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Constitutional Justice and Democracy: Countermajoritarian Principle in the Decisions of the Constitutional Court
No full textEl principio contramayoritario es un elemento fundamental en la comprensión de las democracias modernas. Este cuenta con un desarrollo teórico robusto y se encuentra consolidado en el constitucionalismo contemporáneo, señalando que el poder debe ser limitado y controlado, a fin de evitar que la mayoría legisle o gobierne violando los derechos y libertades de las minorías. En esta medida, la figura del tribunal constitucional, como intérprete supremo de la constitución, juega un papel crucial en la protección del principio en cuestión. Por ello, el presente artículo se centra en examinar e interpretar las bases teóricas y prácticas del principio contramayoritario, de cara al papel de los tribunales constitucionales en su implementación, como manifestación de la justicia constitucional en contextos democráticos. Todo esto enmarcado dentro de una investigación jurídica, la cual se desarrolla a partir de un método analítico, que se plantea a partir de la revisión documental de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia relevante sobre el tema, teniendo mayor proximidad con el contexto colombiano. Con este artículo se contribuye a la comprensión del principio en cuestión desde su fundamentación teórica y su injerencia en la actualidad jurídico-política, a través de su impacto en las dinámicas judiciales que han venido determinando el curso y evolución de las democracias contemporáneas. Se concluye con que el principio contramayoritario, pese a verse usualmente cuestionado por sus dificultades metodológicas, producto del carácter indeterminado de su insumo social, desempeña un papel crucial en la comprensión de los límites contemporáneos al poder.
The counter-majoritarian principle is a fundamental element in the understanding of modern democracies. It has a robust theoretical development and is consolidated in contemporary constitutionalism, indicating that power must be limited and controlled, to prevent the majority from legislating or governing in violation of the rights and freedoms of minorities. To this extent, the figure of the constitutional court, as supreme interpreter of the constitution, plays a crucial role in the protection of the principle in question. Therefore, this article focuses on examining and interpreting the theoretical and practical bases of the counter-majoritarian principle, with a view to the role of the constitutional courts in its implementation, as a manifestation of constitutional justice in democratic contexts. All this framed within legal research, which is developed from an analytical method, which is raised from the documentary review of the relevant doctrine and jurisprudence on the subject, having greater proximity to the Colombian context. This article contributes to the understanding of the principle in question from its theoretical foundation and its interference in the current legal-political situation, through its impact on the judicial dynamics that have been determining the course and evolution of contemporary democracies. It is concluded that the counter-majoritarian principle, despite being usually questioned for its methodological difficulties, due to the indeterminate nature of its social input, plays a crucial role in the understanding of contemporary limits to power.
Enhancing methylene blue dye removal using pyrolyzed mytella falcata shells: characterization, kinetics, isotherm, and regeneration through photolysis and peroxidation
No full textThe potential of pyrolyzed Mytella falcata shells as an adsorbent for removing methylene blue dye molecules from aqueous solutions was investigated. The study found that the adsorbent produced at 600 °C of pyrolysis temperature, with an adsorbent mass of 0.5 g, particle diameter of 0.297–0.149 mm, and pH 12.0, demonstrated the highest dye molecule removal efficiency of 82.41%. The material’s porosity was observed through scanning electron microscopy, which is favorable for adsorption, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction analysis analyses confirmed the presence of calcium carbonate in the crystalline phases. The pseudo-second order model was found to be the best fit for the data, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism involves two steps: external diffusion and diffusion via the solid pores. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm model better represented the equilibrium data, and the methylene blue adsorption was found to be spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic. The hydrogen peroxide with UV oxidation was found to be the most efficient method of regeneration, with a regeneration percentage of 63% achieved using 600 mmol.L−1 of oxidizing agents. The results suggest that pyrolyzed Mytella falcata shells could serve as an ecologically viable adsorbent alternative, reducing the amount of waste produced in the local environment and at the same time removing pollutants from the water. The material’s adsorption capacity remained almost constant in the first adsorption-oxidation cycles, indicating its potential for repeated use
On the relation between monocultures and ecosystem services in the Global South: a review
