Journal of Law and Sustainable Development
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ASSET MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LISTED PHARMACEUTICAL FIRMS IN NIGERIA
No full textObjective: The main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of Assets Management on Financial Performance of listed Pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the effect of account receivables turnover ratio, inventory turnover ratio, non-current asset turnover ratio, cash to turnover ratio and prepayments turnover ratio on the profit for the year of listed pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria.
Theoretical Framework: The main theoretical underpin to this study is the assets profitability theory that held that tradeoff between the several components of the current and noncurrent assets has several implication for the risk, bankruptcy cost and the performance of the firm.
Method: The study adopted ex-post facto design. Data were generated from the audited financial reports of the eight selected listed pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria from 2010 to 2021. The data was analyezd using Fit-Generalized-Least Square (FGLS) Multiple Regression Model of Stata 14.2.
Results: The results revealed that the inventory turnover ratio and noncurrent assets to turnover ratio exhibited significant negative effects on profit to turnover ratio; account receivables to turnover ratio, cash to turnover ratio and prepayment to turnover ratio displayed an insignificant negative effect on profit to turnover ratio. This implies that the asseis management strategies of the listed pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria is currently inefficient and impact negatively on the their financial performance.
Research Implications: This study has exposed an internal management inefficiencies that contributed to the poor financial performance of the Pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria. Using the concept of asset profitability theory to moderate the assets management ratios modelled in this study in the firms will help to reposition the liquidity and profitability positions of the firms
Originality/Value: This study used the profit to turnover ratio as a dependent variable. This variable closed the gap between profitability and efficiency in the use of company resources to generate turnover as well as profit and a deviation from traditional measures (return on assets, return on equity and earnings per share) which has dominated the financial performance research. The study widened the scope of assets management research in Nigeria and Pharmaceutical firms in particular
WRITING AN ARTICLE IN LEGAL SCIENCES IN ENGLISH IN ALGERIAN JOURNALS: BETWEEN CORRECT EDITING STEPS AND COMMON MISTAKES MADE BY RESEARCHERS
No full textObjective: This study examines the implications of the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research's 2022 decision to adopt English as the language of instruction in higher education. It focuses on the pedagogical motivations behind this shift and its impact on academic publishing, particularly in legal sciences.
Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in the global trend of English as the dominant language of science and academia. It considers the role of English in enhancing the visibility and impact of research, especially in disciplines like legal studies, where international engagement is crucial.
Method: The study analyzes the publication trends in Algerian academic journals categorized as “A,” “B,” and “C.” It examines how authors approach English-language publishing, particularly the common practice of translating articles from Arabic rather than writing them directly in English.
Results and Discussion: Findings indicate that while English-language publication is encouraged to increase journal impact factors, many authors struggle with translation, leading to linguistic errors and unintended plagiarism due to a high citation rate. Additionally, most references used by researchers remain in languages other than English, which affects the integration of their work into the global academic discourse.
Research Implications: The study highlights the need for improved academic writing and translation support for Algerian researchers. It suggests that training in English writing, rather than relying on translation, could enhance research quality and reduce issues related to citation and plagiarism.
Originality/Value: This research provides insight into the challenges and consequences of transitioning to English in Algerian higher education. It contributes to discussions on language policy, academic publishing practices, and the need for institutional support to ensure a successful shift to English-medium instruction and research
LEGAL STUDY OF EVIDENCE OF DOMESTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE IN INDONESIA
No full textObjective: This study aims to discuss the process of proving domestic violence psychologically, which must find elements of the act that can be used as justification and as a reason for someone to be convicted or subject to criminal sanctions. Proof of a crime is needed for the benefit of the judge in examining and deciding cases of criminal events concretely carried out by the perpetrator.
Theoretical Framework: the main concept and theory underlying this study is the System or Theory of Proof Based on the Judge's Belief for Logical Reasons (Conviction In Raisone), and accepted by common sense. In addition, the Theory of Proof Based on Positive Law (Positive Wettwlijks Theode). This system deals directly with the perpetrator within a specified time, because this system adheres to the principle of the defendant's guilt based on the absence of valid evidence according to law that can be used to prove the defendant's guilt.
