Límite. Revista Interdisciplinaria de Filosofía y Psicología
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REFLEXIONES SOBRE ALGUNOS ELEMENTOS DEL TRABAJO INTERPRETATIVO EN FREUD
Get PDFThis paper explores some consequences about interpretation, derived from the clinical work that Freud carried out with patients with the intention of introducing them to the analytical device and make interpretation effective. Through the journey of his work, decisive moments are extracted that locate interpretation as a dismantling and revelation tool of repression, which are supported by the formulations of emblematic post-Freudian authors. For this reason, Freud would use well differentiated elements: 1) Rely on the position of the patient in order to enable a transferential phenomenon that allows the psychoanalytical work. 2) Introduce thepatient to the analytical device, establish a frame. 3) Raise conviction of the existence of the unconscious in the patient. 4) Support the asymmetry of the analytical relation.The interpretation work pretends to clarify the relation between certain psychic phenomena and acts/symptoms that live in the patient. It would be pursued to shake the patient from the position in which he or she has been located until this moment, a position that keeps him or her in conflict and sustaining the symptomatology. Some post-Freudian authors would try to support the particular importance of subsection four, the asymmetry in the analytical relation. This posture would seek the disagreement with the patient, motivating a change in the psychic position inhabited so far.El presente trabajo explora algunas consecuencias acerca de la interpretación, derivadas del trabajo clínico que Freud realizaba con pacientes con la intención de introducirlos al dispositivo analítico y hacer efectiva la interpretación. Del recorrido por su obra se extraen momentos decisivos que ubican la interpretación como herramienta de desarticulación y develamiento de lo reprimido, mismos que son apoyados por formulaciones de emblemáticos autores postfreudianos. Se encuentra que, para ello, Freud haría uso de elementos bien diferenciados: 1) Valerse de la posición que el paciente le da para a partir de ahí posibilitar un fenómeno transferencial que permita el trabajo psicoanalítico. 2) Introducir al paciente al dispositivo analítico, establecer un encuadre. 3) Levantar en el paciente la convicción de la existencia del inconsciente. 4) Sostener la asimetría de la relación analítica. El trabajo de interpretación pretende esclarecer la relación entre ciertos fenómenos psíquicos y actos/síntomas que habitan al paciente. Se buscaría sacudir al paciente de la posición en la que se ha ubicado hasta el momento, posición que le mantiene en el conflicto y sosteniendo la sintomatología. Algunos autores postfreudianos pretenderían sostener la importancia particular del inciso cuatro, aquel de la asimetría en la relación analítica. Su postura buscaría aquella del desencuentro con el paciente, motivar un cambio en la posición psíquica hasta ahora habitada
LA ESCRITURA, ¿UNA POSIBLE HERRAMIENTA EN LA PREVENCIÓN DEL SUICIDIO?
