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A novel assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in water and sediment samples from the indus river, Pakistan: An ecological risk assessment approach
No full textPakistan, a country with limited water resources and highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, faces numerous challenges in managing its water supply. In this sense, this study assessed potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the surface water and sediments of Pakistan’s Indus River and its tributaries. Key water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined, with respective average values of 7.1, 40 μS/cm, and 208 mg L− 1. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in surface water samples averaged 26 μg L− 1, 0.9 μg L− 1, 1.4 μg L− 1, 22 μg L− 1, and 2.1 μg L− 1, respectively. The general sediment PTE profile was Ni > Cd > Zn > Cu > Cr. Certain PTE levels exceeded recommended thresholds, indicating the establishment of environmental pollution. Calculated geo-accumulation index values
suggested moderate to heavy pollution levels in sediment, with PERI (404) values reinforcing the ecological risk posed by elevated PTE concentrations. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between specific PTE pairs in both water and sediment samples. This study contributes with novel insights into the distribution and ecological implications of PTE contamination in the Indus River and its tributaries, paving the way for ecological risk management efforts
A critical review of the current environmental risks posed by the antidiabetic metformin and the status, advances, and trends in adsorption technologies for its remediation
No full textThe consumption of the antidiabetic drug Metformin (MTFN) has escalated over the last years due to the worrisome modern sedentary lifestyle. Since MTFN is not metabolized, it reaches several environmental compartments, imposing risks to aquatic organisms and possible future public health issues. Therefore, the use of adsorption as a low-cost and highly versatile mass transfer process has been proposed for its remediation and environmental control. This review presents, discusses, and compares the efficiencies reached by all adsorbents prepared and employed in MTFN adsorption. We carefully addressed the interaction mechanisms, adsorption kinetics, equilibrium modeling, and the most relevant thermodynamic parameters, creating a guide of solutions to practical problems. By comparing the data on its toxicity and controversial endocrine-disrupting effects reported in the literature with self-performed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, it was possible to see that MTFN is indeed adequately classified under the highest toxicity class, contrarily to the claims of various studies. Thus, according to the research gaps, possibilities, and challenges in the field, there is much yet to be understood and developed toward MTFN thorough removal by adsorption, such as i) the need for studies under continuous systems, ii) mechanism elucidation employing computational tools, and iii) adsorption coupled to environmental catalysis
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications
No full textThe potable water in residential hydraulic networks is measured using volumetric meters. However, when the water carries air bubbles or pockets through the pipes, the accuracy of the meter readings is reduced, which can negatively impact the billing that users pay for their water consumption. A check valve accessory exists that reduces the size of these air bubbles to correct the meter readings and improve the service experience. However, the device has only been tested for networks with relative pressures higher than 275.79 kPa. This research proposes to characterize the hydraulic behavior of the accessory through an experimental procedure in which the operating conditions are similar to those found in water networks in Latin America, where the networks have relative pressures lower than 275.79 kPa. The study found that the accessory significantly reduces the coefficient of loss for velocities greater than 1 m/s. The use of the device is suggested in flow regimes with Reynolds numbers close to 20,000 for operating conditions of temperatures close to 25 °C and residential pipes with an internal diameter of 20.9 mm and a flow velocity between 1.3 m/s and 1.78 m/s. This condition allows it to operate with minimal local energy loss and a low coefficient of loss, providing an improved service experience
EPH48 evolution of polypharmacy and prescribed drug expenditure: the case of an insured poor population in the colombian caribbean during 2018-2021
No full textEVOLUTION OF POLYPHARMACY AND PRESCRIBED DRUG EXPENDITURE: THE CASE OF AN INSURED POOR POPULATION IN THE COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN DURING 2018-2021 Gamero K,1 Alvis J,2 Mercado Fernandez JC,3 Paz Wilches J,4 Alvis Guzman N5 1 Distribuciones Pharmaser, Cali, VAC, Colombia, 2 Distribuciones Pharmaser, Cartagena, BOL, Colombia, 3 MUTUALSER EPS - University of Cartagena - Clínica Crecer, Cali, VAC, Colombia, 4 Mutual SER EPS, Cartagena, Colombia, 5 ALZAK Foundation- Universidad De La Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia Objectives: The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of the variation in the prevalence of polypharmacy rate in the prescribed drug expenditure (PDE). during 2018-2021. Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study of polymedicated patients (PP) during 2018-2021 was developed. Data was extracted from the individual outpatient dispense records from a health insurance company in Colombia. Polypharmacy and hypermedication were defined when patients consumed 10 medications in at least a continuous period. The number of patients attended, the number of medications per patient, defined daily doses (DDD) per patient (TI) and cost per DDD are calculated. Finally, a simulation of PDE of 2021 is developed in which the prevalence of polypharmacy is neutralized between 2018 and 2021 and keep the other variables constant. Results: Polypharmacy rate was 26,82% in 2018 and 31,17% in 2021. The PDE in 2015 constant US653,240 to 1,372,664, 110% higher than the PDE of 2018 due to the cost per DDD increased from 0.048, despite TI decreased from 333 to 286 but, lower than 2021 PDE because 2018 polypharmacy is lower. Conclusions: Polypharmacy has had a significant impact on the increase in PDE of the insurance company because in 2021 the cost per DDD increased as a consequence of the prescription of more expensive health technologies. The design of interventions and strict protocols need to be developed to mitigate the risk of non rational prescriptions in polymedicated patients and controlling the evolution of PDE
Elucidating the adsorption mechanism of herbicide diuron onto activated carbons via steric, energetic and thermodynamic investigations.
