Journal of Law and Sustainable Development
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TERRORISM AND ITS EFFECT ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND SECURITY IN NIGERIA: THE SAUDI ARABIA COUNTER TERRORISM EXPERIENCE
No full textObjective: This study examines the implications of terrorism for national security and public health in Nigeria, to evaluate the adequacy of Nigeria’s counter-terrorism legal framework and identify lessons from Saudi Arabia’s preventive and health-sensitive approach.
Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in security–public health nexus theory and preventive counter-terrorism theory, which emphasize the interdependence of security governance, legal regulation, and public health resilience in conflict-affected states.
Method: A qualitative doctrinal research design was adopted, guided by the PRISMA framework. Data were collected through a systematic review of Nigerian and Saudi Arabian legislation, judicial decisions, policy documents, international reports, and relevant scholarly literature on terrorism, security, and public health governance.
Results and Discussion: The findings reveal that Nigeria’s counter-terrorism strategy remains largely militarized, with minimal legal coordination between security institutions and public health agencies. This gap has exacerbated health emergencies arising from displacement, trauma, and disruption of healthcare systems. In contrast, Saudi Arabia’s framework demonstrates an integrated model combining preventive legislation, centralized intelligence coordination, protection of critical health infrastructure, and rehabilitation-oriented deradicalization programs.
Research Implications: The study highlights the need for Nigeria to adopt a unified legal and institutional framework that integrates counter-terrorism and public health preparedness, thereby strengthening national resilience.
Originality/Value: This research contributes original comparative insight by linking counter-terrorism law with public health protection, offering a practical legal model adaptable to Nigeria’s context
CONDITIONAL CAPM MODEL APPLIED TO AI (NEURAL NETWORKS)
No full textObjective: The objective of this study is to present the conditional CAPM model, discussing its relevance in light of criticisms of the static CAPM, with a focus on the greater security it provides to investors throughout the business cycle.
Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in the fundamentals of CAPM and its static versions, as well as their limitations. Emphasis is placed on the evolution toward conditional models, particularly those incorporating time-varying betas and dynamic variances and covariances, with special attention to the model proposed by Jagannathan and Wang (1996).
Method: This study adopts a theoretical and empirical approach, analyzing tests of conditional models with time-varying betas. Artificial intelligence techniques, specifically neural networks, are employed as tools for financial data modeling and analysis.
Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that conditional models provide greater explanatory power compared to the static CAPM, especially by capturing time-varying changes in risk and return. The discussion highlights that the use of artificial intelligence enhances estimation accuracy and helps address long-standing limitations of the traditional model.
Research Implications: This research contributes to the field of finance by offering more robust methods for risk-return analysis, supporting investors and managers in decision-making within dynamic environments.
Originality/Value: This study stands out by integrating conditional CAPM models with artificial intelligence techniques, providing an innovative approach to financial analysis
PRECONTRACTUAL LIABILITY UNDER THE NEW SAUDI CIVIL TRANSACTIONS LAW: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
No full textObjective: This paper critically examines the effectiveness of the regulation of precontractual liability by the 2023 Saudi Civil Transactions Law (SCTL) in preserving the interests of contract negotiators.
Theoretical Framework: The focus of analysis is the duty to negotiate in good faith in lights of judicial rulings, whether that refuse or recognize such duty.
Method: The paper discusses and assesses precontractual liability under Article 41 SCTL in comparison with some other civil codes. The paper adopts a desk research methodology to analyze and synthesize related academic writings and court rulings.
Results and Discussion: While most Arab civil codes do not directly regulate precontractual liability, Article 41 SCTL expressly provides essential legal protection of parties’ interests during contract negotiations. However, Article 41 SCTL does not address all situations of bad faith negotiation. It also limits precontractual liability to negative interests. This paper identifies some areas for improvement, like enabling the court to order the interrupting negotiator to continue contract negotiations or to consider the intended contract as concluded.
Research Implications: These results encourage the legislature in Arab States to follow the Saudi model and directly regulate precontractual liability; they also offer the policy-maker in Saudi Arabia to reform the regulation of precontractual liability.
