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Características de las unidades de negocio dedicadas a la elaboración y comercialización del pastel en el corregimiento de Pital de Megua
No full textInformality in the constitution of a company is one of the most studied elements in the literature and this is associated with low competitiveness. On the other hand, the municipality of Pital de Megua makes a commitment to diversify its economy through the promotion of cake and hallaca as emblematic products of the region, however, many of the enterprises have some trace of informality. Likewise, the characteristics of these business units are not clearly known, so this work aims to characterize the business units dedicated to the elaboration and commercialization of the cake in the Corregimiento de Pital de Megua. For this, a research work with a quantitative approach, descriptive scope, non-experimental and cross-sectional is carried out. An instrument was applied to the owners and administrators of the business units and inquired about three main axes: legal, physical and operational. The main results demonstrate the high degree of informality that exists in this group of companies and its main characteristics. This work contributes to the existing literature by revealing aspects related to the informality of SMEs and the characterization of the group of companies studied, which can be considered a basis for generating studies with correlational scopes that allow a better understanding of the logic underlying these organizations.La informalidad en la constitución de una empresa es uno de los elementos más estudiados en la literatura y esta se asocia con una baja competitividad. Por otra parte, el municipio de Pital de Megua realiza una apuesta de diversificación de su economía a través de la promoción del pastel y la hallaca como productos emblemáticos de la región, sin embargo, muchos de los emprendimientos poseen algún rasgo de informalidad. Asimismo, no se conoce con claridad cuáles son las características de estas unidades de negocio, por lo que este trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar las unidades de negocio dedicadas a la elaboración y comercialización del pastel en el Corregimiento de Pital de Megua. Para esto se realiza un trabajo de investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, alcance descriptivo, no experimental y de corte transversal. Se aplicó un instrumento a los propietarios y administradores de las unidades de negocio y se indagó sobre tres ejes principales: legal, físico y operacional. Los principales resultados demuestran el alto grado de informalidad que existe en este grupo de empresas y sus principales características. Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura existente al develar aspectos relacionados con la informalidad de las PYME y con la caracterización del grupo de empresas estudiado, lo que puede considerarse una base para generar estudios con alcances correlacionales que permitan comprender mejor la lógica que subyace en estas organizaciones.
Palabras clave: pyme, informalidad,Resumen 2 --
Contenido 4 --
Lista de cuadros 6 --
Lista de figuras 7 --
Introducción 8 --
Planteamiento del problema 10 --
Pregunta principal 12 --
Preguntas complementarias 13 --
Objetivos 13 --
Objetivo general 13 --
Objetivos específicos 13 --
Antecedentes 14 --
Justificación 16 --
Marco teórico 17 --
Criterios para la definición de Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas empresas 17 --
Variables que afectan el desempeño de las PYME 19 --
Características de las Micros, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas 22 --
Factores clave de éxito competitivo en el contexto de las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas 24 --
Tendencias de investigación en el contexto de las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas 26
Marco conceptual 30 --
Metodología 32 --
Área de investigación 33 --
Enfoque epistemológico 33 --
Alcance 33 --
Método 33 --
Diseño 34 --
Fuentes 34 --
Instrumento y/o técnica 34 --
Análisis de datos 35 --
Análisis y discusión 35 --
Características legales de las unidades de negocio dedicadas a la elaboración y comercialización del pastel en el Corregimiento de Pital de Megua 35 --
Conocer las características físicas de las unidades de negocio dedicadas a la elaboración y comercialización del pastel en el Corregimiento de Pital de Megua 45 --
Identificar las características operacionales de las unidades de negocio dedicadas a la elaboración y comercialización del pastel en el Corregimiento de Pital de Megua 52 --
Conclusiones 65 --
Repercusiones 71 --
Referencias 71 --
Anexos 76 --Contador(a) Público(a)Pregrad
Fluvial dynamics of the Amazon river between Nazareth and Leticia: potential loss of Colombia's sovereignty over the amazon river
No full textThe southern border of Colombia is delimited by the Amazon River, which defines the frontier between Colombia and Peru. Since the 1920s the border limit between these two countries has been defined by the river's thalweg, however the river dynamics has caused changes within its geomorphology making this border line be constantly shifting due to changes in the river's thalweg. This study analyzes the hydrodynamic behavior of the Amazon River and its geomorphological changes within a reach of 3.5 km between the towns of Nazareth (Colombia) and Leticia (Colombia). Through numerical modelling of the river reach, severe sedimentation processes in the left channel were identified, indicating major bed level changes within a 2-year simulation. These bed level changes indicate the appearance of sand bars in the Colombian portion of the river bed. The geomorphological changes shown in the model were validated through the analysis of satellite imagery, which indicates the erosion of the river's right bank, and the sedimentation and contraction of the left bank. These geomorphological changes are causing the loss of river area within Colombian territory, hence meaning that Peru is gaining more river area. If the sedimentation processes continue within the left channel of the Amazon River between Nazareth and Leticia, island formations will increase and it will eventually close, therefore meaning a potential loss of Colombia's sovereignty over the Amazon River