Get PDFAround 800,000 people commit suicide in the world year after year (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019). This has resulted in the need to develop preventive suicide programs; however, these programs mainly focus on restricting access to common suicide methods and psychoeducation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2014), although different preventive programs have been developed, these efforts have not been developed in all countries due to the lack of awareness about the importance of suicide prevention among their authorities and society in general, as well as the lack of implementation of these programs in various sectors other than those of the health system. Writing, is a process of psychic sublimation that highlights the psychic pain of the writer. Making use of writing as a way through which the understanding of people\u27s psychic processes can be accessed, could point towards the identification of people at risk and the prevention of suicide.Alrededor de 800.000 personas cometen suicidio en el mundo año tras año (Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS], 2019). Esto ha traído como consecuencia la necesidad de desarrollar programas preventivos; sin embargo, estos programas se centran principalmente en los métodos comunes de suicidio y la psicoeducación. De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2014), a pesar de que se han elaborado distintos programas preventivos, estos esfuerzos no se han desarrollado en todos los países debido a la falta de sensibilización acerca de la importancia de la prevención del suicidio entre sus autoridades y la sociedad en general, así como por la falta de implementación de los programas existentes. Haciendo uso de la perspectiva psicoanalítica respecto de la escritura y la creatividad, el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo explorar la posibilidad de la escritura como una herramienta distinta en el marco de la clínica de la prevención, la que tiene como base la teoría psicoanalítica predominante. Mostramos la escritura como proceso de sublimación psíquica y asunción simbólica del sujeto, que pone en evidencia el dolor psíquico de quien escribe, la escritura como una posibilidad terapéutica ante el sujeto movido por el suicidio, comandada por quien escribe, donde el propio sujeto se hace cargo de su historia y su producción singular en su totalidad. Recurrir a la escritura como una vía en donde se pueda accederse al entendimiento de los procesos psíquicos de las personas, podría apuntar hacia la identificación de personas en riesgo y a la prevención del suicidio
PSICOANÁLISIS Y CRUELDAD
Get PDFEste texto aborda los estudios psicoanalíticos realizados por Sigmund Freud acerca de la crueldad. La hipótesis a desarrollar plantea una teoría de la crueldad a partir del funcionamiento psíquico del sujeto, donde la realidad social pueda ser comprendida a la luz de la teoría del inconsciente. Se utiliza como punto de partida la afirmación de Freud en ¿Por qué la guerra? donde indica tres móviles para la crueldad: tendencias de orden erótico, tendencias destructivas y los ideales. Para las tendencias de orden erótico se hablará del sadismo como manifestación de la pulsión sexual. Para las tendencias destructivas se abordará la pulsión de muerte y su prolongación en la noción de pulsión de destrucción. En lo que concierne a los ideales, el superyó y el ideal del yo serán discutidos en su relación con la crueldad. Este recorrido pretende exponer la crueldad como acto individual pero indisociable de su aparición en la escena pública
CIENTIFICISMO ESPIRITUAL: LA OBRA DE ARTURO ALDUNATE PHILIPS EN LA DISCUSIÓN SOBRE CIENCIA Y DESARROLLO
Get PDFScientism has been frequently pointed as an ideology equivalent to modernity and colonialism. The aim of this paper is to examine this concept under the frame of Latin American Thought, and define it as device used to reinforce sets of broader ideas. To do this, I will expose the thought of Arturo Aldunate and his popular science work as a spiritual scientism, faced with the Chilean and Latin American discussion about the role of science in development.El cientificismo ha sido señalado frecuentemente como una ideología equivalente a la modernidad y el colonialismo. El objetivo de este artículo es examinar este concepto bajo el enfoque del Pensamiento Latinoamericano, y definirlo como un dispositivo usado para reforzar conjuntos de ideas de mayor alcance. Para ello expondré el pensamiento de Arturo Aldunate Philips contenido en su obra de divulgación científica como un cientificismo espiritual, enfrentado a la discusión acerca del rol de la ciencia en el desarrollo en Chile y América Latina
SOBRE EL SENTIDO DE LA VIDA: LA INFLUENCIA DE PAUL TILLICH EN LA PSICOTERAPIA EXISTENCIAL DE ROLLO MAY