Method: This study adopts a normative legal method using secondary data. The research data mainly consists of primary and secondary legal sources. Data was obtained using literature research. The analysis was carried out using a qualitative approach. Results and Discussion: The results of this study indicate that judges can actually believe that the criminal event of domestic violence psychologically occurred, on the basis that there is evidence of the crime that occurred and the evidence in question is the psychiatric Visum et Repertum which is needed as valid evidence, in order to support the disclosure of the reasons why someone is proven to have committed the crime of domestic violence psychologically.
Research Implications: Concepts and its implementation are to find at least two or more pieces of evidence or witness statements that meet legal requirements. because if the evidence submitted by the public prosecutor only consists of one witness without being accompanied by statements from other witnesses or other evidence (unus testis nullus testis) or a single statement cannot be considered sufficient evidence to prove the defendant's guilt.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature on a good understanding of how to obtain the evidence needed for the purposes of examining criminal cases, which law enforcers are often faced with certain problems that cannot be resolved alone because they are beyond their abilities or expertise
BRIDGING THE ACCOUNTABILITY GAP: ALIGNING EVALUATION AND AUDITING TO IMPROVE MUNICIPAL PERFORMANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA
No full textObjective: This paper examines the persistent inefficiencies in South African municipalities, focusing on financial management, procurement, and service delivery. Despite numerous recommendations from key oversight bodies such as AGSA, PSC, and DPME, these inefficiencies continue to persist. The primary objective of this study is to propose a Unified Oversight Framework (UOF) that integrates evaluation and auditing functions at the municipal level, which can enhance performance and accountability in local governance.
Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in three key theoretical frameworks: New Public Management (NPM), which emphasizes efficiency and accountability in public administration; Principal-Agent Theory, which examines the relationship between municipalities (agents) and oversight bodies (principals), and Public Value Theory, which focuses on creating value for the public through transparent, accountable, and effective public service delivery.
Method: This research employs a qualitative case study approach, analyzing publicly available reports from key oversight bodies such as AGSA and PSC spanning from 2010 to 2024. Document analysis is used to identify recurring themes, inefficiencies, and recommendations that are not being effectively implemented at the municipal level. The study includes a comparative analysis to identify how these recommendations align or conflict with each other across different years and municipalities.
Results and Discussion: The analysis reveals persistent inefficiencies in municipalities, particularly in financial oversight, procurement processes, and infrastructure management. The findings highlight the lack of a coordinated approach between auditing and evaluation functions. While both AGSA and PSC offer valuable recommendations, their fragmented implementation undermines the effectiveness of the oversight process. The study demonstrates that a coordinated framework integrating evaluation and auditing can improve accountability, provide clearer guidance to municipalities, and enhance service delivery. The Unified Oversight Framework (UOF) is proposed to harmonize audit and evaluation functions, thereby improving governance and fostering long-term improvements in municipal performance.
Research Implications: This research provides insights into the benefits of integrated oversight and contributes to both theoretical debates and practical policy development in public governance. The findings suggest potential legislative reforms and capacity-building initiatives to support the implementation of the framework.
Originality/Value: This paper presents an original approach to municipal oversight by integrating traditionally separate auditing and evaluation functions. It contributes significantly to the academic literature and offers a viable path for improving local governance in South Africa through coordinated oversight mechanisms
ARBITRATION IN DISPUTES OVER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC PROCUREMENT (COMPARATIVE STUDY)
No full textObjective: This study aims to clarify the nature and specificity of arbitration in disputes related to the implementation of international public procurement, both in terms of the justifications for resorting to it, and in terms of the basis of its legitimacy within the framework of the provisions of the Civil and Administrative Procedures Law and the Civil Law regulating international commercial arbitration, on the one hand, and to compare it with the Public Procurement Law, on the other hand, and to extract the extent of its compatibility and effectiveness in settling disputes arising therefrom.
Methods: The historical approach was adopted to address the stages of historical development of the subject of arbitration in disputes over the implementation of international public contracts, in addition to the analytical approach with the aim of delving into the research as deeply as possible by collecting data and information contained in legal texts, judicial rulings and jurisprudential opinions, and analyzing, linking and harmonizing them. Meanwhile, the comparative approach was used to clarify the points of agreement and disagreement in some comparative legislation, particularly in Algeria and France.
Results and Discussion: This study presents solutions to enhance recourse to arbitration in disputes related to the implementation of international public procurement, particularly by strengthening the will of the parties at various stages of arbitration, so that they have a decisive role in determining arbitration procedures. It also supports this legal mechanism with guarantees for the benefit of the foreign economic operator within the scope of its legal relationship with the contracting authority, and regulates it by including it in independent legal texts that reflect its importance.
