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INFLACIJSKO POVIŠANE CENE ENERGIJE KOT GLAVNI FAKTOR POSPEŠEVANJA EKONOMSKO UPRAVIČENE PROIZVODNJE ELEKTRIČNE ENERGIJE V EU FOSILNO GORIVNIH TERMOELEKTRARNAH
Full text linkThe inflation in the last two years has driven the prices of the materials, goods as well as energy significantly higher. With steep increased inflation from month to month in the last two years, the overall inflation peaked at 9.2%, and core inflation at 6.2% in 2022 for the Eurozone area. This elevated prices are troubling the markets, industry and households, making the everyday business much more difficult for them than it was in pre-inflationary times. Also, additional geopolitical changes happened in the last two years (the war in Ukraine) which impacted the energy supply from the east significantly , primarily lowering the inflow of Russian gas to the European states to almost zero and banning the Russian crude from the international markets. This demanding condition on the energy market, as well as the very narrow time frame for building up a sufficient supply of energy for the winter of 2022 resulted in rather unexpectedly favourable conditions for energy generation (electricity or heat) from still operating coal based thermal power plants, which, in some way, is unacceptable, since we are exiting the coal based thermal power plants in EU actively, and trying to substitute them with renewables & alternatives. However, the aforementioned international markets stress test revealed that abandoning the fossil fuels from our everyday life will not be that easy, as we thought a decade ago.Inflacija je v zadnjih dveh letih bistveno dvignila cene surovin, blaga in energije. Z močno naraščajočo inflacijo iz meseca v mesec v zadnjih dveh letih je skupna inflacija leta 2022 za območje evra dosegla najvišjo vrednost pri 9,2 %, osnovna inflacija pa pri 6,2 %. Te povišane cene povzročajo težave trgom, industriji in gospodinjstvom, ki jim otežujejo vsakdanje poslovanje. V zadnjih dveh letih so se zgodile tudi dodatne geopolitične spremembe (vojna v Ukrajini), ki so močno vplivale na oskrbo z energijo z vzhoda, predvsem so zmanjšale dotok ruskega plina v evropske države na skoraj nič in privedle do prepovedi izvoza ruske surove nafte na mednarodne trge. Te zahtevne razmere na energetskem trgu in zelo ozek časovni okvir za vzpostavitev zadostne zaloge energije za zimo 2022, so povzročile precej nepričakovano ugodne razmere za proizvodnjo energije (elektrike ali toplotne) iz še delujočih termoelektrarn na premog, kar je nesprejemljivo, saj EU aktivno opušča proizvodno električne energije iz termoelektrarne na premog in jih poskušamo nadomestiti z obnovljivimi viri in alternativami. Vendar pa je že omenjeni stresni test mednarodnih trgov pokazal, da opustitev fosilnih goriv iz našega vsakdana ne bo tako preprosta, kot smo mislili pred desetletjem
ANALIZA POŠKODB HLADILNIH CEVI KONDENZATORJA V TERMOELEKTRARNI
Full text linkA steam turbine condenser (STC) is a surface, shell, and tube type vacuum condenser, cooled by a water system supplied from a river. The STC consists of two water passes and two water flows. Its condenser shell is constructed from carbon steel, and contains 4910 cooling tubes made of CuZn28Sn1As brass, each with dimensions of 23.0 x 1.0 mm and a length of 6,400 mm.
Three new steam dump devices (SDDs) have been installed on the condenser. Two SDDs are designated for high-pressure (HP) steam, while one is allocated for intermedia-pressure (IP) steam. The primary function of the SDDs is to divert steam from the boiler through the bypass system into the STC. The bypass system is utilised primarily during start-up, shutdown, and for managing excess steam transfer.
The Commissioning and Trials Board conducted tests on the new SDDs, which lasted for five hours. However, during the commissioning phase, high condensate levels in the STC caused trips. Additionally, online monitoring indicated high condensate conductance. Upon opening the condenser water chamber doors and filling the steam side of the condenser with water, it was discovered that twenty-eight of the cooling tubes were leaking. These leaking tubes were subsequently plugged. For further analysis, four cooling tubes were extracted, and two condensate samples were obtained. While extracting the cooling tubes, the other tubes were inspected visually using a borescope to assess their internal condition. The analysis results indicated that all the cracks on the extracted tubes were located approximately 5 mm from the tube sheet on the front side of the condenser, where the cooling water inlet and outlet are situated. Furthermore, grooves were observed on all the other tubes at the same location, characteristic of stress-corrosion cracking influenced by ammonia.Kondenzator parne turbine (STC) je površinski, lupinasti in cevni vakuumski kondenzator, hlajen z vodnim sistemom, ki se dovaja iz reke. STC je sestavljen iz dveh vodnih prehodov in dveh vodnih tokov. Ohišje kondenzatorja je izdelano iz ogljikovega jekla in vsebuje 4910 hladilnih cevi iz medenine CuZn28Sn1As, vsaka z dimenzijami 23,0 x 1,0 mm in dolžino 6400 mm.
