Journal of Law and Sustainable Development
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VIETNAMESE LAW ON THE LIMITATION OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PURPOSES
No full textObjective: This article aims to study the limitations of freedom of contract for the purpose of sustainable development, focusing on the analysis of three key areas: environmental protection, protection of workers' rights, and assurance of corporate social responsibility.
Theoretical Framework: The research draws upon theories of freedom of contract, sustainable development, and corporate social responsibility. The principles of Vietnamese civil law, labor law, and environmental law, along with international instruments such as ILO Conventions, the Paris Agreement, and ESG standards, serve as the theoretical foundation for this study.
Method: The article employs the method of analysis and synthesis of international and national legal documents, combined with comparative law methods and evaluation of practical application. Sources include current legislation, international conventions, and relevant academic research.
Results and Discussion: The study reveals that Vietnamese law has established a regulatory system limiting freedom of contract to protect the environment, workers' rights, and promote corporate social responsibility. However, shortcomings remain regarding clarity, feasibility, and the effectiveness of enforcement. These limitations have had a positive impact on protecting community interests and steering sustainable development, while also posing challenges for enterprises in terms of costs, flexibility, and compliance pressures.
Research Implications: The article proposes improvements to the legal framework to enhance transparency and consistency across various statutes, clarify the concept of legal prohibitions and social ethics, and strengthen enforcement capacity to ensure that limitations on contractual freedom effectively contribute to Vietnam’s sustainable development goals.
Originality/Value: This research contributes to the theoretical framework on freedom of contract by clarifying the relationship between the principle of freedom of contract and the requirement of sustainable development. It also offers specific recommendations to address current legal gaps. The study serves as a useful reference for policy-making and the improvement of contract law in the context of globalization and increasing demands for sustainable development
METHODS AND FORMS OF MOBILIZATION MEASURES UNDER MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE
No full textObjective: The purpose of this study is to define the main forms and methods used for implementation of mobilization measures under the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine.
Theoretical Framework: The study is based on the principles of administrative law and also complies with the regulatory framework of Ukrainian legislation. The basis for the study was the following legislative acts: For the study, a number of the normative legal acts were used, including the Constitution of Ukraine (1996), the Criminal Code of Ukraine (2001), the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses (1984), the Law of Ukraine On Mobilization Training and Mobilization (1993).
Method: the article used methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparison. Sources include current legislation, international conventions, and relevant academic research.
Results and Discussion: The study results show that the fundamental form of mobilization measures conducting is legislative activity. In order to implement the legal provisions, there is a system of state bodies that ensure the implementation of mobilization measures. Specifically, the territorial recruitment and social support centers conduct document verification measures, make decisions on mobilization and deferment of persons liable for military service, also decide on the liability of persons who violate the rules of mobilization. Moreover, the study identifies the leading methods used for implementation of mobilization measures, which are persuasion and coercion.
Research Implications: The article proposes to improve the mobilization mechanism taking into account the challenges of war. The state is trying to implement new approaches and methods of carrying out mobilization measures in order to adapt to new realities. However, it is evident that all innovations in the mobilization processes require detailed study and generalization.
Originality/Value: The study contributes to theoretical research on the mobilization process under martial law. The study reveals the main forms and methods by which conscription is carried out, reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the use of conscription support
MECHANISMS FOR PROTECTING THE PERSONAL DATA OF THE ELECTRONIC CONSUMER IN ALGERIAN LAW (BETWEEN LEGAL TEXTS AND ACTUAL APPLICATION)
No full textObjectives: This study aims to examine the legal mechanisms available in Algerian legislation that provide protection for electronic consumers, with a specific focus on safeguarding their personal data and the security of payment card transactions. The study seeks to highlight the legal vulnerabilities of consumers in electronic contracts and explore how existing laws address these risks.
Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in the principles of consumer protection law, data privacy, and cybersecurity. It explores the concept of the “electronic consumer” as the weaker contractual party in e-commerce and relies on theories related to digital rights, consent, and obligations of electronic service providers. The framework also draws on international legal standards, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), to assess the alignment and adequacy of Algerian legislation.