Get PDFSince psychology obtained its recognition as an autonomous science in the 19th century, it has progressively gained independence from religion, to the extent of adopting a reductionist perspective that denies the spiritual dimension of the human being. Nevertheless, Rollo May´s existential psychotherapy, deeply influenced by the existentialist theologian Paul Tillich, is an example of how the therapeutic practice not only is not opposed to religion, but also can take profit of some of its orientations, that are of vital importance to its task.Desde que en el siglo XIX la psicología exigiera su reconocimiento como ciencia independiente, se ha ido separando progresivamente de la religión, llegando a caer en una perspectiva reduccionista que niega la dimensión espiritual del ser humano.Sin embargo, la Psicoterapia Existencial de Rollo May, profundamente influida por el teólogo existencialista Paul Tillich, es un ejemplo de cómo la práctica terapéutica no solo no está enfrentada a la religión, sino que incluso puede obtener de ella ciertas orientaciones de vital importancia para su quehacer
TRANSFORMACIONES DEL TRABAJO Y NUEVAS FORMAS DE GESTIÓN MANAGERIAL: NOTAS SOBRE LAS Y LOS JÓVENES “EMPRENDEDORES”
Get PDFIn the last 40 years, socio-political and structural work transformations, important changes in cultural orientations, and consolidation of new administrative management methods worldwide, have given rise to the emergence of new prescriptions and subjective requirements, which in line with growing processes of individualization, have been installing new ideals of subject, that involve different ways of being, thinking, and feeling in the field of work in modern societies. Regarding the way in which the figure of entrepreneurship attracts and mobilizes subjects, especially young people, this article, of theoretical reflection, tries to answer the question: To what extent are these agents and/or entrepreneurs because they really want to be? We hope to contribute to the debate and reflection about the ways in which these transformations have promoted the figure of entrepreneurial self based on a “youthful” administrative discourse, that questions and seduces workers –especially younger people– to be flexible, autonomous, and self-managing, as a requirement to insert and develop in a labor market that, on numerous occasions, offers a precarious work scenario.En los últimos 40 años las transformaciones sociopolíticas y estructurales del mundo del trabajo, los importantes cambios en las orientaciones culturales y la consolidación de nuevas formas de gestión managerial a nivel mundial, han dado lugar a la emergencia de nuevas prescripciones y exigencias subjetivas, que en línea con crecientes procesos de individualización, han ido instalando nuevos ideales de sujeto, que suponen diversas formas de ser, pensar y sentir en el ámbito del trabajo en las sociedades modernas. A propósito de la manera en que la figura del emprendimiento atrae y moviliza a los sujetos, en especial a las y los jóvenes, este artículo, de reflexión teórica, intenta responder la pregunta: ¿Hasta qué punto estos son agentes o emprendedores porque realmente quieren serlo? Se espera contribuir al debate y reflexión acerca de los modos en que dichas transformaciones han impulsado la figura del self emprendedor a base de un discurso managerial “juvenilizado”, que interpela y seduce a las y los trabajadores –en especial a los más jóvenes– a ser flexibles, autónomos y autogestionarse, como un requisito para insertarse y desenvolverse en un mercado laboral que, en numerosas ocasiones, ofrece un escenario de trabajo precario
COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT OR COGNITIVE DIMINISHING? DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND CHALLENGES FOR EDUCATION FROM A SITUATED PERSPECTIVE
Get PDFCognitive artefacts are thought to extend human cognitive capabilities. We use maps to navigate, pen and paper to organize ideas, and recently, smart applications to remind us of an appointment or check our physical conditions or finances. From a situated cognition perspective, these tools help us to overcome our cognitive limitations. Although digital technologies present remarkable positive effects on human cognition (e.g. visual representations, storing information, computing processing, etc.) some authors call for a deep reflection about the possible consequences that its pervasive use may have on human cognitive architecture (Barr, Pennycook, Stolz, & Fugelsang, 2015; Carr, 2011; Heersmink, 2017a). This is especially relevant for educational systems that in many cases have embraced digital technologies as means of innovation and progress with little discussion about the consequences on human cognition. After describing the main assumptions of situated cognition perspectives, I highlight some dimensions of technology integration in educational settings where these approaches can be applied, mainly focusing on how cognitive processes (in particular, attention, memory and thinking) are either enhanced or diminished when digital artefacts are used. In light of these reflections I suggest some ideas for instructional design and call for further theoretical developments and empirical research.Cognitive artefacts are thought to extend human cognitive capabilities. We use