Na kondenzatorju so bile nameščene tri nove naprave za izpust pare (SDD). Dva SDD-ja sta namenjena za visokotlačno paro (HP), eden pa je dodeljen za paro srednjega tlaka (IP). Primarna funkcija SDD je preusmeritev pare iz kotla skozi obvodni sistem v STC. Obvodni sistem se uporablja predvsem med zagonom, zaustavitvijo in za upravljanje presežnega prenosa pare.
Komisija za zagon in preskušanje je opravila teste novih SDD, ki so trajali pet ur, vendar so med fazo zagona visoke ravni kondenzata v STC povzročile izklope. Poleg tega je spletno spremljanje pokazalo visoko prevodnost kondenzata. Ob odpiranju vrat vodne komore kondenzatorja in polnjenju parne strani kondenzatorja z vodo je bilo ugotovljeno, da pušča osemindvajset hladilnih cevi. Te puščajoče cevi so bile nato zamašene. Za nadaljnjo analizo smo ekstrahirali štiri hladilne cevi in pridobili dva vzorca kondenzata. Med ekstrakcijo hladilnih cevi so bile druge cevi vizualno pregledane z uporabo boroskopa, da se oceni njihovo notranje stanje.
Rezultati analize kažejo, da so vse razpoke na izvlečenih ceveh približno 5 mm od cevne pločevine na sprednji strani kondenzatorja, kjer sta dovod in odvod hladilne vode. Poleg tega so na vseh drugih ceveh na istem mestu opaženi utori, značilni za napetostno korozijsko razpokanje pod vplivom amonijaka
KONFIGURACIJA SONČNE ELEKTRARNE NA RAVNI STREHI ZA MAKSIMALNO PROIZVODNJO ELEKTRIČNE ENERGIJE
Full text linkCommercial solar power plants are often installed on larger industrial, warehouse and commercial
buildings. Modern prefabricated constructions of such buildings dictate architectural solutions involving flat roofs, which are particularly suitable for the installation of larger solar power plants. This research investigates which configuration of solar module installation and which inclinations are suitable for implementation on a flat roof to achieve maximum annual electricity production. It aims to determine the maximum annual production per unit area and per installed power of the solar modules. The simulation results are conducted for all months of the year, and for the geographic latitude and longitude of the town of Lenart in Slovenia.Komercialne sončne elektrarne se velikokrat postavljajo na večje industrijske, skladiščne in trgovske objekte. Moderne montažne konstrukcije tovrstnih objektov narekujejo arhitekturne rešitve v izvedbi ravnih streh, ki so posebej primerne za postavitev večjih sončnih elektrarn. Tako je cilj članka raziskati optimalno konfiguracijo sončnih modulov na ravni strehi z namenom doseganja maksimalne proizvodnje električne energije. V tem delu je izvedena raziskava glede tega, katera orientacija sončnih modulov in kateri nakloni so primerni za izvedbo na ravni strehi s ciljem, da bo dosežena maksimalna letna proizvodnja električne energije. Gre za določitev maksimalne letne proizvodnje na površino in na inštalirano moč modulov. Simulacijski rezultati so izvedeni za vse mesece leta ter za geografsko širino in dolžino mesta Lenart v Sloveniji.
 
Biomass Gasification Potential for Slovenia’s Green Transition: E-Mobility
Full text linkIn 2024, approximately fifty percent of the total kilometers driven by passenger vehicles in Slovenia were attributed to diesel-powered automobiles, underscoring the persistent dependence of the transportation sector on fossil fuels, which are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Research further substantiates that the transportation sector constitutes the nation\u27s predominant source of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, e-mobility emerges as a key strategy for Slovenia’s green transition in transportation. Additionally, biomass gasification represents a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy pathway that could support the country in achieving its environmental targets, while promoting the principles of the circular economy.
Is It High Time to Redefine the Legal Framework on Cohabitation in Family Law?
