Journal of Law and Sustainable Development
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THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN AMENDING THE CONTENT OF THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT
No full textObjective: The study aims to accurately diagnose the concepts of the right to development and the activities of international financial institutions, highlighting the transformations brought about by globalization and the emergence of new actors in the field of protecting/violating the right to development, which is a composite right that requires state intervention to be realized.
Theoretical Framwork: Since the state is the main duty bearer in the area of the right to development, this study is based on the idea that globalization, which is the process of removing state barriers to permit the free flow of capital, trade, and production, invariably affects the right to development. Many crucial services that are closely linked to this right are being replaced by international actors like the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, and the International Monetary Fund as a result of globalization, which raises many concerns about the accountability of these organizations that do not place a high priority on human rights issues.
Results and Discussions: The idea is that while the actions of international financial institutions do not inherently conflict with the right to development, they run the risk of undermining the central status that international instruments grant to the right to development if they are not supplemented by suitable additional policies. This is especially true for cultural, social, and economic rights. By taking away governments' economic sovereignty, the "restructuring and reform" strategies now promoted by international financial institutions infringe upon the right to development.
Research Implications: According to the rise of actors both above and below the nation-state, globalization appears to be a process of changing international data. By influencing the international institutional framework for the protection of human rights, the globalization of human rights assumes an institutional dimension that aims to create stable international principles that define the nature of state roles, the relationship between states, and the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, the globalization of human rights takes on a normative dimension that aims to influence the human rights value system by redefining the ideas of humanity and rights to meet the demands of a globalized society.
Originality/Value: It is important to highlight the abundance of scholarly works that discuss the ideas of the right to development and the operations of global financial institutions independently. Finding a relationship between the two factors in a single study is uncommon, though. Moreover, research on the right to development frequently restates international human rights declarations without offering a theoretical or practical basis for the right to development in practice. Without making an effort to connect the two ideas in the body of the article, the reviewed papers just include them in the title. Furthermore, legal studies hardly ever discuss the relationship between the actions of international financial organizations and the right to development
ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPORT FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AS A GATEWAY TO DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AND ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
No full textObjectives: This study aims to highlight the strategic role of entrepreneurial support in enhancing university students' capacities and empowering them to establish effective startups.
Methods: By analyzing the activities of business incubators, the study explores how structured entrepreneurial support influences student development and startup formation.
Results: The findings reveal that such support contributes to the development of cognitive, technical, and relational skills. It also helps students overcome fear and transform their ideas into tangible projects.
Conclusion: The study emphasizes that entrepreneurial support serves as a vital mechanism for achieving comprehensive development. It is particularly effective through its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including quality education, economic growth, innovation, and multi-stakeholder partnerships
JUSTICIA RESTAURATIVA Y DERECHOS HUMANOS: UNA ALTERNATIVA REAL FRENTE AL COLAPSO DEL SISTEMA PENAL EN VENEZUELA
No full textObjetivo: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la viabilidad de la Justicia Restaurativa como una alternativa real frente al colapso del sistema penal venezolano, considerando los retos estructurales del retardo judicial, hacinamiento carcelario, falta de recursos y ausencia de independencia judicial.
Marco Teórico: Se fundamenta en el enfoque de derechos humanos y en los Principios Básicos sobre la Utilización de Programas de Justicia Restaurativa en Materia Penal, complementados con perspectivas doctrinarias del derecho penal, criminología crítica y teorías de resolución pacífica de conflictos.
Método: La investigación adopta un enfoque cualitativo, de tipo documental y análisis crítico-jurídico, empleando fuentes normativas nacionales e internacionales, estudios académicos y evidencia empírica sobre el sistema penal venezolano.
Resultados y Discusión: Los hallazgos muestran que el sistema penal actual no garantiza la reparación a las víctimas ni la reintegración social del infractor, generando un ciclo de impunidad y desconfianza institucional. Se discute cómo la mediación penal, la conciliación y otros procesos restaurativos pueden ofrecer soluciones más humanas, efectivas, eficaces y participativas.
Implicaciones de la investigación: El estudio sugiere la necesidad de implementar políticas públicas restaurativas, formación especializada de facilitadores y supervisión judicial de los acuerdos, como vías para transformar el sistema penal.
Originalidad/Valor: El trabajo aporta una propuesta integral y jurídicamente fundamentada para reorientar la justicia penal venezolana hacia un modelo restaurativo, humanista y alineado con estándares internacionales de derechos humanos
CULTURAL DISPARITIES IN LEADERSHIP: UNMASKING THE FAÇADE OF COMPASSION IN THE WORKPLACE
No full textObjectives: This study aims to explore disparities in leadership behaviour in a multicultural workplace and its impact on employee morale and organisational performance.
Theoretical Framework: The study is underpinned on Social Identity Theory and Cultural Intelligence. This theories provides a ground to explaining group-based biases and favoritism, as well as the competencies required for effective leadership in diverse environments.