No full textThe residues of the species Calophyllum inophyllum and Manihot esculenta were carbonized after impregnation with ZnCl2 to produce two different activated carbons (ACs). These adsorbents were subsequently used in the removal of the toxic herbicide Diuron. Both the produced adsorbents present functional groups characteristic of structures containing lignin and cellulose. These groups are positioned in amorphous and disorganized arrangements. The activation process formed a porous carbon exoskeleton with a surface area of 468 m2 g−1 (AC Calophyllum inophyllum) and 614 m2 g−1 (AC Manihot esculenta), respectively. Adsorption tests of herbicide Diuron are performed at different temperatures, indicating better performances for the adsorbent derived from Manihot esculenta (Qmax = 220 mg/g). A physical model derived from statistical physics, which assumes the formation of two layers of Diuron molecules on the ACs surface is successfully used to analyze the adsorption mechanism. The theoretical analysis of model parameters shows that the number of herbicide molecules captured per adsorption site increases with temperature for both the tested adsorbents, suggesting that an endothermic aggregation process occurs. The calculation of the adsorption energies confirms that Diuron adsorption on the surface of both the adsorbents is based on physical forces. Finally, three thermodynamic parameters are analyzed to attribute a new macroscopic description of the adsorption mechanism
Employ a Clay@TMSPDETA hybrid material as an adsorbent to remove textile dyes from wastewater effluents
No full textA grafting of N1-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (TMSPDETA) on natural clay was carried out to obtain an organic–inorganic hybrid clay material that was applied as an adsorbent to the uptake of Reactive Blue 19 (RB-19) and Reactive Green 19 (RG-19) dyes from aqueous wastewaters. This research demonstrates the effect of TMSPDETA contents on amino-functionalized clay materials' hydrophobic/hydrophilic behavior. The resultant material was utilized to uptake reactive dyes in aqueous solutions. The clay@TMSPDETA hybrid material was characterized by isotherm of adsorption and desorption of nitrogen, FTIR, elemental analysis, TGA, pHpzc, total acidity, total basicity groups, and hydrophilic balance. The hybrid samples were more hydrophilic than the pristine clay for ratios from 0.1 up to 0.5 due to adding amino groups to the pristine clay. FTIR spectra suggest that TMSPDETA was grafted onto the clay. The hybrid material presents a surface area 2.17-fold (42.7 m2/g) lower than pristine clay (92.7 m2/g). The total volume of pores of hybrid material was 0.0822 cm3/g, and the pristine clay material was 0.127 cm3/g, corresponding to a diminution of the total pore volume (Vtot) of 1.54 times. The kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model for RB-19 and RG-19 reactive dyes. The equilibrium data were better fitted to the Liu isotherm model, displaying a Qmax as 178.8 and 361.1 mg g−1 for RB-19 and RG-19, respectively, at 20.0 °C. The main mechanism of interactions of the reactive dyes with the hybrid clay is electrostatic interaction. The clay@TMSPDETA has a very good effect on treating synthetic dye-textile wastewater. The removal percentage of simulated wastewater was up to 97.67% and 88.34% using distilled water and plastic industry wastewater as the solvents, respectively. The [email protected] could be recycled up to 5 cycles of adsorption and desorption of both dyes, attaining recoveries of 98.42% (RB-19) and 98.32% (RG-19) using 0.1 M HCl + 10% ethanol
Determining elements used to measure knowledge management in higher education institutions' research divisions
No full textThe purpose of the current study is to identify the variables used to quantify knowledge in Barranquilla's higher education institutions' research divisions. The research used cluster analysis with the Hierarchical Kmeans algorithm and was descriptive in nature. Convenience sampling, not probability, was used for the sample. The directors and vice-rectors of the research departments filled out a questionnaire using Likert and ordinal scales as part of the survey's data gathering process. In terms of gauging knowledge management, the research's findings led to the definition of three different sorts of profiles for research groups at higher education institutions
Evaluation of the overall effectiveness (OEE) of autonomous transportation system (AHS) equipment and its impact on mine design. Open pit mine case study
No full textIn recent years, the increasing demand for autonomous vehicles in the mining industry has led to a greater focus on integrating these solutions with mine design. As technology advances, mining companies are looking to maximize the benefits of automation in terms of efficiency, productivity, and safety. The adoption of autonomous vehicles in mine design allows for the optimization of planning and operation of mining activities. Autonomous equipment can work continuously, reducing downtime and improving resource utilization. This has a direct impact on the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), as availability and performance are significantly enhanced. In this research, the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) of an Autonomous Haulage System (AHS) and its impact on the design of an open-pit mine were evaluated at the engineering level in Chile. Additionally, a representative month of operation (January 2034) was modeled using discrete event simulation technique with current operation and AHS philosophies. The results of this model, which were validated and calibrated based on historical information, meetings with different work groups, and understanding of the engineering level of the study, indicate that the OEE of manual operation is 14.4% lower than that of AHS operation, demonstrating an opportunity for the implementation of this technology
Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019.