Full text linkCohabitation is an institution of Slovenian family law quite similar in effect to marriage in that it creates the same rights and obligations. However, unlike marriage, its existence must be proved in each individual proceeding separately which creates difficulties, particularly in practice. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that the existence of cohabitation in the Slovenian Family Code is defined exclusively using rather vaguely defined legal standards. In this article, the author gives an overview of the current relevant case-law of Slovenian courts on cohabitation and discusses the possibilities for future legal regulation of the establishment of this community.
Povzetek
Zunajzakonska skupnost je institut slovenskega družinskega prava, ki je po svojih učinkih zelo podoben zakonski zvezi, saj ustvarja enake pravice in obveznosti. Vendar pa je za razliko od zakonske zveze njen obstoj treba dokazovati v vsakem posameznem postopku posebej, kar v praksi povzroča težave. Te težave dodatno poglablja dejstvo, da je obstoj zunajzakonske skupnosti v slovenskem Družinskem zakoniku opredeljen z uporabo precej ohlapno določenih pravnih standardov. Avtorica v prispevku podaja pregled aktualne relevantne sodne prakse slovenskih sodišč glede zunajzakonske skupnosti ter obravnava možnosti za njeno prihodnjo pravno ureditev
Post-Contractual Non-Compete Clause in Commercial Agency Contracts
Full text linkThis paper deals with the legal regime governing post-contractual non-compete clauses in commercial agency contracts, analysing Slovenian legislation and its compliance with Directive 86/653/EEC. The Slovenian Obligations Code (OZ) requires the mandatory payment of compensation for compliance with a non-compete clause only in cases where the contract is terminated for reasons attributable to the principal. The author stresses that such a regime may lead to a restriction of contractual freedom without adequate compensation, which is not in line with the spirit of the Directive. Based on a review of the regimes in respect of non-compete clauses after the termination of a commercial agency contract in various European countries, including Croatia, the author finds that the regimes vary considerably between countries. The paper also focuses on the impact of non-compete clauses on indemnity, as the OZ requires such clauses to be taken into consideration in determining the amount. The author draws attention to the need for a fair balance of interests and for legislation to be revised to ensure that agents are protected against disproportionate restrictions without adequate compensation.
Povzetek članka v slovenskem jeziku (abstract in Slovene language):
Članek obravnava pravno ureditev konkurenčne klavzule po prenehanju pogodbe o trgovskem zastopanju, v okviru katere analizira slovensko zakonodajo in njeno skladnost z Direktivo 86/653/EGS. Slovenski Obligacijski zakonik (OZ) zahteva obvezno plačevanje odmene za spoštovanje konkurenčne klavzule zgolj v primerih, ko je pogodba prenehala zaradi razlogov na strani naročitelja. Po mnenju avtorja takšna ureditev lahko vodi v omejitev pogodbene svobode brez ustreznega plačila, kar ni v skladu z duhom direktive. Na podlagi pregleda ureditev konkurenčne klavzule po prenehanju pogodbe o trgovskem zastopanju v različnih evropskih državah, tudi na Hrvaškem, avtor ugotavlja, da se ureditev po posameznih državah zelo razlikuje. Avtor se osredotoča tudi na vpliv konkurenčne klavzule na odpravnino, saj OZ zahteva njeno upoštevanje pri določanju višine. Opozarja tudi na potrebo po pravičnem ravnotežju interesov in prilagoditvi zakonodaje, ki bi zagotavljala zaščito zastopnika pred nesorazmernimi omejitvami brez primernega nadomestila
Histological advantages of two-component fibrin mesh (TachoSil) compared with polypropylene mesh after placementin the inguinal region in laboratory rats: Histološke prednosti dvo-komponentne fibrinske mreže (TachoSil) v primerjavi s polipropilensko mrežo po vstavitvipod mišični sloj in nad transverzalno fascijo v podganah
No full textHernia repair surgeries are among the most common procedures in both veterinary and human medi-cine, with various mesh options available for surgeons repairing the transversalis fascia. This study compared a variant of two-component fibrin mesh (TachoSil) and polypropylene mesh in reconstruct-ing the transversalis fascia by placing them in the inguinal region in Fischer laboratory rats. Specifically, the TachoSil or fibrin mesh was implanted into the groin region of Fischer rats, and after 30 days of mesh placement, the rats were sacrificed, the fibrous plate with either inserted mesh removed, and the tissue sent for histological analysis. The results showed that, compared with the polypropylene mesh, the implanted TachoSil mesh resulted in fewer postoperative complications and lower inflammatory cell presence.Operacije hernije so ena izmed najbolj pogostih operacij tako v veterinarski kot človeški medicini in na voljo je široka izbira glede mreže, ki jo kirurgi uporabljajo za popravo transverzalne fascije. Primerjali smo dvo-komponentno fibrinsko mrežo TachoSil in polipropilensko mrežo pri rekonstrukciji transverzalne fascije po vstavitvi pod mišični sloj in nad transverzalno fascijo pri podganah. Podganam vrste Fischer je bila vstavljena ali polipropilenska ali fibrinska mrežica pod mišični sloj in nad transverzalno fascijo. 