Method: The study adopts a descriptive and analytical legal approach, analyzing relevant Algerian legal texts, including consumer protection laws, data protection statutes, and cybercrime legislation. It involves a critical review of statutory provisions and case law (where available) to assess the extent to which these laws protect electronic consumers’ personal data and payment methods.
Results and Discussion: The analysis reveals that Algerian legislation recognizes the need to protect electronic consumers, especially concerning the handling of personal data and the security of payment transactions. Legal texts mandate that electronic suppliers safeguard consumer information and implement secure electronic payment systems. However, challenges persist in terms of enforcement, legal clarity, and consumer awareness. The study finds that although legislative progress has been made, there is a need for more comprehensive, technology-specific updates and mechanisms to effectively prevent and respond to electronic fraud and data breaches.
Research Implications: This research underscores the importance of continuously updating national legislation in response to evolving digital threats and consumer vulnerabilities. It also provides a foundation for policymakers and legal scholars to evaluate the effectiveness of current legal protections and to consider harmonization with international standards for better protection of electronic consumers.
Originality/Value: This study provides a focused legal analysis of electronic consumer protection in Algeria, a topic that is under-researched in regional academic literature. It highlights both strengths and gaps in the existing legal framework and offers practical insights for enhancing consumer confidence in digital markets by promoting stronger regulatory protections for personal data and payment security
VIABILIDAD DEL FONDO DE PENSIONES UNIVERSIDADES PÚBLICAS ESTATALES EN MÉXICO: UN ANÁLISIS MULTIVARIABLE DE SOSTENIBILIDAD FINANCIERA
No full textObjetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar cómo los años restantes para jubilarse impactan en la suficiencia financiera del fondo de pensiones de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit (UAN), en el contexto del envejecimiento de la plantilla docente y esquemas de financiamiento limitados en las Universidades Públicas Estatales (UPES) de México.
Marco Teórico: Se sustenta en teorías de sostenibilidad financiera del sector público, modelos actuariales de fondos de pensiones y principios de viabilidad fiscal universitaria. Estudios recientes sobre el estrés financiero de los sistemas de retiro en instituciones de educación superior proporcionan el marco de referencia.
Método: La metodología adoptada para esta investigación comprende un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple, utilizando una base de datos institucional con información desagregada de los trabajadores activos: edad, antigüedad, tipo de contratación, nivel salarial y contribuciones al fondo. Se estima la influencia de los años restantes para jubilación sobre la brecha financiera anual del fondo pensionario.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos revelaron una correlación significativa entre la proximidad a la jubilación y el incremento de la insuficiencia financiera del fondo, identificando segmentos laborales críticos. La discusión analiza la necesidad de rediseñar los criterios de aportación y retiro para lograr equilibrio actuarial.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Orienta a los diferentes funcionários tomadores de decisiones universitarios sobre políticas de pensión sostenibles y estrategias de mitigación del riesgo financiero en contextos de recursos limitado
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye aportando evidencia empírica inédita sobre el vínculo entre edad laboral y viabilidad financiera pensionaria, ofreciendo un modelo replicable para otras UPES en situación similar
DESEMPEÑO DEL PIB MEXICANO Y LA TIIE: UN ENFOQUE CUANTITATIVO (2018-2023)
No full textObjetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la Tasa de Interés Interbancaria de Equilibrio (TIIE) y el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) de México entre 2018 y 2023, a fin de evaluar el impacto de la política monetaria sobre la actividad económica nacional.
Marco Teórico: La investigación se fundamenta en teorías macroeconómicas que vinculan las tasas de interés con el crecimiento económico, considerando además factores estructurales como la informalidad laboral, el acceso al crédito y la apertura comercial. Se reconoce la no linealidad en la relación TIIE–PIB, lo cual complejiza la interpretación.