Los pueblos indígenas y las elecciones regionales 2023 en el Atlántico
No full textLas elecciones presidenciales de Colombia de 2022 muestran el fortalecimiento de las Organizaciones Regionales y las reivindicaciones de derechos electorales y políticos de los pueblos indígenas. En el departamento del Atlántico, jugaron un papel determinante en el caudal y debate electoral, demostrando que la organización de las comunidades indígenas se ha convertido en un interesante fortín para los intereses de sectores políticos externos, que ven en estos sectores como simples "votos capitalizables", y no como comunidades con culturas y tradiciones que deben ser resguardadas, respetando las formas de vida que las caracteriza
A fuzzy hybrid mcdm approach for assessing the emergency department performance during the COVID-19 outbreak
No full textThe use of emergency departments (EDs) has increased during the COVID-19 outbreak, thereby evidencing the key role of these units in the overall response of healthcare systems to the current pandemic scenario. Nevertheless, several disruptions have emerged in the practical scenario including low throughput, overcrowding, and extended waiting times. Therefore, there is a need to develop strategies for upgrading the response of these units against the current pandemic. Given the above, this paper presents a hybrid fuzzy multicriteria decision-making model (MCDM) to evaluate the performance of EDs and create focused improvement interventions. First, the intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (IF-AHP) technique is used to estimate the relative priorities of criteria and sub-criteria considering uncertainty. Then, the intuitionistic fuzzy decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (IF-DEMATEL) is employed to calculate the interdependence and feedback between criteria and sub-criteria under uncertainty, Finally, the combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) is implemented to rank the EDs and detect their weaknesses to device suitable improvement plans. The aforementioned methodology was validated in three emergency centers in Turkey. The results revealed that the most important criterion in ED performance was ER facilities (14.4%), while Procedures and protocols evidenced the highest positive D + R value (18.239) among the dispatchers and is therefore deemed as the main generator within the performance network
Classification of industrial engineering programs in Colombia based on state tests
No full textThis article proposes an approach for the classification of industrial engineering programs offered by different higher education institutions (HEIs) in Colombia, using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and validating the results with cluster analysis. To perform this classification, data from 5318 industrial engineering students from 93 higher education institutions are used as a basis for classification based on the Saber11 and SaberPro state tests. The state tests are used to measure graduates' academic performance in the data envelopment analysis. With the efficiency results it was possible to classify higher education institutions (HEIs) into three large groups. Subsequently, this classification was validated through cluster analysis. The results show a correct classification of 77%
Preparation of alumina-supported Fe-Al-La composite for fluoride removal from an aqueous matrix
No full textUsing groundwater for human consumption is an alternative for places with
no nearby surface water resources. Fluoride is commonly found in
groundwater, and the consumption of this water for a prolonged time in
concentrations that exceed established limits by WHO and Brazilian
legislation on water potability (1.5 mg L−1) can cause harmful problems to
human health. For this reason, fluoride removal is an important step before
water consumption. In this work, activated alumina was impregnated with
Fe-Al-La composite and employed for the first time as an adsorbent for
fluoride removal from an aqueous environment. XRD, SEM/EDS, FT-IR,
and point of zero charge were used to characterize the prepared adsorbent.
The adsorptive performance of adsorbent material was investigated by
employing a 23-central composite design (CCD), and the obtained
experimental conditions were pH = 6.5 and adsorbent dosage = 3.0 g L−1. A
maximum adsorption capacity of 8.17 mg g−1 at 298 K and pH = 6.5 was
achieved by Langmuir isotherm to describe the adsorption. The kinetic
model that better described experimental data was Avrami, with the kav
parameter increasing with the initial concentration from 0.076 to 0.231
(min−1)nav. The nature of adsorption was found to be homogeneous, and it
occurs in a monolayer. The fluoride removal performance for the prepared
adsorbent was higher than granular activated alumina, showing that
supporting Fe-Al-La at the alumina surface increased its fluoride adsorption
capacity from 16 to 42% at the same experimental conditions. Finally, the
influence of co-existing ions Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− was evaluated in
fluoride adsorption, and the material presented great selectivity to fluoride.