Method: The study employs a case study approach, analyzing the professional relationship between two individuals in a multicultural organization. It examines real-life instances of selective empathy and favoritism to provide insights into cross-cultural leadership dynamics.
Results and Discussion: The findings revealed significant disparities in leadership practices, with selective empathy and favoritism negatively affect employee morale and organizational trust. The study discusses the implications of these practices on employee turnover and organizational productivity, emphasizing the need for inclusive and culturally intelligent leadership.
Research Implications: The study underscores the importance of fostering inclusive leadership and enhancing cultural intelligence to mitigate biases and foster equity in multicultural workplaces. These findings are also critical for organizations aiming to achieve diversity-driven growth. It also aligns with SDG 8 on decent work and economic growth.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to literature on cross-cultural workplace. It brings a unique perspective on the darker facets of leadership within multicultural settings while providing actionable insights for leaders and organizations to navigate cultural disparities effectively
FIVE DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT OF RICE RESEARCH IN SWAMPLANDS: USING BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
No full textObjective: This study aims to critically evaluate the evolution of rice research in swampland environments over the past 50 years using bibliometric analysis. It seeks to understand publication trends, identify leading authors, examine emerging research topics, and explore institutional associations related to rice farming in marsh areas.
Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in the principles of bibliometric analysis, which provide a systematic approach to examining trends, patterns, and networks within academic literature. This framework highlights the intersection of agricultural research and environmental science, focusing on the unique challenges and opportunities in swampland rice cultivation.
Method: Data were collected from the Scopus database, focusing on publications from 1955 to 2024, primarily academic articles written in English. The analysis included trends in publication volume, identification of key authors and institutions, keyword co-occurrence, and patterns of collaboration among researchers and institutions.
Results and Discussion: The analysis reveals a significant increase in publications since the 1970s, with a sharp rise in the last two decades, indicating growing recognition of the importance of swamplands in global rice production. Leading authors are predominantly affiliated with Asian universities, emphasizing Asia's critical role in rice science. Keyword analysis highlights central themes such as flood resilience, soil management, climate change adaptation, and nitrogen-use efficiency. Collaborative networks among authors and institutions demonstrate strong interdisciplinary and international dynamics.
Research Implications: The findings underscore the need to enhance global collaborative efforts, adopt interdisciplinary research approaches, and increase funding for researcher training and technological advancements. These strategies are vital for addressing global challenges related to food security and climate change, particularly in swampland rice production.
Originality/Value: This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric overview of rice research in swampland areas, addressing a critical gap in understanding historical and current trends. It offers valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and agricultural practitioners, contributing to sustainable rice production strategies in the face of global environmental and food security challenges
ANALYSIS OF LAND SUITABILITY FOR LOWLAND RICE COMMODITIES USING THE GIS-MCDA METHOD
No full textObjective: To investigate land suitability for rice by considering the matching of weighting and scoring results and map overlay to obtain land suitability classes and assess land suitability to existing rice fields.
Theoretical Framework: Rice is a staple food critical to Indonesia's food security. Its increasing demand is driven by population growth. Despite its importance, rice productivity in the area remains below the national average, necessitating innovative approaches to land use optimization.
Method: The analysis employed GIS-based MCDA, combining primary data from farmer surveys with secondary data, including soil, elevation, slope, and land use maps. The parameters influencing suitability—such as soil type, depth, texture, pH, and proximity to water sources and roads—were weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process.
Results and Discussion: The results reveal significant variability in expert perspectives: farmers prioritize water proximity, academics and researchers emphasize soil type, and government officials focus on soil depth. The majority of the area (79.60%) is marginally suitable, 16.69% is moderately suitable, and 3.71% is unsuitable. Existing paddy fields are predominantly under the S3 class, with profitability indicated by an R/C ratio of 1.68.
Research Implications: Soil type is the most influential parameter on land suitability, while proximity to roads is the parameter with the least influence. The opportunity for developing lowland rice is large because the use of suitable land is ≤ 1% compared to the availability of suitable land. The R/C ratio value of 1.68 indicates that the development of lowland rice in this area is promising
HOW TO REGULATE ELECTRICITY: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ENERGY TRANSITION
No full textObjective: The objective of this study is to propose alternative structures for the regulation of electricity, taking into account new variables posed by the energy transition.
Theoretical Framework: This article is grounded mainly in scholarly literature from law and economics, corporate law, regulatory law and collective action theories, but places them in a new perspective with the support of ESG and energy transition literature.
Method: The main methodology adopted for this study was review and discussion of scholarly work.
Results and Discussion: The results obtained indicate that the traditional models proposed to deal with energy regulation are insufficient to address new challenges broguth by energy transition, and proposes a new, innovative model based on a shared-ownership structure.