Método: La metodología adoptada para esta investigación compreende de un modelo de regresión lineal simple con datos bimestrales provenientes del INEGI y del Banco de México. La variable independiente fue la TIIE promedio bimestral y la dependiente el PIB a precios constantes.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que un incremento de un punto porcentual en la TIIE se asocia con un aumento de 332,976 millones de pesos en el PIB, explicando el 40.7% de su variación. Sin embargo, se advierte que esta relación debe interpretarse con cautela debido a la influencia de múltiples factores no incluidos en el modelo.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Los hallazgos sugieren que la TIIE, como instrumento de política monetaria, debe aplicarse de forma prudente, considerando la estructura económica del país y complementándose con otras herramientas.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye en dar evidencia empírica reciente sobre la eficacia y limitaciones del uso de la TIIE en contextos estructuralmente complejos, ofreciendo una base para decisiones macroeconómicas más informadas
EXPLORING THE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON HUMAN MIGRATION: GLOBAL WARMING AND HUMAN MIGRATION IN PERSPECTIVE
No full text
Methods: Global warming’s impact migration literature review where search strings generated 1,365 hits. After screening, 1,356, and 87 articles excluded and included respectively for review and selected for the write-up.
Results: The study’s findings reveal that global warming had historical records and still impacts human population through drought, and famine; and, migration is adopted as a coping mechanism. Historically, archaeologists found livelihood strategies similarity between Uweinat settlers and western Nile dwellers. Increasing population exerts pressure on limited natural resources to meet consumption demands. Global warming displaced millions called environmental migrants, others loss livelihoods and lives. Environmental migrants migrate internally (rural-urban or urban-rural migration), and internationally (migration across borders). Displaced migrants arrival in destinations create carrying capacity problems lead to infrastructure exploitations, and it breeds conflict between them and natives. Therefore, the study recommends that governments and intergovernmental organisations like UNHCR need to collaborate to undertake field studies, and global research on environmental degradation
THE RISE OF AI IN PROCEDURAL JURISPRUDENCE: GLOBAL INNOVATIONS, LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
No full textObjectives: This paper investigates the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in procedural jurisprudence, examining how AI reshapes case management, regulatory oversight, dispute resolution, and predictive adjudication. The study aims to map emerging applications, assess risks, and propose a coherent framework for the integration of AI into global legal systems.
Theoretical Framework: Grounded in business process management and procedural law theory, the paper conceptualizes AI as a co-author of corporate will, a private regulator, and a shadow arbiter. It introduces the notion of “procedural AI jurisprudence” and situates it within comparative law, algorithmic due process, and theories of process sovereignty.
Method: A comparative legal-analytical method is applied doctrinal normative approach, drawing on case studies from Austria, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The research synthesizes doctrinal analysis, regulatory reviews, and evaluation of experimental systems such as Prometea in Argentina and AI-based resocialization initiatives in Abu Dhabi.
Results and Discussion: Findings reveal a spectrum of judicial AI adoption, ranging from automation of inmate documentation to multimodal risk detection in penal systems. While AI enhances efficiency and consistency, it introduces risks of bias, accountability gaps, and process failures. To address these challenges, the paper proposes the “Procedural AI Stack,” integrating rights and remedies matrices, bias/error controls, adversarial AI parties, and Automation Impact Statements. Comparative insights underscore the uneven global trajectory of AI in law and the urgent need for harmonized safeguards.
Research Implications: The study highlights the necessity of establishing cross-border legal standards, procurement protocols, and accountability mechanisms. It calls for the recognition of AI as both a tool and a potential party within legal processes, requiring new doctrines such as the Model-of-Record and structured risk heatmaps for judicial procurement.
Originality/Value: This paper advances the discourse by framing AI as a procedural actor rather than a mere technological aid. It provides a layered model for integrating AI into legal processes that balances innovation with ethical safeguards, offering a roadmap for policymakers, jurists, and technologists to design transparent, accountable, and future-ready judicial systems
RELACIÓN ENTRE LOS EGRESOS PÚBLICOS Y LAS OBRAS PÚBLICAS EJECUTADAS EN EL MUNICIPIO DE TEPIC, NAYARIT, MÉXICO (2018-2022)
No full textObjetivo: Los municipios en México han tenido retos significativos con su gestión de recursos públicos empleados para la infraestructura, desafios como la crisis económica derivada de la pandemia SARS-CoV2. Entonces bien, los egresos municipales reflejan las prioridades de los gobiernos locales. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la relación entre los egresos devengados por el Municipio de Tepic, Nayarit, México y la cantidad de obras públicas ejecutadas del 2018 al 2022.
Marco Teórico: En la presente investigación, se abordan la teoria de la Gestión pública; seguido de la teoria de la eficiência del gasto público, proporcionando una base sólida para el contexto de la investigación.
