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Inter-American standard for reparation for sexual violence that occurred in the Colombian armed conflict
No full textEn términos internacionales el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos (SIDH) establece la reparación integral como una obligación de los Estados. Se han fijado una serie de criterios orientadores a partir de convenciones y pronunciamientos jurisprudenciales de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CorteIDH). Este artículo tiene como propósito establecer los estándares internacionales de reparación integral de víctimas de violencias sexuales en el marco del conflicto interno armado colombiano desde una perspectiva de género. Metodológicamente se acudió al diseño cualitativo con revisión documental, para establecer las dimensiones de las violencias sexuales y los elementos propios para garantizar la reparación integral. Se estableció una aproximación a las manifestaciones de las violencias sexuales mediante el análisis de contenido. Se logra evidenciar que las violencias sexuales, son una manifestación de la violencia de género y fue una estrategia de guerra en el conflicto armado colombiano. Como tal la violencia sexual, constituye crimen de guerra del cual se derivan obligaciones internacionales para los Estados en cuanto a su investigación, sanción y reparación integral, que requiere incorporar elementos diferenciadores que reconozcan el entrecruzamiento de variables de opresión como género, raza y clase, acorde a lo indicado por el SIDH.In international terms, the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) establishes integral reparation as an obligation of the States. A series of guiding criteria have been established based on conventions and jurisprudential pronouncements of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR). The purpose of this article was to establish the international standards of comprehensive reparation for victims of sexual violence in the context of the Colombian internal armed conflict from a gender perspective. Methodologically, a qualitative design with documentary review was used to establish the dimensions of sexual violence and the elements needed to guarantee comprehensive reparation. An approach to the manifestations of sexual violence was established through content analysis. It is evident that sexual violence is a manifestation of gender violence and was a war strategy in the Colombian armed conflict. As such, sexual violence constitutes a war crime from which international obligations are derived for the States in terms of its investigation, punishment and comprehensive reparation, which requires incorporating differentiating elements that recognize the intertwining of oppression variables such as gender, race and class, according to the ISHR
Too little – too late? Diversity and inclusion in bi-ethnic preschool classrooms in Chile
No full textIntroducción: En contextos indígenas el derecho humano de la transmisión intergeneracional de la cultura y lengua no siempre está garantizado. Objetivo: Este estudio investigó en qué grado se implementaron prácticas pedagógicas para promover la aceptación de la diversidad e inclusión de la cultura y lengua Mapuche en 62 aulas preescolares compartidas por niños indígenas Mapuche y niños no-indígenas en el sur de Chile, y examinó si el grado de implementación difiere entre establecimientos educacionales (EE.EE.) municipales y particulares-subvencionados. Metodología: Se utilizó una escala de calificación cuantitativa para medir el grado de promoción de la aceptación de la diversidad y de la inclusión de la diversidad étnica basado en observaciones extendidas de las aulas y entrevistas con las educadoras.. Resultados: En 90.3% de las aulas se promovió la aceptación de la diversidad y la inclusión de la cultura y lengua Mapuche en un grado inadecuado o mínimo. No obstante, los resultados fueron significativamente más favorables para los EE.EE. municipales comparados con los EE.EE. particulares-subvencionados. Conclusión: Los hallazgos proveen nueva evidencia de la necesidad urgente de mejorar la educación intercultural para niños preescolares en contextos interétnicos en Chile para impedir la invisibilización de las culturas indígenas y la desvaloración de los conocimientos indígenas.Introduction: In indigenous contexts the human right of intergenerational transmission of culture and language is not always guaranteed. Objective: This study investigated to which degree pedagogical practices were implemented to promote the acceptance of diversity and the inclusion of Mapuche culture and language in 62 preschool classrooms shared by indigenous Mapuche and non-indigenous children in the south of Chile and examined whether the degree of implementation differs between public and private-subsidized educational establishments (EE). Methodology: A quantitative rating scale was used to measure the degree of promoting acceptance of diversity and inclusion of ethnic diversity based on extended classroom observations and preschool teacher interviews. Results: In 90,3% of the classrooms the acceptance of diversity and inclusion of Mapuche language and culture was promoted to an inadequate or minimal degree. Nevertheless, the results were significantly more favorable for public EE compared to private-subsidized EE. Conclusion: The findings provide new evidence of the urgent need to improve the intercultural education for preschool children in interethnic contexts in Chile to impede the invisibilization of indigenous culture and devaluation of indigenous knowledge