Originality/Value: This paper offers a unique study of the regulation of precontractual liability under the newly enacted SCTL. It also provides recommendations for improvements of Article 41 SCTL as well as other Arab civil codes
SISTEMA DE GESTIÓN DE RESIDUOS ORGÁNICOS EN LOS MERCADOS DEL CANTÓN SAQUISILÍ, ECUADOR: UN ENFOQUE HACIA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL
No full textObjetivo: Diseñar un sistema de gestión eficiente para los residuos orgánicos generados en los mercados del cantón Saquisilí, con énfasis en la producción de abono orgánico mediante técnicas de compostaje y lombricultura.
Marco Teórico: Basado en teorías de sostenibilidad ambiental y manejo integral de residuos sólidos, destacando la importancia del compostaje y la gestión local de desechos.
Método: Se empleó una metodología descriptiva y de campo, incluyendo encuestas, observación directa y medición de residuos en cinco mercados principales. La recolección de datos se realizó durante días clave de comercialización.
Resultados y Discusión: Se identificó una producción significativa de residuos orgánicos en las plazas estudiadas. La implementación de camas de compostaje con lombrices californianas demostró ser una estrategia viable para la producción de abono orgánico, reduciendo los impactos ambientales y mejorando la percepción comunitaria.
Implicaciones: Este modelo puede replicarse en otros municipios con características similares, promoviendo prácticas sostenibles en la gestión de residuos.
Originalidad/Valor: La investigación resalta la viabilidad de una gestión integral y descentralizada de residuos orgánicos, alineada con objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y normativas locales
THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CREDIT INFORMATION COMPANIES TO PROMOTE FINANCING OPPORTUNITIES
No full textObjectives: The dissertation examines the effectiveness of corporate governance laws for credit information companies in the UAE, Bahrain, and Jordan, particularly in relation to their role in facilitating business financing. It aims to identify gaps and issues in these laws that may impact the efficiency of credit information centers and their influence on access to funding.
Methods: The study analyzes regulatory frameworks and their implementation across the three regions. It assesses stakeholder perspectives on governance laws and financing accessibility while comparing compliance levels and regulatory effectiveness.
Results: The findings reveal significant differences in regulatory compliance and stakeholder perceptions among the three countries. The study suggests a strong link between improved corporate governance and better access to funding. It also highlights that robust regulatory frameworks enhance trust and transparency in credit information markets, which are crucial for financial sector development.
Conclusion: The research indicates that strengthening governance systems can improve financing opportunities, which is essential for economic growth and stability. This is particularly relevant in sectors like healthcare, where access to funding is vital for innovation and service delivery. The study provides insights for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness and reliability of financial systems in the region
VALORES ÉTICOS EN ESTUDIANTES DE INGENIERIA EN ALIMENTOS DE UNA UNIVERSIDAD DEL SURESTE DE MÉXICO
No full textObjetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar sobre los valores éticos en estudiantes de una universidad ubicada en el sureste de México, con el propósito de conocer las fortalezas y debilidades en los valores éticos universitarios.
Marco Teórico: La misión de las universidades es social, y va más allá de la formación técnica, es promover y aplicar los valores éticos que ayudan a la comunidad estudiantil en su conjunto a vivir y prosperar en una sociedad con valores.
Método: El estudio se realizó con estudiantes de ingeniería en alimentos de la División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Los Ríos de la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. El estudio fue exploratorio de corte cualitativo, transversal e inductivo. La muestra fue del 65 % del total de la población de estudiantes de 18 a 24 años del programa educativo de ingeniería en alimentos matriculados en el 2024.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados indican que los estudiantes tienen muy bien fundamentado que el valor de la justicia, el 82 % de los estudiantes se consideran responsables, el 86 % indico que la igualdad y la confianza son valores importantes, el 64 % de los estudiantes se consideran solidarios y honestos y el 91 % mencionó que el valor del diálogo es importante.
Implicaciones de la Investigación: Se concluye que los estudiantes de ingeniería de alimentos tienen fundamentados algunos valores, pero hace falta fortalecer otros valores como el trabajo en equipo y la responsabilidad.