No full textBackground: Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by 2030, and assessing trends in the global meningitis burden can help track progress and identify gaps in achieving these goals. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we aimed to assess incident cases and deaths due to acute infectious meningitis by aetiology and age from 1990 to 2019, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: We modelled meningitis mortality using vital registration, verbal autopsy, sample-based vital registration, and mortality surveillance data. Meningitis morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian compartmental model, using data from the published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as surveillance data, inpatient hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and cause-specific meningitis mortality estimates. For aetiology estimation, data from multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature studies were analysed by use of a network analysis model to estimate the proportion of meningitis deaths and cases attributable to the following aetiologies: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and a residual other pathogen category. Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 236 000 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 204 000–277 000) and 2·51 million (2·11–2·99) incident cases due to meningitis globally. The burden was greatest in children younger than 5 years, with 112 000 deaths (87 400–145 000) and 1·28 million incident cases (0·947–1·71) in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates decreased from 7·5 (6·6–8·4) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 3·3 (2·8–3·9) per 100 000 population in 2019. The highest proportion of total all-age meningitis deaths in 2019 was attributable to S pneumoniae (18·1% [17·1–19·2]), followed by N meningitidis (13·6% [12·7–14·4]) and K pneumoniae (12·2% [10·2–14·3]). Between 1990 and 2019, H influenzae showed the largest reduction in the number of deaths among children younger than 5 years (76·5% [69·5–81·8]), followed by N meningitidis (72·3% [64·4–78·5]) and viruses (58·2% [47·1–67·3]). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing meningitis mortality over the past three decades. However, more meningitis-related deaths might be prevented by quickly scaling up immunisation and expanding access to health services. Further reduction in the global meningitis burden should be possible through low-cost multivalent vaccines, increased access to accurate and rapid diagnostic assays, enhanced surveillance, and early treatment. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Estrategias para la prevención y resolución de conflictos escolares
No full textLos conflictos hacen parte del ejercicio de una sociedad y la escuela no escapa a ello; sin embargo, la forma en cómo se resuelven estos conflictos hacen la diferencia. Cada día es común observar casos de violencia entre estudiantes como forma para resolver sus diferencias. Es por ello que esta investigación presenta estrategias para la prevención y resolución del conflicto escolar en las IED Niño Jesús y Sonia Ahumada de Barranquilla; partiendo de una investigación de las características del conflicto entre los y las estudiantes de quinto grado de ambas instituciones educativas, la manera que tiene para resolver su diferencia. Como método de investigación se ha trabajado bajo el enfoque epistemológico racionalista deductivo; como técnica de recopilación de información se aplicaron, entrevistas a 10 docentes, encuestas en la que participaron 139 estudiantes de quinto grado y una guía de observación que permitió captar información de cómo se desarrollan las relaciones entre los estudiantes de quinto grado durante la hora de ingreso, horas clases, el descanso y hora de salida; y con base a los resultados arrojados se plantean unas serie de estrategias con actividades que sirven como herramienta para resolver los conflictos que se presenten en la escuela, las cuales fueron validadas por un grupo de expertos en el tema.Conflicts are part of the exercise of a society and the school is not immune to it, but the way in
which these conflicts are resolved makes a difference. It is increasingly common to see cases of
violence among students as a way to resolve their differences. This is why we wanted to present
strategies for the prevention and resolution of school conflict in the IEDs Niño Jesús and Sonia
Ahumada de Barranquilla; starting from an investigation of the characteristics of the conflict
between the fifth-grade students of both institutions, and the way they resolve their differences.