Motivations of corporate volunteers and factors influencing them
No full textEl conocimiento de las motivaciones de los voluntarios es un insumo crítico para el diseño de estrategias de captación y retención en los programas de voluntariado corporativo. No obstante, su importancia, la investigación empírica sobre la motivación en este tipo de voluntariado es apenas incipiente y aislada. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar la estructura de motivaciones de los voluntarios corporativos y estudiar si esa estructura depende de factores sociodemográficos y culturales de los voluntarios y de la práctica del voluntariado personal en instituciones sociales. Es un estudio de tipo correlacional apoyado en una metodología de tipo cuantitativo. Se aplicó un cuestionario auto-administrado a voluntarios de 13 empresas que en Uruguay implementan programas de voluntariado corporativo. Las motivaciones se midieron en base al Volunteer Functions Inventory, que es una herramienta validada y ampliamente aplicada para medir las motivaciones del voluntariado en organizaciones sociales. Los resultados obtenidos son consistentes con los de investigaciones realizadas en otros países, con la diferencia de que los motivos relacionados con el interés por adquirir conocimientos registraron un mayor peso relativo que los estrictamente altruistas. También se encontró que la estructura de motivaciones resultó ser independiente de la mayoría de las variables que caracterizan a los voluntarios, al tiempo que se registraron diferencias significativas al comparar entre voluntarios de distintas empresas. Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca que la motivación de los voluntarios corporativos combina motivos altruistas y egocéntricos, que la estructura de motivaciones de cada voluntario no parece depender de factores personales y que existen factores relacionados con la empresa que impactan sobre esa estructura.The knowledge of the motivations of the volunteers is a critical input for the design of recruitment and retention strategies in corporate volunteering programs. Despite its importance, empirical research on the motivation in this type of volunteering is only incipient and isolated. The objective of the research was to identify the structure of motivations of corporate volunteers and to study whether that structure depends on socio-demographic and cultural factors of volunteers and the practice of personal volunteering in social institutions. It is a correlational type study supported by a quantitative type methodology. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to volunteers from 13 companies that implement corporate volunteering programs in Uruguay. The motivations were measured based on the Volunteer Functions Inventory, which is a validated and widely applied tool to measure the volunteering in social organizations The results are consistent with research conducted in other countries, with the difference that the reasons related to the interest in acquiring knowledge registered a higher relative weight than strictly altruistic motives. It was also found that the structure of motivations was independent of most of the variables that characterize the volunteers, while significant differences were recorded between volunteers comparing different companies. Among the main conclusions, it stands out that the motivation of corporate volunteers combines altruistic and egocentric motives, that the structure of motivations of each volunteer does not seem to depend on personal factors and that there are factors related to the company that impact on that structure
Mis–Dis Iinformation in COVID-19 health crisis: a narrative review
No full textBackground: In this narrative review, we address the COVID-19 pandemic mis–dis information crisis in which healthcare systems have been pushed to their limits, with collapses occurring worldwide. The context of uncertainty has resulted in skepticism, confusion, and general malaise among the population. Informing the public has been one of the major challenges during this pandemic. Misinformation is defined as false information shared by people who have no intention of misleading others. Disinformation is defined as false information deliberately created and disseminated with malicious intentions. Objective: To reach a consensus and critical review about mis–dis information in COVID-19 crisis. Methods: A database search was conducted in PsychINFO, MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase and CinAhl. Databases used the MeSH-compliant keywords of COVID-19, 2019-nCoV, Coronavirus 2019, SARS-CoV-2, misinformation, disinformation, information, vaccines, vaccination, origin, target, spread, communication. Results: Both misinformation and disinformation can affect the population’s confidence in vaccines (development, safety, and efficacy of vaccines, as well as denial of the severity of SARS-CoV infection). Institutions should take into account that a great part of the success of the intervention to combat a pandemic has a relationship with the power to stop the misinformation and disinformation processes. The response should be well-structured and addressed from different key points: central level and community level, with official and centralized communication channels. The approach should be multifactorial and enhanced by the collaboration of social media companies to stop misleading information, and trustworthy people both working or not working in the health care systems to boost the power of the message. Conclusions: The response should be well-structured and addressed from different key points: central level and community level, with official and clearly centralized communication channels. The approach should be multifactorial and enhanced from the collaboration of social media companies to stop misleading information, and trustworthy people both working and not working in the health care systems to boost the power of a message based on scientific evidence