30 dni po posegu so bile podgane žrtvovane, fibrinska ploščica z mrežicama je bila odstranjena ter poslana na histološko analizo. Ugotovili smo, da so podgane z dvo-komponentno mrežico imele manj pooperativnih komplikacij, ter manjšo prisotnost vnetnih celic, kar je povezano z večjo verjetnostjo za uspešno popravilo hernije
Validation of the Slovenian version of the Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale – PPOS: Validacija slovenske različice vprašalnika Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale – PPOS
No full textPurpose: Recent decades have seen the emergence of a healthcare framework that places the patient at the core, giving rise to a novel approach termed patient-centered care (PCC) which emphasizes the importance of understanding and respecting the individual needs, values, and preferences of patients, while promoting active collaboration between patients and healthcare providers at all levels. This approach also addresses the psychological, social, and spiritual needs of patients. Several questionnaires have been developed to measure PCC, among which Krupat’s *Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale* (PPOS) is frequently used.
Methods: Validation of the PPOS questionnaire was conducted in several phases. The translation followed the recommendations of the World Health Organization and the ISPOR guidelines. The process included: translation of the questionnaire into Slovenian by two independent translators, review and harmonization of the translations by experts in the field of family medicine, back-translation of the questionnaire into English, and cultural validation of the questionnaire’s appropriateness. The questionnaire was distributed via email to participating family medicine physicians. This was followed by exploratory factor analysis of the data and an assessment of the scale’s internal consistency.
Results: The questionnaire was completed by 112 family physicians of various ages, working in different environments and practice sizes. Only items 9 and 13 in the questionnaire met the criterion of being “patient-oriented.” “Moderate patient orientation” was observed in item 17. All other items met the criterion of being “practitioner-oriented.” Exploratory factor analysis identified four factors within the scale. The reliability of each of the four factors was assessed. The calculation of Cronbach’s alpha showed acceptable internal consistency for the entire questionnaire (0.724), as well as for factor 1 (0.709) and factor 2 (0.688). For the other two factors, however, low internal consistency was observed (factor 3 = 0.437, factor 4 = 0.437).
Conclusion: The analysis of the results revealed a predominant orientation toward the practitioner. The validation process showed that the Slovenian translation of the questionnaire in its current form is not yet suitable for use. Further adjustments and additional validation are needed to ensure that the questionnaire becomes an appropriate tool for assessing PCC in the Slovenian context.Namen: Koncept zdravstvene oskrbe, ki pacienta postavlja v središče, se je razvil v zadnjih desetletjih. Nov pristop, imenovan oskrba, usmerjen na pacienta, poudarja pomen razumevanja in upoštevanja individualnih potreb, vrednot in želja pacienta ter spodbuja aktivno sodelovanje med pacientom in zdravstvenimi delavci na vseh ravneh. Ta pristop vključuje skrb za psihološke, socialne in duhovne potrebe pacientov. Za merjenje oskrbe, usmerjene na pacienta, je bilo razvitih več vprašalnikov, med katerimi je pogosto uporabljen Krupatov vprašalnik Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS).
Metode: Raziskava validacije vprašalnika PPOS je bila izvedena v več fazah. Prevod PPOS lestvice je potekal v skladu s priporočili Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije in smernicami International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Postopek je vključeval naslednje: prevod vprašalnika v slovenski jezik s strani dveh neodvisnih raziskovalcev, pregled in uskladitev prevodov s strani strokovnjakov, povratni prevod vprašalnika v angleščino in kulturološko preverjanje ustreznosti vprašalnika. Vprašalnik je bil poslan na e-naslove zdravnikov družinske medicine, ki so sodelovali v raziskavi. Sledila je eksploratorna faktorska analiza podatkov in preverjanje notranje skladnosti lestvice.