The research method used was based on a deductive rationalistic epistemological approach; the
information-gathering technique included interviews with 10 teachers, surveys involving 139
fifth-grade students, and an observation guide that provided information on how relationships
between fifth-grade students develop during admission hours, class hours, rest hours and
departure hours; and based on the results obtained, a series of strategies are proposed with
activities that serve as a tool to resolve conflicts that arise at school, which were validated by a
group of experts on the subject.Lista de Tablas y Figuras 12 -- Introducción 13 -- Capítulo I. Planteamiento del problema 15 -- Descripción del Problema 15 -- Formulación del problema: 18 -- Objetivos 19 -- Objetivo General 19 -- Objetivos específicos 19 -- Justificación 19 -- Delimitación del Problema 21 -- Delimitación Espacial y Geográfica 21 -- Delimitación temporal 22 -- Delimitación temática y de contenido 22 -- Capítulo II. Marco Referencial 23 -- Estado del Arte 23 -- Antecedentes Internacionales 23 -- Antecedentes Nacionales 30 -- Antecentes Locales 38 -- PREVENCIÓN Y RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS ESCOLARES 8 Marco Teórico 41 -- Conflicto escolar 41 -- Teoría de conflictos de Johan Galtung 43 -- Tipología del conflicto 44 -- Teoría de la psicología Vygotskiana o psicología sociocultural 51 -- Marco Legal 53 -- Operacionalización de las variables 56 -- Capítulo III. Marco Metodológico 57 -- Enfoque Epistemológico 57 -- Enfoque de Investigación 58 -- Tipo de investigación 59 -- Población y Muestra 60 -- Técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de información 62 -- Validación de instrumentos 63 -- Proceso de Análisis de la Información 63 -- Capítulo IV Análisis de Resultados 65 -- Caracterización de los conflictos escolares que se presentan entre los estudiantes de grado quinto de básica primaria en las Instituciones Educativas Niño Jesús y Sonia Ahumada del distrito de Barranquilla 65 -- Características de las estrategias utilizadas en las Instituciones Educativas Niño Jesús y Sonia Ahumada del distrito de Barranquilla para abordar los conflictos entre los y las estudiantes de Quinto grado 78 -- Relaciones entre estudiantes 79 -- Conocimiento del tema “Conflicto escolar” 80 -- Caracterización de la escuela condiciones y protocolos 84 -- Estrategias de Intervención 87 -- Capitulo V. Propuesta De Intervención 90 -- Descripción de la propuesta 91 – Objetivo 91 -- Objetivos específicos 91 -- Justificación 92 -- Estrategias/actividades 93 -- Para la prevención y el fomento de la convivencia 94 -- Actividad 1: Taller de sensibilización a estudiantes 96 -- Actividad 2: Autobiografía de valores 97 -- Actividad 3: Informe sobre los Valores sociales 98 -- Actividad 4: Debate sobre normas de convivencia en la institución 99 -- Actividad 5: Consejos para mejorar la relación entre compañeros a través de una personificación 100 -- PREVENCIÓN Y RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS ESCOLARES 10 Actividad 6: Efectuar trabajo escrito para señalar como los valores sociales afectan las relaciones humanas y afectivas 100 -- Actividad 7: Obra de teatro 101 -- Actividad 8: Proyectar película alusiva a los valores para desarrollar 102 -- Actividad 9: Conocernos y valorarnos 103 -- Actividad 10: Taller de Sensibilización a docentes para fomentar la convivencia 104 -- Actividad 11: Atención de las estrategias de prevención y resolución de conflictos 105 -- Actividad 12: Taller catedra de paz 105 -- Actividad 13: Taller de sensibilización acudientes 106 -- Para la resolución de conflictos escolares 108 -- Descripción de las actividades y su desarrollo 109 -- Actividad 1: Taller de Sensibilización sobre el manejo y resolución del conflicto 110 -- Actividad 2: Manejo y expresión de las emociones 111 -- Actividad 3: Crear comités dentro del aula para que sirvan de negociadores 114 -- Actividad 4: Juegos de resolución de conflictos 114 -- Actividad 5: Reconocimiento de buen comportamiento 116 -- Actividad 6: Diseño curricular para la formación escolar con enfoque de cultura de paz y resolución de conflictos 117 -- Actividad 7: Sistema de Mediación dentro de la institución 117 -- Actividad 8: El bote salvavidas 118 -- PREVENCIÓN Y RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS ESCOLARES 11 Actividad 9: Dinámica familiar-escolar: Avisos clasificados 119 -- Ideas de cierre 120 -- Conclusiones 121 – Recomendaciones 124 – Referencias 126 --Magíster en Educación – Modalidad VirtualMaestrí