Design of lean-based strategies to improve the flow of materials in the value chain of a furniture company in Colombia
No full textThis study aims to analyze the general process conditions in a furniture company in Colombia. Many improvement opportunities were identified and addressed using lean manufacturing tools and philosophy to increase the process's outcome. The methodology allowed some activities to reorganize and identify deficiencies in personnel formation, housekeeping, lack of tools, and other factors affecting the process. Different actions were implemented with the commitment of directives, operators, production management, and other areas. The discipline showed for all the problematic areas allowed to increase the outcome of the process by 21%
Dataset of traffic accidents in motorcyclists in Bogotá, Colombia
No full textAccording to the World Health Organization, in 2016, Colombia obtained the tenth position worldwide, the third in the continent and the second in South America, according to the accident rate of 9.7 motorcycle fatalities per 100,000 populations. Between 2012 and 2021, the number of deceased and injured motorcyclists among all road users was 50%, with an annual average of 3140 fatal victims and 20,800 injured victims. Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín were the cities with the most accidents. In Bogota in 2017, the deaths of motorcyclists on the roads were around 32% of the road actors. This data article presents the dataset used to analyze and predict the severity of motorcyclist road accidents in Bogota in the article entitled “Extraction of decision rules using genetic algorithms and simulated annealing for prediction of severity of traffic accidents by motorcyclists” [1]. The data set was consolidated from the registration of 175,245 traffic accidents and the report of 337,828 road actors involved in crashes in Bogotá between January 2013 and February 2018. The data was compiled, processed, and enriched with additional information about infrastructure and weather conditions. The data corresponds to 35,693 motorcyclist traffic accidents, represented by 28 variables, and classified into five categories: road actors, motorcyclists and individuals involved, weather conditions and timing, road conditions and location and characteristics of the accident. The data on motorcyclist traffic accidents opens up a scenario to deepen and compare road safety in Latin America, where studies on vulnerable road users are limited. According to severity, the data on motorcycle traffic accidents recorded 28% with material damage, 69% with injured and 3% with fatal victims
Charapa Turtles (Podocnemis unifilis), an opportunity to improve community tourism and contribute to their conservation in Yasuní national park, Ecuador
No full textBiodiversity at the species and ecosystem level is an important basis for tourism, especially for tourism economies in landscapes optimal for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, which are addressed under the Convention on Biological Diversity. In the last two decades, the Podocnemis Unifilis turtle has presented problems represented in a decrease of individuals in their populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics and current situation of the charapa turtle (Podocnemis Unifilis), to analyze the perception of the community of the Indillama River towards this species and finally to establish a proposal for its conservation with a socio-economic contribution from the community tourism segment. The methodology used consisted of a bibliographic review, semi-structured interviews and expert judgment. The main results indicate that the charapa turtle has had population problems in the last 30 years due to various anthropogenic pressures. The inhabitants of the Río Indillama community perceive this species mainly as a source of economic income (sale of individuals and their eggs) and food by consuming their eggs and adult individuals. Finally, we present a proposal for conservation through tourism that provides experiential activities for the collection of P. unifilis eggs, nesting and reléase (sponsorship) of individuals, providing economic benefits to local communities. This will contribute to its conservation and local socioeconomic development
EPH158 Years of life lost due to diabetes mellitus in Colombia, 1979-2017
No full textObjective To quantify the impact of mortality due to diabetes mellitus (DM) by estimating the Years of Life Lost (YLLs) in Colombia, in 1979-2017. Methods
