also describes prevention and intervention methods aimed at preventing suicides. Additionally it ana-lyzes the results of research conducted by the Provincial Police Headquarters in Olsztyn from 2019 - 2022 as well as the public perception of the suicide issue in this region based on survey research. Pur-pose: The aim of the Article is to analyze suicide trends in the warmian – masurian voivodeship, un-derstand their impact on social security and identify the risk and protective factors associated with this phenomenon. Research questions: They were carried out using a survey, which allowed for the collec-tion of direct opinions and suggestions from the residents of the voivodeship regarding the effectiveness and needs of preventive measures. Methodology: It presents the research context and the framework of the conducted studies, including the issues, objectives, working hypotheses, methods, and research tools. It describes the location and organization of the research, which helps to understand the back-ground of the data and indicates the limitations affecting the interpretation of the results. Findings: They address the stated hypotheses in detail, analyzing them in light of the data obtained during the research. They include a discussion of the research challenges and suggest future research directions
Changes in the communicative competence of adolescents as a result of distance learning during the coronavirus pandemic on the example of students from elementary school in the Komorniki municipality
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020, has forced all of us to change our previous functioning in almost all walks of life. To minimise the risk of contracting the virus, the government introduced a variety of restrictions aimed at limiting social contact. One of them was a change in the organisation of the operation of educational institutions and the need to switch to a remote mode of teaching. Although the decision seemed right at the time, to this day, we still see its effects among adolescents, among others. Adolescence is a special developmental stage, during which an incredibly important role is played by peer relationships, and the epidemic situation in this lockdown effectively prevented its proper maintenance, resulting in a number of negative consequences. The article shows the results of a study of communicative competence, which was precisely one of the areas whose level had changed from before the pandemic. The research used an online survey of 35 people who work on a daily basis in elementary schools in Komorniki municipality. Analysis of the data allows us to conclude that, according to respondents\u27 observations, the stock of communication skills among adolescents has deteriorated. In most cases, this occurred regardless of gender and age. The competencies whose decline was noticed most often included active listening, kindness, caring, and openness, as well as empathy, expressing oneself in written works and public spe-aking. Vocabulary also declined. Improvement, however, was noted in such resources as expressing one\u27s emotions, needs, and opinions, as well as assertiveness and influencing the interlocutor.The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020, has forced all of us to change our previous functioning in almost all walks of life. To minimise the risk of contracting the virus, the government introduced a variety of restrictions aimed at limiting social contact. One of them was a change in the organisation of the operation of educational institutions and the need to switch to a remote mode of teaching. Although the decision seemed right at the time, to this day, we still see its effects among adolescents, among others. Adolescence is a special developmental stage, during which an incredibly important role is played by peer relationships, and the epidemic situation in this lockdown effectively prevented its proper maintenance, resulting in a number of negative consequences. The article shows the results of a study of communicative competence, which was precisely one of the areas whose level had changed from before the pandemic. The research used an online survey of 35 people who work on a daily basis in elementary schools in Komorniki municipality. Analysis of the data allows us to conclude that, according to respondents\u27 observations, the stock of communication skills among adolescents has deteriorated. In most cases, this occurred regardless of gender and age. The competencies whose decline was noticed most often included active listening, kindness, caring, and openness, as well as empathy, expressing oneself in written works and public speaking. Vocabulary also declined. Improvement, however, was noted in such resources as expressing one\u27s emotions, needs, and opinions, as well as assertiveness and influencing the interlocutor
The literariness of The Examiner:“Man of Gold” – a portrait of John Churchill,1st Duke Of Marlborough
Get PDFThe main objective of the article is to analyse the rhetorical techniques that were used to generate anti-Marlborough Tory propaganda in the early eighteenth century. The source material for the analysis comprises two issues of The Examiner published at the end of February 1712. This “right-wing” organ, revived in December 1711, became something of a razor-sharp tool for anti-Whig propaganda. With the call for an end to the costly war of Spanish Succession, The Examiner targeted criticism towards those who supported a continuation of the conflict. One politician seeking both on the battlefield as well as through the courts a prolongation of the war was John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. As such he became the subject of a broad wave of criticism expressed in various Tory-writings. The portrait of the Duke, created through a variety of literary tools, demonstrates the wide range of literary elements used in non-fiction writings, proving at the same time the links between fiction and non-fiction which eventually led to the emergence of a new genre, that of the novel.