Originalidad/Valor: Las universidades deben fomentar un sentido de responsabilidad social y pensamiento crítico, esto es muy importante para el desarrollo de una comunidad estudiantil más equitativa, participativa y responsable, donde los graduados no solo sean competentes en en su área de conocimiento, sino también conscientes de su papel como ciudadanos justos con la sociedad y el medio ambiente
MODERN MECHANISMS FOR COMBATING ABUSIVE CLAUSES IN INSURANCE DOCUMENTS “A COMPARATIVE STUDY”
No full textObjective: To restore the balance between the obligations of both parties to the insurance contract, prevent insurance companies from depriving the insured of compensation, and promote a culture of insurance by granting judges discretionary authority to modify the contract and remove or annul abusive clauses based on economic public policy.
Theoretical Framework: The study is based on extracting examples of insurance clauses from contracts available in the market and comparing them with model lists deemed abusive by the legislator. It also discusses the extent to which the legal system is capable of protecting the insured from abuse.
Method: This study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology.
Results and Discussion: Insurance contracts are full of abusive clauses. Legal protection in France is stronger because judges are granted the authority to amend contracts, remove abusive clauses, and restore the rights of the insured. In contrast, Algerian legislation does not annul abusive clauses that match the model lists but merely imposes a financial fine on the insurance company under the Commercial Practices Law. Although the Algerian Civil Code nullifies certain abusive clauses, the list-based approach is insufficient and fails to keep up with developments. As a result, the insured continues to suffer from abuse and is deprived of compensation to this day.
Research Implications: This research contributes to urging necessary legislative intervention to stop the abuse of insurance companies, which profit at the expense of policyholders by imposing preventive obligations on insurers that help avoid damage and ensure timely compensation when a disaster occurs. It also encourages the formation of a united front of consumers against economic insurance conglomerates.
Originality/Value: This study presents a new idea by proposing new measures to protect the insured from the abuse of insurance companies. These include: - Granting judges the authority to intervene automatically to remove abusive clauses. - Imposing prior review and approval of insurance contracts by a competent authority before allowing their circulation. - Requiring insurance companies to offer preventive services to the insured to reduce risk. - Prohibiting insurance companies from denying compensation after a loss occurs. - Suspending the activities of abusive insurance companies until their contracts are amended to remove abusive clauses
THE PRINCIPLE OF PROCEDURAL TRANSPARENCY IN LIGHT OF THE DEVELOPMENTS OF LAW NO. 23-12 DEFINING THE GENERAL RULES ON PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AND CORRUPTION PREVENTION
No full textObjective: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the extent to which the principle of procedural transparency is respected and effectively implemented under Law No. 23-12 on public procurement in Algeria. This law represents a significant legal framework that governs the procedures for awarding and executing public contracts. The research particularly aims to assess how transparency operates as a safeguard for fair competition and as a tool to prevent corruption, by ensuring equal opportunities for all bidders and rational use of public resources.
Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in theories of good governance and anti-corruption, with a particular emphasis on transparency as a legal and institutional principle. Transparency is analyzed both as a normative concept embedded in public law and as a functional requirement in the field of public procurement. The research draws on international standards and comparative legal frameworks to contextualize the Algerian approach and to evaluate the alignment of Law No. 23-12 with globally recognized principles, such as those found in UNCITRAL Model Law and OECD guidelines.
Method: This research adopts a qualitative legal analysis methodology, focusing primarily on a doctrinal review of Law No. 23-12. The study involves a critical examination of legislative texts, decrees, and official procurement procedures to identify whether transparency is adequately institutionalized throughout the procurement cycle. In addition, a comparative approach is employed to juxtapose Algerian legislation with international best practices, enabling an informed assessment of strengths and gaps.
Results and Discussion: The analysis reveals that Law No. 23-12 introduces several procedural mechanisms that aim to strengthen transparency, such as the publication of calls for tenders, the use of electronic platforms, and the codification of objective criteria for evaluation and award. However, the study also identifies areas of concern, including discretionary powers left to contracting authorities and limited public access to post-award information. These shortcomings may undermine the intended transparency and open pathways for corruption or unequal treatment of bidders. The discussion highlights the need for more stringent enforcement measures and clearer guidelines for compliance.