Thus, Fe-Al-La/AA adsorbent is a promising material for fluoride removal
from water
Guías de laboratorio de medición y evaluación psicológica
No full textEl compendio de guías de laboratorio de medición y evaluación psicológica enfocadas a la psicología, incluyen prácticas que les permiten a los estudiantes fortalecer habilidades al aplicar conceptos de la asignatura en un ambiente de laboratorio. Esta guía articula experiencias fundamentales que incluyen normativa de seguridad aplicable, recursos a utilizar, procedimientos, cálculos y un cuestionario de análisis. Con ello, los estudiantes podrán consolidar los conocimientos teórico-prácticos al aplicar conceptos de las temáticas de la asignatura psicología.Contemplaciones sobre las Pruebas de Personalidad y Conducta 3 -- 1. Introducción 4 -- 2. Conceptos Básicos 4 -- 3. Elemento de Competencia 7 -- 4. Logro 7 -- 5. Escenario de Aprendizaje 8 -- 6. Método de Implementación de la Práctica 10 Recursos 10 Procedimiento 10 Resultado de la Práctica 10 -- 7. Bibliografía 12 -- Conocimiento de las pruebas de Inteligencia, Escalas de Medición de Intereses y Habilidades 13 -- 1. Introducción 14 -- 2. Conceptos Básicos 15 -- 3. Elemento de Competencia 20 -- 4. Logro 21 -- 5. Escenario de Aprendizaje 21 -- 6. Método de Implementación de la Práctica 22 Recursos 22 Procedimiento 23 Resultado de la Práctica 23 -- 7. Bibliografía 2
An optimization algorithm for the multi-objective flexible fuzzy job shop environment with partial flexibility based on adaptive teaching–learning considering fuzzy processing times
No full textProduction scheduling is a critical factor to enhancing productivity in manufacturing engineering and combinatorial optimization research. The complexity and dynamic nature of production systems necessitates innovative solutions. The Job Shop Flexible Programming Problem (FJSP) provides a realistic environment for production, where processing times are variable and uncertain, and multiple objectives need optimization. To solve the Multi-Objective Flexible Fuzzy Job Shop problem with partial flexibility (P-MOFfJSP), this paper proposes a hybrid metaheuristic approach that combines the Teaching–Learning-based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm with a Genetic Algorithm. The proposed algorithm of Adaptive TLBO (TLBO-A) uses two genetic operators (mutation and crossover) with an adaptive population reconfiguration strategy, ensuring solution space exploration and preventing premature convergence. We have evaluated the TLBO-A algorithm's performance on benchmark instances commonly used in programming problems with fuzzy variables. The experimental analysis indicates significant results, demonstrating that the adaptive strategy improves the search for suitable solutions. The proposed algorithm (TLBO-A) exhibits low variations (around 11%) compared to the best mono-objective heuristic for the fuzzy makespan problem, indicating its robustness. Moreover, compared with other heuristics like traditional TLBO, the variations decrease to around 1%. However, TLBO-A stands out as it aims to solve a multi-objective problem, improving the fuzzy makespan, and identifying good results on the Pareto frontier for the fuzzy average flow time, all within this low variation margin. Our contribution addresses the challenges of production scheduling in fuzzy time environments and proposes a practical hybrid metaheuristic approach. The TLBO-A algorithm shows promising results in solving the P-MOFfJSP, highlighting the potential of our proposed methodology for solving real-world production scheduling problems
A multicriteria decision‐making framework for assessing the performance of gynecobstetrics departments: a case study
Get PDFGynecobstetrics departments (GDs) oversee diagnosing, monitoring, and treating female reproductive diseases as well as assisting women during pregnancy. Their importance motivates the creation of suitable performance evaluation approaches for identifying weaknesses and designing focused interventions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is twofold: (a) provide an approach for GD performance evaluation and (b) propose interventions tackling the GDs’ weaknesses. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was first applied to calculate the initial criteria and subcriteria weights under vagueness. Then, the decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) was implemented to evaluate interrelations. FAHP and DEMATEL were later combined to estimate the final criteria and subcriteria weights under vagueness and interdependency. Finally, the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to rank the GDs and detect improvement opportunities. A case study of a cluster including three GDs is presented to validate the proposed approach. The results evidenced that patient safety and service quality are the most critical aspects in GD performance evaluation. The results from this application can be used by healthcare managers for designing focused interventions targeting improved performance of GDs. This paper fully exploits the advantages of FAHP, DEMATEL, and TOPSIS methods for evaluating performances of GDs. Furthermore, this study presents a novel decision‐making model representing the multifactorial context of the GD performance.Ortiz Barrios, Miguel ÁngelGutiérrez‐Severiche, EdwardCómbita‐Niño, DayanaJiménez, GenettIshizaka, Alessio-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-2531-292X-600Barbati, MaríaHerrera-Fontalvo, Zulmeira-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-5133-3903-60
Magnetic micro-macro biocatalysts applied to industrial bioprocesses
Get PDFThe use of magnetic biocatalysts is highly beneficial in bioprocesses technology, as it allows their easy recovering and enhances biocatalyst lifetime. Thus, it simplifies operational processing and increases efficiency, leading to more cost-effective processes. The use of small-size matrices as carriers for enzyme immobilization enables to maximize surface area and catalysts loading, also reducing diffusion limitations. As highly expensive nanoparticles (nm size) usually aggregate, their application at large scale is not recommended. In contrast, the use of magnetic micro-macro (µm-mm size) matrices leads to more homogeneous biocatalysts with null or very low aggregation, which facilitates an easy handling and recovery. The present review aims to highlight recent trends in the application of medium-to-high size magnetic biocatalysts in different areas (biodiesel production, food and pharma industries, protein purification or removal of environmental contaminants). The advantages and disadvantages of these above-mentioned magnetic biocatalysts in bioprocessDel Arco, Jon-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-4646-492X-600Alcántara, Andrés R.Fernández-Lafuente, RobertoFernández-Lucas, Jesús-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-7045-8306-60