maps to navigate, pen and paper to organize ideas, and recently, smart applications to remind us of an appointment or check our physical conditions or finances. From a situated cognition perspective, these tools help us to overcome our cognitive limitations. Although digital technologies present remarkable positive effects on human cognition (e.g. visual representations, storing information, computing processing, etc.) some authors call for a deep reflection about the possible consequences that its pervasive use may have on human cognitive architecture (Barr, Pennycook, Stolz, & Fugelsang, 2015; Carr, 2011; Heersmink, 2017a). This is especially relevant for educational systems that in many cases have embraced digital technologies as means of innovation and progress with little discussion about the consequences on human cognition. After describing the main assumptions of situated cognition perspectives, I highlight some dimensions of technology integration in educational settings where these approaches can be applied, mainly focusing on how cognitive processes (in particular, attention, memory and thinking) are either enhanced or diminished when digital artefacts are used. In light of these reflections I suggest some ideas for instructional design and call for further theoretical developments and empirical research
INTERSUBJETIVIDAD E INDIVIDUACIÓN EN HUSSERL Y HABERMAS: DE LA NECESIDAD DE UN CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA A LA COMPLEMENTACIÓN
Get PDFThis article reconstructs, from a critical perspective, Habermas’ objections developed in the Theory of Communicative Action and its complementary writings, to Husserlian theory of intersubjectivity. For the author, the construction of a theory of society requires a paradigm shift from the philosophy of consciousness to the philosophy of language, with the subsequent abandonment of references to all solipsist starting points. Precisely, from the Habermasian perspective, the problem of the origin of self-consciousness finds its solution by referring to the social activity in which the subject is involved. The individuation of the subject is formed at the level of linguistic intersubjectivity: the context of interaction precedes the emergence of individual perspectives about experiences. The current investigation exposes that Habermas’ theory fails to show that self-perception of the subject is entirely generated by social relations. In fact, it is not possible to avoid the primary sense of identity that Husserl has designated as the pole of action and affection. The aporias of the Habermasian theory show the need to reestablish a dialogue with transcendental phenomenology, which does not start from a paradigm shift, an abandonment of the philosophy of consciousness, but from the possibility of a mutual enrichment between both theoretical proposals. In conclusion, a philosophy of the subject constitutes a necessary condition to elucidate the intersubjectivity and the institution of the social life-world.El presente trabajo reconstruye, desde una perspectiva crítica, las objeciones de Habermas desarrolladas en la Teoría de la Acción Comunicativa y sus escritos complementarios, a la teoría de la intersubjetividad husserliana. Para el autor, la construcción de una teoría de la sociedad exige un cambio de paradigma desde la filosofía de la conciencia a la filosofía del lenguaje, con el consecuente abandono de las referencias a todo punto de partida solipsista. Precisamente, desde la perspectiva habermasiana, el problema del origen de la autoconciencia encuentra su solución al referirse a la actividad social en la que el sujeto está implicado. La indivi-duación del sujeto se constituye en el nivel de la intersubjetividad lingüística: el contexto de interacción precede a la aparición de perspectivas individuales respecto de las experiencias. Ahora bien, la presente investigación devela que la teoría de Habermas falla en demostrar que la autopercatación del sujeto es generada enteramente por las relaciones sociales. En efecto, no es posible eludir el sentido primario de la identidad que Husserl ha designado como el polo de acción y afección. Las aporías de la teoría habermasiana muestran la necesidad de reestablecer un diálogo con la fenomenología trascendental, que no parta de un cambio de paradigma, un abandono de la filosofía de la conciencia, sino de la posibilidad de un enriquecimiento recíproco entre ambas propuestas teóricas. En conclusión, una filosofía del sujeto constituye una condición necesaria para elucidar la intersubjetividad y la institución del mundo de la vida social
TRANSCENDENTAL CONDITIONS OF HUMAN TECHNOLOGY: A HEIDEGGERIAN PROPOSAL