Conclusion: The researcher attempted to shed light on the issue of arbitration in disputes related to the implementation of international public contracts, as one of the most important alternative means, given its numerous advantages that encourage parties to the transaction to resort to it to resolve disputes related to their financial rights arising during the implementation phase, by examining its concept, its legitimacy and effectiveness, and the controls that govern and regulate it
THE EFFORTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN PROMOTING THE TRANSFER OF MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY IN THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
No full textObjective: This study aims to analyze the measures undertaken by the UN to support developing countries in exploiting their marine renewable energy (MRE) resources from their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) to promote development while reducing world energy poverty.
Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in international legal and institutional frameworks, such as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Paris Agreement, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all focusing on technology transfer, protection of the environment, and fair sharing of marine resources.
Method: This analysis utilizes a qualitative legal analytical approach in analyzing principal UN legal documents and institutional structures, such as the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) and the Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) initiative. Case studies in Mauritius, Vietnam, Brazil, and Namibia form part of this study. Data include formal United Nations documents, academic writing, and international organization technical reports.
Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the UN has established legal and institutional frameworks for the transfer of marine renewable energy technology. However, its implementation is inhibited by insufficient binding mechanisms for implementation, the existence of financial and technical constraints, as well as limited cooperation between North and South. These challenges are discussed in light of energy justice and blue economy governance for sustainability.
Research Implications: This study emphasizes that commitments to law need to be turned into practical mechanisms for realization. It makes concrete suggestions for enhancing international cooperation, models for financing, as well as developing countries.
Originality/Value: This study links legal analysis to policy practice and informs international discourse on the governance of marine technologies. This work provides new ideas to address institutional challenges and practical alternatives to ensure an equitable and sustainable energy transition process
LA NATURALEZA Y LOS ANIMALES NO HUMANOS COMO SUJETOS DE DERECHO
No full textObjetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el estatus jurídico de los animales no humanos en Ecuador, evidenciando la contradicción entre el artículo 585 del Código Civil, que los considera bienes muebles, y la Constitución de 2008, que reconoce a la naturaleza y sus elementos —incluidos los animales— como sujetos de derechos.
Marco Teórico: La investigación se apoya en tres corrientes fundamentales. La primera, de carácter tradicional, concibe a los animales como objetos patrimoniales sin valor intrínseco. La segunda los reconoce como seres sintientes, lo cual implica cierto grado de protección jurídica basada en su capacidad de experimentar dolor. La tercera y más avanzada los reconoce como sujetos de derechos diferenciados, destacando su valor inherente como parte de la naturaleza. Este marco teórico se nutre de doctrinas jurídicas modernas, jurisprudencia ecuatoriana e internacional, y principios del constitucionalismo biocéntrico.
Método: Se utiliza un enfoque cualitativo, con metodología dogmático-jurídica. El análisis incluye el contraste entre el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano y experiencias comparadas como el Código Civil francés y las directrices de la Unión Europea.
Resultados y Discusión: Se identifica un vacío legislativo que limita la aplicación efectiva del reconocimiento constitucional. Sentencias como “Mona Estrellita” evidencian avances desde la jurisprudencia, pero sin respaldo normativo estructurado. Esta contradicción refleja un rezago legislativo frente a una Constitución progresista.
Implicaciones de la Investigación: Se plantea la urgencia de reformas legales que armonicen el marco jurídico con la Constitución, reconociendo a los animales como parte esencial de la naturaleza.
Originalidad/Valor: El estudio aporta una perspectiva biocéntrica que promueve una evolución normativa más justa e inclusiva hacia los animales no humanos como sujetos de derecho
PLAN ESTRATÉGICO COMO APORTE A LA GESTIÓN EMPRESARIAL SOSTENIBLE DEL EMPRENDIMIENTO “BEBBAMBURG” EN BARQUERO, CHONE
No full textIntroduccion: La investigación se centró en un plan estratégico como aporte a la gestión empresarial sostenible del emprendimiento Bebbamburg en la comunidad de Barquero, Chone, Manabí-Ecuador.
Objetivo: El objetivo fue desarrollar un diagnóstico organizacional que sirviera como base para un plan estratégico que aporte a la gestión empresarial sostenible de Rancho Bebbamburg.