Rezultati: Vprašalnik je izpolnilo 112 zdravnikov družinske medicine različnih starosti, delovnih okolij in velikosti ambulant. Kriteriju „v pacienta usmerjen“ sta zadostili v vprašalniku samo postavki 9 in 13. „Zmerna usmerjenost v pacienta“ se je pokazala v postavki 17. Vse ostale postavke so izpolnile kriterij „usmerjenosti v zdravnika“. Z eksploratorno faktorsko analizo so bili ugotovljeni štirje faktorji lestvice – za vsakega od teh je bila preverjena zanesljivost. Izračun Cronbach alpha je prikazal sprejemljivo notranjo skladnost za celotni vprašalnik (0,724), prav tako za faktor 1 (0,709) in faktor 2 (0,688), pri drugih dveh faktorjih pa nizko notranjo skladnost (faktor 3 = 0,437, faktor 4 = 0,437). Pri dveh je izračun Cronbach alpha prikazal sprejemljivo notranjo skladnost (faktor 1 = 0,709, faktor 2 = 0,688), pri drugih dveh pa nizko (faktor 3 = 0,437, faktor 4 = 0,437).
Zaključek: Analiza rezultatov je pokazala pretežno usmerjenost v zdravnika. Validacijski postopek je pokazal, da slovenski prevod vprašalnika v trenutni obliki za uporabo ni primeren. Potrebne so nadaljnje prilagoditve in dodatna validacija, da bi bil vprašalnik ustrezno orodje za oceno oskrbe, usmerjene na pacienta, v slovenskem okolju
Ozaveščenost déležnikov o inkluzivnem izobraževanju
Full text linkThis paper examines the level of awareness among stakeholders about inclusive education. The sample comprises thirty school heads, 108 class teachers, forty-four parents, and twenty-eight School Management Committee members. A thirty-item self-constructed awareness questionnaire was administered for data collection, and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings indicate that stakeholders are highly aware of inclusive education and that parents are the most aware among all categories of stakeholders. In terms of gender, female stakeholders proved to be more aware than their male counterparts. An influence of educational qualifications on awareness level is visible since stakeholders with a higher level of education demonstrated higher levels of awareness.
V prispevku preučujemo stopnjo ozaveščenosti déležnikov o inkluzivnem izobraževanju. Vzorec obsega 30 ravnateljev šol, 108 razrednikov, 44 staršev in 28 članov vodstvenih komisij šol. Za zbiranje podatkov smo uporabili vprašalnik o ozaveščenosti s tridesetimi točkami. Podatki so analizirani z uporabo deskriptivne statistike. Ugotovitve kažejo, da so déležniki visoko ozaveščeni o inkluzivnem izobraževanju, kjer so med vsemi kategorijami déležnikov najbolj ozaveščeni starši. Kar zadeva spol, ugotovljamo, da so ženske bolj ozaveščene kot moški. Vpliv izobrazbene kvalifikacije na stopnjo ozaveščenosti je viden, saj so déležniki z višjo stopnjo izobrazbe izkazali višjo ozaveščenost
Inkluzivnost in pravičnost poklicnega strokovnega izobraževanja
Full text linkTwo decades ago, the Index for Inclusion was developed. It defines inclusion at three levels (policy, culture and practice) and can be linked to a multidimensional understanding of equity that complements redistribution with recognition, representation, and relationality as presented in the article. The research is based on an analysis of the responses of teachers, counsellors, and principals of vocational education and training (VET) schools. The main question is how inclusion and equity are implemented in VET. Redistributive justice is most frequently being implemented, followed by relationality. Representation and recognition are ranked lower. The findings require reflection on the present inclusiveness and equity of the VET system.Pred dvema desetletjema je bil oblikovan indeks inkluzije, ki jo opredeli na treh ravneh (to so politika, kultura in praksa) in je povezan z večdimenzionalnim razumevanjem pravičnosti, ki pravično prerazporeditev dopolni s pripoznanjem, zastopanostjo in soodvisnostjo, kar je predstavljeno v članku. Raziskava temelji na analizi odgovorov učiteljev, svetovalnih delavcev in ravnateljev poklicnih in strokovnih šol. Glavno vprašanje je, kako se inkluzija in pravičnost udejanjata v poklicnih in strokovnih šolah. V najvišji meri se udejanja redistributivna pravičnost, sledi soodvisnost, zastopanost in pripoznanje pa sta ovrednotena nižje. Ugotovitve zahtevajo premislek o trenutni inkluzivnosti in pravičnosti vzgojno-izobraževalnega sistema na ravni poklicnega in strokovnega izobraževanja