Método: La metodologia aportada para la presente investigación fue no experimental de tipo cuanitativo, descriptivo y correlacional, empleando datos del 2018 al 2022 de las variables número de obras ejecutadas y del egresso público devengado del município de Tepic Nayarit, México.
Resultados y Discusión: La información fue recopilada, processada e interpreta por el SPSS, teniendo como principales resultados uma relación positiva fuerte entre las variables en estudio. Lo que ressalta la importância del gasto público en el desarrollo de obras públicas.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Los resultados obtenidos son importantes para el desarrollo de políticas económicas y gestión del gasto público. Dentro de los hallazgos un aumento en la infraestructura equivale a un crecimiento económico, de ahí la importância de una eficiente gestión em el gasto público.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye a un análisis en la gestión del egreso público en los municípios, evidenciando la importancia del desarrollo económico de una región
CRECIMIENTO DEMOGRÁFICO Y CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL EN PERÚ - 2050
No full textObjetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la interrelación entre el crecimiento demográfico, las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) con el propósito de entender cómo estos factores afectan el cambio climático y el desarrollo sostenible del país.
Marco Teórico: La investigación se basa en las teorías contemporáneas sobre el cambio climático y la relación entre urbanización, industrialización y emisiones de CO2.
Método: Se emplearon datos panel del INEI y del Ministerio del Ambiente del Perú, abarcando censos anuales desde 1940 hasta 2017. La metodología incluyó el uso de la función logística para modelar el crecimiento poblacional y correlaciones de Pearson, Spearman y Kendall para analizar la relación entre las emisiones de CO2 y la población.
Resultados y Discusión: Entre 2002 y 2020, Perú experimentó un aumento del 23.2% en su población, que pasó de 26.6 a 32.8 millones de habitantes, y una subida del 60.2% en las emisiones de CO2, alcanzando 67.8 millones de toneladas. Para 2050, se proyecta una población de 40743300 millones, con emisiones de CO2 alcanzando 120 millones de toneladas
Implicaciones de la investigación: Este estudio ofrece información valiosa para el diseño de políticas públicas enfocadas en la reducción de CO2, contribuyendo a un modelo de desarrollo sostenible en Perú.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio aporta una perspectiva integral sobre cómo el crecimiento demográfico y económico influyen en las emisiones de CO2 y la gestión de residuos, contribuyendo a la comprensión de estos procesos en un contexto geográficamente diverso como el de Perú. La investigación es valiosa para diseñar estrategias de mitigación del cambio climático y sostenibilidad en países en desarrollo
THE CULTURE OF INNOVATION IN SMES IN GUANAJUATO: AN EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS
No full textObjectives: The study aims to analyze the evolution of innovation practices in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Guanajuato, Mexico, over a decade. It seeks to understand what business leaders know about innovation, the steps they are taking to foster it, and what is required to integrate a culture of innovation to enhance competitiveness.
Theoretical Framework: The framework centers on organizational and innovation culture. Organizational culture influences how companies adopt and promote innovation, while an innovation culture encourages creativity and improvement in products, services, or processes. The study highlights that despite the regional economic need for innovation, cultural barriers like resistance to change limit innovation in many SMEs.
Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive, longitudinal comparative study was conducted, collecting data from 157 companies in Guanajuato in 2022 and comparing it with data from 2012. This approach involved a survey of innovation knowledge, practices, and needs across various sectors, using a questionnaire modified from a prior study.
Results and Discussion: The results reveal an increase in the awareness and strategic incorporation of innovation in SMEs. While companies now view innovation as essential for competitiveness, many still lack a cohesive strategy and resources for sustained innovation. There is an improved understanding of customer-focused innovation, yet formalized knowledge management and technology tracking are still limited.
Research Implications: The findings imply a need for policies that support knowledge and resource accessibility for innovation. Collaboration with academic institutions and government incentives could address resource shortages and support the development of a robust innovation culture among SMEs.
Originality/Value: This study is valuable as it provides an evolutionary analysis of innovation practices within a decade, offering insights into the changing dynamics of SMEs in Guanajuato. It underscores the importance of innovation culture for competitiveness, especially in regions with significant economic dependence on SMEs