Get PDFIn this article I defend what could be termed a transcendentalist approach to the human technological system (HTS). Comparative Psychology and Anthropology generally try to explain human technology by focusing on the cognitive abilities that are necessary to use, manufacture and transmit tools. Based on Heidegger’s phenomenology of everyday coping, I will focus instead on an understudied aspect of human technology, namely its phenomenological conditions of existence. I will defend three claims: (i) Human beings have a technological system to the extent that they are able to present intraworldly entities with the mode of being of equipment (Zeug). This presupposes an ability to perceive normatively the possibilities that are supported by technical items (what they are for) and a background familiarity with the social practices and system of functional references that these practices define. (ii) The ability to perceive equipment, though it amounts in a sense to anticipating what it offers to do (action possibilities), cannot be equated to the perception of what the object affords in a strict Gibsonian sense. At least four features distinguish Heidegger’s equipment from Gibsonian affordances: standardization of functions; holistic structure; modal status (i.e. type of possibilities); teleological reference to projected possibilities of oneself. (iii) The irreducibility of equipment to affordances offers to highlight what is specific to human beings’ understanding of “tools” and what makes it so different from the kind of perceptual and cognitive ability that is implied in animal tool-use. While human beings tend to discover their surrounding world as an equipmental totality, non-human animals can only perceive it in terms of affordances. The possibilities that they perceive are not framed by some background knowledge about equipment assigned to functions, organized holistically, and connected to social practices and ultimately to social roles.In this article I defend what could be termed a transcendentalist approach to the human technological system (HTS). Comparative Psychology and Anthropology generally try to explain human technology by focusing on the cognitive abilities that are necessary to use, manufacture and transmit tools. Based on Heidegger’s phenomenology of everyday coping, I will focus instead on an understudied aspect of human technology, namely its phenomenological conditions of existence. I will defend three claims: (i) Human beings have a technological system to the extent that they are able to present intraworldly entities with the mode of being of equipment (Zeug). This presupposes an ability to perceive normatively the possibilities that are supported by technical items (what they are for) and a background familiarity with the social practices and system of functional references that these practices define. (ii) The ability to perceive equipment, though it amounts in a sense to anticipating what it offers to do (action possibilities), cannot be equated to the perception of what the object affords in a strict Gibsonian sense. At least four features distinguish Heidegger’s equipment from Gibsonian affordances: standardization of functions; holistic structure; modal status (i.e. type of possibilities); teleological reference to projected possibilities of oneself. (iii) The irreducibility of equipment to affordances offers to highlight what is specific to human beings’ understanding of “tools” and what makes it so different from the kind of perceptual and cognitive ability that is implied in animal tool-use. While human beings tend to discover their surrounding world as an equipmental totality, non-human animals can only perceive it in terms of affordances. The possibilities that they perceive are not framed by some background knowledge about equipment assigned to functions, organized holistically, and connected to social practices and ultimately to social roles
CONSTRUYENDO HECHOS: ANÁLISIS DE LAS METÁFORAS UTILIZADAS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN CIENTÍFICA CHILENA SOBRE APEGO E INFANCIA TEMPRANA
Get PDFThe article presents the results of an analysis aimed at understanding the meanings of childhood and its care in the Chilean scientific production on attachment. To achieve this aim, a metaphor analysis was performed on 19 scientific articles on attachment published by Chilean researchers during the period 2010-2017 in journals cataloged in Web of Science , Scielo and Scopus. The metaphors analyzed show the displacements of cultural meanings in scientific research and the ways in which naturalistic, business, computer, warlike lexicons, among others, model the ways of conceptualizing childhood and the mother-child relationship.El artículo presenta los principales resultados de una investigación dirigida a conocer los significados de la infancia y su cuidado en la producción científica chilena respecto del apego. Para lograr este objetivo se realizó un análisis de metáforas en 19 artículos científicos pertinentes al apego publicados por investigadores chilenos durante el período 2010-2017 en revistas catalogadas en Web of Science, Scielo y Scopus. Las metáforas analizadas muestran los desplazamientos de significados culturales a la investigación científica y los modos en cómo los léxicos naturalísticos, empresariales, computacionales, bélicos, entre otros, modelan los modos de conceptualizar la infancia y la relación madre-hijo