We carried out an ecologic analysis using mortality data from the Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics. YLLs attributable to DM were estimated by five-year age group and departments (states), and YLLs trends were evaluated by sex and age group using Joinpoint regression analysis. We made a mid-cycle adjustment to avoid overestimating the YLLs. YLLs were estimated as follows: YLLi=LEi– (i+k) where YLLi (age group in which the loss is estimated), LE: life expectancy of the age group, and k is the mid-term adjustment factor. For each age group, YLL was calculated by multiplying the number of YLLs by the number of deaths. YLLs rates per 100,000 population adjusted by sex through the direct method were calculated. Annual percentage change (APC) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were analyzed to show Joinpoints. A 5% significance level was set. Results. Between 1979 and 2017, 200,650 DM deaths (58% in women) occurred (median age: 63.3 years), corresponding to 4,125,625 YLLs. 68% of all YLLs occurred in the 50-79 age group. The highest age-adjusted rate of YLL was observed in Meta (5.07). Five states (Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Bogotá, D.C., Santander, and Atlántico) accumulated 53.9% of the total YLLs attributable to DM. The age-adjusted rate of YLL due to DM in women increased between 1979-2000, from 2.69 in 1979 to 2.94 in 2017 - EAPC=0.0 (p = 0.9). In men, the age-adjusted rate of YLL also increased from 1.65 in 1979 to 2.71 in 2017 – EAPC=1.8 (p <0.05). Conclusion. In Colombia, between 1979-2017, occurred a high number of deaths owing to DM representing an important burden of YLLs. Preventive actions should reflect an impact on longevity
Integración al currículo de la cultura afro para el fortalecimiento de la identidad étnica
No full textToday´s society requires a citizen who is capable of interacting with the surrounding sociocultural context, generating close relationships with it, through contributions in the creation of new processes to transform their habitat and satisfy their interests. For this reason, the educational system provides students, including the Afro ssubject, with the possibility of academic and personal development by strengthening their self-esteem in order to achieve ethnic, cultural, linguistic and identity visibility in the context of globalization. From this point of view, the present study aims to design a didactic proposal that makes possible the integration of Raizal knowledge and values into the curriculum as a basis for strengthening ethnic identity. It is contextualized in the chair of Afro-Colombian studies, specifically with students of fourth and second grade of basic primary of the IED La Salle and Carlos Meisel, respectively, in Atlántico, Colombia. It works under a mixed paradigm (multi-method approach of a qualitative-quantitative nature) collecting information through instruments such as the analysis matrix, the questionnaire and the interview script. The samples are representative of students and teachers from both institutions. The samples are representative of students and teachers from both institutions. The main results show significant efforts to strengthen the curriculum from the conception and implementation of strategies of recognition of ethnic identity, otherness and pluralism included in the daily class plans. It is concluded that ethno-educational projects need to impact the curriculum, specifically, in the Afro-Colombian chair from the historical, ethnic, ethical, religious, cultural context with the respective process of appropriation by the communities.La sociedad actual requiere de un ciudadano capaz de interactuar con el contexto sociocultural, generando relaciones a través de las contribuciones en la creación de nuevos procesos para transformar su hábitat y satisfacer sus intereses. Por esta razón, el sistema educativo proporciona a los estudiantes, incluyendo al educando afro, la posibilidad del desarrollo académico y personal mediante el fortalecimiento de su autoestima en pro de alcanzar una visibilidad étnica, cultural, lingüística e identitaria en el marco de la globalización. Por tanto el presente estudio, tiene como objetivo diseñar una propuesta didáctica que viabilice la integración al currículo de los saberes y valores afrocolombianos como fundamento al fortalecimiento de identidad étnica. Se contextualiza en la cátedra de estudios afrocolombianos, específicamente con estudiantes de cuarto y segundo grado de básica primaria de la IED La Salle y Carlos Meisel, respectivamente, en Atlántico, Colombia. Se trabaja bajo un paradigma mixto (enfoque multimétodo de naturaleza cualicuantitativo) recogiendo información a través de instrumentos como la matriz de análisis, el cuestionario y guion de entrevista. Las muestras son representativas de estudiantes y docentes de ambas instituciones. Los principales resultados evidencian esfuerzos significativos para fortalecer el currículo desde la concepción e implementación de estrategias de reconocimiento de la identidad étnica, otredad y pluralismo incluidos en los planes diarios de clases. Se concluye en la necesidad de los proyectos etnoeducativos impacten la malla curricular, específicamente, en la cátedra afrocolombiana desde el contexto histórico, étnico, ético, religioso, cultural con el respectivo proceso de apropiación por parte de las comunidades.Introducción 12 --
Capítulo I. Planteamiento del problema 16 --
Generalidades del objeto de estudio 16 --
Descripción del problema 24 --
Objetivos 28 --
Justificación 28 --
Relevancia y pertinencia científica: 32 --
Delimitación espacial y demográfica: 35 --
Delimitación temporal: 36 --
Capítulo II. Marco Teórico-Conceptual 37 --
Estado del Arte 37 --
Antecedentes internacionales 38 --
Antecedentes nacionales 45 ---
Antecedentes locales 51 --
Marco conceptual 56 --
Bases Teóricas 63 --