The main objective of the article is to analyse the rhetorical techniques that were used to generate anti-Marlborough Tory propaganda in the early eighteenth century. The source material for the analysis comprises two issues of The Examiner published at the end of February 1712. This “right-wing” organ, revived in December 1711, became something of a razor-sharp tool for anti-Whig propaganda. With the call for an end to the costly war of Spanish Succession, The Examiner targeted criticism towards those who supported a continuation of the conflict. One politician seeking both on the battlefield as well as through the courts a prolongation of the war was John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. As such he became the subject of a broad wave of criticism expressed in various Tory-writings. The portrait of the Duke, created through a variety of literary tools, demonstrates the wide range of literary elements used in non-fiction writings, proving at the same time the links between fiction and non-fiction which eventually led to the emergence of a new genre, that of the novel
Ahmadou Kourouma, Ken Bugul, Calixthe Beyala – francuskojęzyczni pisarze Afryki Subsaharyjskiej wobec dominującego języka dawnego kolonizatora
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to present the attitudes of three major writers of Sub-Saharan Africa towards the language of the former coloniser, which has become the main language of literary expression for many authors in this part of the world. The author bases her analysis on the work of three authors who come from the countries that were former colonies of France: Ahmadou Kourouma (Ivory Coast), Ken Bugul (Senegal), Calixthe Beyala (Cameroon). The first two writers were born in the times of European domination and belong to the „decolonisation and disillusionment generation” of writers, while Calixthe Beyala is a representative of the generation called „post-colonial children”. The work of all three represents a significant contribution to the development of literature from this part of the world. After a brief introduction in which the author explains the source of the dominance of the French language in Sub-Saharan Africa, specific examples from the works are analyzed showing the procedures the writers use to adapt the colonizer\u27s language to African reality.The aim of this article is to present the attitudes of three major writers of Sub-Saharan Africa towards the language of the former coloniser, which has become the main language of literary expression for many authors in this part of the world. The author bases her analysis on the work of three authors who come from the countries that were former colonies of France: Ahmadou Kourouma (Ivory Coast), Ken Bugul (Senegal), Calixthe Beyala (Cameroon). The first two writers were born in the times of European domination and belong to the „decolonisation and disillusionment generation” of writers, while Calixthe Beyala is a representative of the generation called „post-colonial children”. The work of all three represents a significant contribution to the development of literature from this part of the world. After a brief introduction in which the author explains the source of the dominance of the French language in Sub-Saharan Africa, specific examples from the works are analyzed showing the procedures the writers use to adapt the colonizer\u27s language to African reality
Misja doradcza Unii Europejskiej na rzecz reformy cywilnego sektora bezpieczeństwa na Ukrainie (EUAM Ukraine)
Get PDFIn this article, using the example of the European Union Advisory Mission for the Reform of the Civilian Security Sector in Ukraine (EUAM Ukraine), the author analyzed the mechanism of operation of the mission and its role in the process of reforming the civilian security sector in Ukraine in 2014-2022. As part of the research on the above issues, the author analyzed the conditions for the EU\u27s decision to establish the mission and presented the legal basis for its launch, status, goals, mandate, command structure, financing, and its course.W artykule, na przykładzie misji doradczej Unii Europejskiej na rzecz reformy cywilnego sektora bezpieczeństwa na Ukrainie (EUAM Ukraine), przeprowadzono analizę mechanizmu działania misji oraz jej roli w procesie reformowania cywilnego sektora bezpieczeństwa na Ukrainie w latach 2014-2022. W ramach badań nad powyższą problematyką przeanalizowano uwarunkowania dotyczące podjęcia przez UE decyzji w sprawie utworzenia misji oraz przedstawiono podstawy prawne jej uruchomienia, status, cele, mandat, strukturę dowodzenia, finansowanie i przebieg
Smart Village as an action system supporting people with special information and communication needs
Get PDFThe paper presents selected results of theoretical research regarding the concept of a smart village as an intelligent operating system oriented to supporting people with special information and communication needs. Such a system is a developing system of socio-technical nature, which in its area enables the cooperation of its inhabitants as a local society. The presented idea of Smart Village is therefore based on the combination of modern tools and information and communication technologies to improve the qualityof life and raise the standard of public services for citizens with much better use of resources and with less negative impact on the environment. It was pointed out that before proceeding with the design of the Smart Village as an intelligent operating system, it is important to identify the needs and capabilities of subsystems in a specific village and commune, and then, on this basis, design a model of an operating system supporting people with special information and communication needs as a hybrid system. The concept of Smart Village as a system of action is therefore very important for the development of rural areas, both because of new opportunities to create new jobs, as well as from the point of view of the quality of life and work in the countryside. More and more attention is paid to these problems, especially in terms of practical aid programs, but so far no one has defined a smart village system. For these reasons, this study is pioneering and awaited due to the need to develop a modeling method and possible subsequent implementation of the Smart Village system model in system practice