Marco Teórico: Como parte de los antecedentes investigativos, se encontró una investigación realizada por Valle Ospino & Niebles Núñez (2017) titulada “Planificación estratégica como instrumento de la sostenibilidad ambiental en Pymes de Barranquilla, Colombia”. Los resultados de este estudio han concluido la importancia de incorporar estándares internacionales de sostenibilidad en la planificación estratégica donde Robles Mendoza & Carreño Arteaga (2020) en su investigación concluyen que la planeación estratégica es fundamental para el éxito de cualquier organización.
Método: La metodología adoptada comprendió métodos descriptivos con un enfoque mixto, cualitativo y cuantitativo; métodos teóricos, inductivo–deductivo, analítico-sintético, histórico–lógico. Las técnicas prácticas como el FODA, matrices MEFE y MEFI, mapa estratégico, filosofía empresarial y plan de acción.
Resultados y Discusión: Como resultado se pudo evidenciar las fortalezas, debilidades, reconocer el impacto negativo y positivo, tanto interno como externo, conocer a los competidores directos .De acuerdo a Leguizamón (2020) el ejercicio FODA se define como un proceso para llegar a identificar de forma sistemática, tanto las oportunidades como las amenazas que se prevén en el futuro, con el fin de poder explotar las primeras y llegar a evitar las segundas.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas y teóricas de esta investigación, evidenciando como estas herramientas del marketing facilitan arrojar resultados estratégicos de gestión.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio evidenció como las herramientas como la FODA, matrices MEFE y MEFI, mapa estratégico, filosofía empresarial y plan de acción aportaron a la comprensión del diagnóstico
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A LEVER OF ATTRACTIVENESS FOR FUTURE LAWYERS
No full textObjective of the Study: This study attempts to analyze the application of artificial intelligence in the legal profession, and to shed light on the use of AI tools in these professions and to share our point of view on its impact on applicable legislation.
Methodology/Approach: A methodology based on the analysis of legislation in various legal professions, which argues for the need to adapt to the development of AI tools. A problem is then based on doctrinal deduction.
Originality/Approach: This study shows the effects of AI on legal professions and the adaptation of professionals to technological tools in compliance with applicable legislation.
Key findings: Various applications of artificial intelligence are being used in the legal profession, such as Legal Tech, which aims to improve the activities of legal professionals. Different legislation applies to it, and various issues arise regarding compliance with ethical principles and the regulatory framework.
Theoretical/Methodical Contributions: identify the applications of artificial intelligence and their impact on improving the justice service.
Social/Management Contributions: necessity to establish good training for legal professionals
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING ON REVENUE ENHANCEMENT IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES: A CASE STUDY IN WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
No full textObjective: This study aims to critically analyze the impact of strategic digital marketing implementation on revenue enhancement for private universities in West Java, Indonesia. It seeks to evaluate the efficacy of various digital channels—including social media, content marketing, and SEO—in driving student enrollment and ensuring long-term financial sustainability within an increasingly competitive higher education landscape.
Theoretical Framework: This study is grounded in Resource-Based View (RBV) and CRM theory, framing digital marketing as a core strategic asset. It argues that a data-driven digital strategy is a fundamental competency for gaining a sustainable competitive advantage, which drives enrollment, loyalty, and ultimately, financial resilience.
Method: A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative trend analysis of national and regional enrollment data from 1970-2023 with qualitative insights derived from in-depth interviews with marketing professionals at five purposively selected private universities in West Java. This design facilitated a comprehensive triangulation of statistical patterns with experiential data on strategy, challenges, and perceived ROI.
Results and Discussion: The analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between digital marketing adoption and revenue growth. Quantitative data confirms sustained enrollment expansion, while qualitative findings demonstrate that data-driven strategies yield superior outcomes: digital marketing achieved a 420% ROI, significantly outperforming traditional methods (150% ROI). Email and content marketing emerged as the most effective channels for conversion (7.2% and 5.5%, respectively) and ROI (720% and 580%), while social media excelled in reach and engagement.
Research Implications: This study recommends that universities allocate budgets in a digital-first manner, focusing on high-return-to-investment channels. Administrators should invest in analytics and CRM systems to increase student enrollment and improve the financial resilience of their institutions.
Originality/Value: This study provides novel empirical evidence with specific financial metrics from emerging markets. Its original value lies in its strategic framework, which transforms management theory into actionable budgetary and tactical guidance