Research Implications: The study´s implications are significant for policymakers, private agents in the energy sector and, also, for governmental agents in the sector. The regulatory model proposed has implications for the relationship between public goods and the regulation of energy, as well as for the relationship between the general public and the directions of energy policy and governance.
Originality and Value: This study contributes to the literature by proposing an innovative regulatory model, which build upon previous studies in the fields of energy regulation, corporate governance and collective action
SPECIAL METHODS FOR TERMINATING A COMMERCIAL AGENCY CONTRACT
No full textObjectives: The commercial agency contract is a contract based on personal consideration, meaning that the personalities of both parties (the principal and the commercial agent) are taken into account when concluding it.
Methods: The contract is structured in such a way that the legal existence of both parties is essential for its continuation. Any change in the legal status of either party affects the validity of the contract.
Results: The collapse of personal consideration results in the legal disappearance of one of the contracting parties, leading to the termination of the contract.
Conclusion: A commercial agency contract terminates upon the death of the principal or the commercial agent. It also ends in cases of incapacity or bankruptcy of either party
ECOLOGÍA DE LA POLINIZACIÓN DE LA CASTAÑA AMAZÓNICA (Bertholletia excelsa): UN ESTUDIO SOBRE LA INTERACCIÓN ENTRE ABEJAS Y ÁRBOLES EN LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA
No full textObjetivo: Investigar los hábitos de nidificación de las abejas polinizadoras Bombus transversalis y Xylocopa frontalis en árboles de castaña (Bertholletia excelsa) en una concesión castañera en Madre de Dios, Perú.
Marco Teórico: La castaña amazónica (Bertholletia excelsa) es una especie nativa de gran importancia económica y ecológica. Su polinización depende de abejas especializadas, como Bombus transversalis y Xylocopa frontalis. La disminución en la producción de castaña se ha atribuido, entre otras causas, a la falta de polinización.
Método: Se realizó un estudio en una concesión castañera de 776 hectáreas en Madre de Dios. Se identificaron y georreferenciaron 38 árboles de castaña y 144 nidos de abejas polinizadoras. Se registraron datos sobre la ubicación, tipo de nido, especies de árboles hospederos y distancia de los nidos a los árboles de castaña.
Resultados: Se encontró una densidad de 4 nidos de abejas polinizadoras por árbol de castaña. 57 nidos de Bombus transversalis se encontraron en el suelo, y 87 nidos de Xylocopa frontalis se encontraron en árboles muertos de 16 especies forestales. El 45% de las especies de árboles hospederos pertenecían a la familia Fabaceae. Los nidos se encontraron con mayor frecuencia entre 60 y 90 metros de distancia de los árboles de castaña.
Implicaciones: Este estudio proporciona información valiosa sobre los hábitos de nidificación de las abejas polinizadoras de la castaña, lo cual es fundamental para el manejo y conservación de esta especie. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de proteger los hábitats de nidificación de estas abejas, así como las especies de árboles hospederos.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio es uno de los primeros en investigar los hábitos de nidificación de las abejas polinizadoras de la castaña en la Amazonía peruana. Los resultados contribuyen a la comprensión de la ecología de polinización de esta especie y pueden ser utilizados para desarrollar estrategias de manejo sostenible de los bosques de castaña
EFFORTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION IN ADDRESSING CYBER THREATS
No full textObjective: This study aims to examine the protective measures provided by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for civil aviation in accordance with various relevant agreements in the cyber domain, including international agreements such as the Protocol on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts at Airports Serving Civil Aviation, annexed to the Montreal Convention of 1987, as well as regional agreements, in particular the European Commission Implementing Regulation No. 2019/1583. In addition, the study will clarify IATA's strategy for addressing cyber threats, emphasizing the need for cooperation between States and various governmental and non-governmental organizations.
Theoretical Framework: The study is based on the main legal foundations directly and indirectly related to the cyber domain, which provide essential guarantees for the protection of the principle of air navigation safety against threats it may face, such as attacks on air traffic control networks and ticketing systems. This protection is supported by one of the most important active mechanisms for the protection of civil aviation: The International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Method: A qualitative research approach will be used, focusing primarily on all international legislation related to the protection of civil aviation from cyber threats. Subsequently, IATA's efforts to address potential cybercrime threats to civil aviation will be examined.
Results and Discussion: The research findings will highlight the extent to which IATA is contributing to the protection of civil aviation from cyber threats. It will also highlight the need for international and regional cooperation within the IATA framework to maintain the security of civil aviation in different countries.
Research Implications: The findings of this research have significant implications for various stakeholders, including international law scholars, policy makers, civil aviation security officials, and individuals who use civil aircraft. The thorough analysis of the topic confirms that this is one of the most important studies contributing to the development of strategies to protect civil aircraft from cybercrime.
Originality/Value: This study is considered to be one of the most important recent works dealing with the cyber threats that civil aviation may face. Through the analysis of international and regional agreements, it highlights the need for international cooperation to protect civil aviation from cyber threats