Sistema educativo colombiano 63 --
Lineamientos curriculares de la Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos 78 --
Relación docente- estudiante en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje 83 --
Desarrollo de procesos asociados a la Etnoeducación para el fortalecimiento de la identidad étnica. 84 --
Identidad étnica 84 --
Interculturalidad 86 ---
Etnización 88 --
Afirmación y diversidad cultural 88 --
Procesos lingüísticos en la afrocolombianidad 91 -
Integración al currículo de la cultura afro 92 ---
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Estándares de competencias en la Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos: orientaciones del MEN 95 --
Procesos de gestión curricular para el fortalecimiento de la identidad étnica 96 --
Gestión curricular 96 -
Planificación de área en Etnoeducación 97 ---
Uso y apropiación de saberes ancestrales como mediación para el fortalecimiento de la identidad étnica 98 --
Ambientes de aprendizaje etnoeducativos 99 --
Mapa de relaciones teóricas 101 --
Marco legal 101 --
Matriz de relaciones teóricas 105 --
Operacionalización de las variables 109 --
Enfoque de investigación 111 --
Paradigma de la investigación 112 --
Método de investigación 113 --
Diseño de investigación: documental, de campo y propositivo 115 --
Diseño de campo. Nivel descriptivo- explicativo 117 --
Diseño propositivo. Nivel propositivo. 117 --
Población y muestra (unidades de análisis diseño empírico – de campo). 118 --
Población. 118 --
Muestra. 119 --
Rigurosidad científica y procesamiento de información. 121 ---
Validación de instrumentos de investigación. 122 --
Confiabilidad de los instrumentos 123 --
Fases 128 --
Ruta metodológica 129 --
Capítulo 4. Procesamiento y Análisis de resultados 130 --
Variable: Fortalecimiento de la Identidad étnica 141 ---
Integración al currículo de la cultura afro 146 --
Variable. Mediación didáctica de las competencias etnoeducativas 150 --
Consideraciones generales frente al diseño documental 153 --
Resultados Instrumento: Cuestionario a estudiantes 159 --
Caracterización de la población investigada 159 --
Variable. Integración al currículo 162 --
Variable. Fortalecimiento de la Identidad étnica 169 --
Resultados: Cuestionario aplicado a docentes 176 --
Caracterización de la población 176 --
Variable. Integración al currículo 178 --
Variable. Fortalecimiento de la identidad étnica 183 --
Visión integrada del análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo 190 --
Capítulo 5. 191 --
Descripción de la propuesta 191 --
Objetivos de la propuesta 193 --
Objetivo general 193 ---
Objetivos específicos 193 --
Justificación 194 --
Fundamentación teórica y legal de la propuesta 195 --
Plataformas educativas de contenidos 196 --
Propuesta pedagógica de desarrollo propio 197 --
Dimensiones de la Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos 198 --
Dimensión Político-social: 198 --
Dimensión ambiental 201 --
Dimensión Geohistórica 202 --
Dimensión espiritual 203 --
Dimensión investigativa 204 --
Dimensión internacional 204 --
Importancia de la integración al currículo de la cultura afro 205 --
Rol del docente como mediador etnoeducativo 206 --
Referentes normativos 206 --
Carta de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) de 1945 207 --
Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos (DUDH) de 1948 207 --
Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991 208 --
Ley 725 de 2001 210 --
Decreto 804 de 1995 210 --
Decreto 1122 de 1998 210 --
Decreto 2249 de 1995 210 --
Plan Decenal de Educación 211 --
Decreto 1332 de 1992 211 --
La Ley 1448 del 2011 y su Decreto 4635 211 --
Estructura de la propuesta 212 --
Conclusiones 222 --
Referencias Bibliográficas 228 --Magíster en Educación – Modalidad VirtualMaestrí
Análisis de la funcionalidad de la plataforma Territorium como elemento motivador dentro de los procesos de la formación profesional integral del Sena
No full textLa pandemia ha dejado cambios en todas las instituciones educativas en Colombia tanto privadas y públicas incluyendo el SENA (Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje) para que se desarrollen formaciones híbridas o blended, donde mediante actividades presenciales y virtuales se atiendan a los aprendices de acuerdo con las competencias requeridas. Para ello se necesita utilizar plataformas tecnológicas que puedan motivar en forma permanente a los aprendices involucrados. Los Learning Management System (LMS) son herramientas fundamentales para los procesos de sincronización entre la formación presencial y la formación en línea. Dependiendo de la implementación de éstos LMS, es que se puede evidenciar la eficacia en los procesos formativos teniendo en cuenta la funcionalidad de la plataforma basada en sus componentesThe pandemic has left changed in all educational institutions in Colombia, both private and public including the SENA (National Learning Service), they have developed hybrid or blended training, where through face-to-face and virtual activities they serve the apprentices according to the required competencies. For this we need to use technological platforms that can permanently motivate the apprentices involved. The Learning Management System (LMS) are fundamental tools for the synchronization processes between face-to-face training and online training. Depending on the implementation of these LMS, it is possible to demonstrate the effectiveness in the training processes taking into account the functionality of the platform based on its component