Research Implication: The findings of this research have important implications for policymakers and public institutions. They underscore the necessity of revising and reinforcing existing transparency measures to ensure consistency and effectiveness in practice. The study also suggests the adoption of capacity-building programs and digital procurement tools to operationalize transparency and reduce opportunities for corruption. These recommendations can guide future reforms and monitoring strategies in public procurement governance.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the academic and practical discourse on public procurement reform in Algeria by offering a focused legal assessment of transparency under Law No. 23-12. Its originality lies in linking legal analysis with anti-corruption objectives within a specific legislative framework. The research provides valuable insights for legal scholars, anti-corruption experts, and public administrators, highlighting both legislative achievements and areas requiring urgent attention to foster integrity in public spending
CONCEPTS FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM: THE CASE OF PORTUGUESE SOCIALIST GOVERNMENT (2016-2024)
No full textObjectives: This article examines whether the internalization of public services by the Portuguese socialist government (2016–2024) effectively reduced consultancy costs and improved service quality.
Theoretical Framework: Drawing on Mariana Mazzucato, Rosie Collington, and Max Weber, it engages with concepts such as New Public Management, ESG criteria, and the infantilization of public administration.
Method: A qualitative, critical case study approach is used, analyzing government policies including the renationalization of TAP, the end of healthcare PPPs, expanded university access, and the re-establishment of the National Institute of Administration (INA).
Results and Discussion: Internalization increased budget costs, reduced service quality, and introduced ideological bias into public sector training. Overreliance on consultants and a bureaucratic mindset weakened state capacity and legitimacy, fueling populist reactions.
Research Implications: The findings advocate for mission-oriented reforms focused on public policy rather than bureaucratic structures, emphasizing strategic vision, interdisciplinarity, and citizen-centered governance.
Originality/Value: This study offers a critical contribution to public administration reform, challenging both neoliberal and statist extremes. It proposes a hybrid model rooted in public value, transparency, and democratic accountability as a path toward a more resilient and responsive state.
MARCO LEGAL Y VALORACIÓN ECONÓMICA DEL POTENCIAL FORESTAL EN CONCESIONES MINERAS DEL SURESTE AMAZÓNICO PERUANO
No full textObjetivo: Este estudio evaluó las dimensiones legales y económicas del potencial forestal en seis concesiones mineras ubicadas en la cuenca del río Inambari, Madre de Dios, Perú, con el fin de identificar oportunidades de manejo sostenible en territorios afectados por la minería aurífera.
Marco Teórico: Se analizaron conceptos sobre potencial forestal, biodiversidad arbórea amazónica, impacto de la minería aurífera y superposición legal de derechos mineros y forestales, destacando la importancia de integrar la valoración económica de los ecosistemas en decisiones de planificación territorial.
Método: Se aplicó un enfoque interdisciplinario que combinó inventarios forestales en parcelas de 0,1 ha, valoración económica basada en precios oficiales de madera, y análisis normativo de la legislación minera y forestal vigente. Se calcularon índices de diversidad y el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) para evaluar la estructura arbórea.
Resultados y Discusión: Los bosques evaluados mantienen una riqueza arbórea considerable pese a la actividad minera, dominada por especies de bajo valor comercial (75%-86%). Solo entre el 1% y 4% de las especies tienen alto valor económico. Iriartea deltoidea y Euterpe precatoria sobresalieron como especies resilientes. Legalmente, se identificó la necesidad de fortalecer los instrumentos de gestión forestal en concesiones mineras para promover la sostenibilidad.
Implicaciones de la Investigación: El estudio demuestra que aún existe un potencial forestal significativo en áreas mineras que, si es manejado adecuadamente, puede contribuir a la conservación de la biodiversidad amazónica y a la mitigación del cambio climático.
Originalidad/Valor: Esta investigación aporta evidencia empírica clave para diseñar políticas de ordenamiento territorial y manejo forestal sostenible en contextos de minería activa, resaltando la importancia estratégica de los bosques amazónicos intervenidos