No full textThe countries of the global south are characterized by high levels of biodiversity. In addition, these countries have suffered -and will suffer- even more ecological pressures due to agricultural production, mainly monocultures. When considering areas of high biodiversity with highly intensive agricultural systems, the scientific literature highlights the role provided by Ecosystem Services (ES) both to monocultures and from monocultures to their contexts. In this sense, the objective of this paper is to provide a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to understand the relationship between monocultures and ES in the global south. Furthermore, in this research we provide a context analysis to broaden the understanding of the implications of monocultures in this region. We provide correlations between trends in monocultures harvested areas and forest cover in the countries identified through the SLR. Our SLR identified information from 15 countries and 11 monocultures. We found several negative correlations between harvested area and forest cover, mainly in megadiverse countries. In addition, we depicted trade-offs and synergies related to monocultures. We conclude that more research is needed in this regard, especially since there is great interest in monocultures for economic development in the global south, and this area will support world food production in the future
Exploitation of Bauhinia forficata residual fruit powder for the adsorption of cationic dyes
No full textThis paper analyzes the adsorption of two potential toxic dyes, i.e. methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) onto Bauhinia forficata residual fruit powder (BFRFP) as a new promising adsorbent. The experiments aimed at retrievement of adsorption data are carried out at T = 298–328 K and are coupled with an adsorbent characterization to better highlight the MB and CV dyes adsorption mechanism. MB adsorption capacity at saturation (ACS) varies from 181.48 to 201 mg.g−1, while for CV dye, it ranges from 263.06 to 282.61 mg.g−1. This difference is not very significant but reflects that the BFRFP has a higher affinity to remove CV dye. Comparing with some alternative adsorbents, the BFRFP adsorbent shows to be a competitive material for the removal of MB and CV dyes from polluted water. A model assuming that MB and CV dyes are removed via a formation of two layers on BFRFP is chosen as the one that, from a physical point of view, better interpret their adsorption mechanisms. The prediction of the number of dyes adsorbed on BFRFP is approximately equal to 1 for both the dyes, testifying that they are removed without an aggregation process and with slanted position. The physical model generates two energies to describe the interactive effects between both dyes and BFRFP adsorbent (dye- BFRFP) and between dyes (dye-dye). Results show that physical interactions occur during the adsorption process
Between the two shores: Rosario's imaginaries around the Paraná Delta (19th, 20th and 21st centuries)
No full textLa ciudad de Rosario, provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina, surge y se desarrolla junto a la ribera occidental del río Paraná y, a pesar de la cercanía con la orilla oriental ubicada a 60 km de distancia, en jurisdicción de Entre Ríos, hasta el siglo XXI la relación entre ambas es escasa y las transformaciones costeras disímiles. Sin embargo, son remotos y heterogéneos los imaginarios interesados en su conexión y, fundamentalmente, en la generación de vínculos con el espacio insular intermedio. La presente investigación se propone reconocer aquellas representaciones que, a lo largo de más de un siglo, tendieron a enlazar la ciudad de Rosario, su frente costero, el vasto ámbito isleño y la margen oriental entrerriana, a fin de comprender el rol que las mismas cumplieron en la constitución de imaginarios sociales, diversos y móviles, que se tradujeron en cada momento histórico en proyectos de apropiación del territorio fluvial.The city of Rosario, in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, arose and developed along the western bank of the Paraná River and, despite its proximity to the eastern riverside located 60 km away, in the jurisdiction of Entre Ríos, until the 21st century the relationship between the two is scarce and the coastal transformations are dissimilar. However, the imaginaries interested in their connection and, fundamentally, in the generation of links with the intermediate insular space are remote and heterogeneous. This research aims to recognize those representations which, over more than a century, tended to link the city of Rosario, its waterfront, the vast island area, and the eastern margin of Entre Ríos, in order to understand the role they played in the constitution of diverse and mobile social imaginaries, which were translated at each historical moment into projects for the appropriation of the river territory
Analysis of delays and cost overruns of road construction projects in the Colombian Caribbean Region
No full textConstruction projects are constantly threatened by delays and cost overruns that might compromise their viability. Th us, identifying the leading causes of these issues based on the experience of experienced professionals is essential to planning and reducing these risks. This research evaluates the frequency and severity of variables causing delays and cost overruns in Colombian Caribbean Region road projects. Th e nine causes studied in this research were defined through a literature review, preliminary discussion and a pilot test. A survey directed to 42 road construction engineers allowed the authors to characterise these professionals’ perceptions regarding the frequency and severity of these variables in terms of delay and cost overruns, with a confi dence level of 80%. Statistical analyses were applied to the results of the survey to establish which variables generate the most signifi cant impacts when building roads and related works in the Colombian Caribbean Regio
Classification of the means and methods used in high-intensity functional training: A Critical Reflection
No full textEl entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad representa un nuevo paradigma del fitness, además es un tipo de ejercicio que crece a nivel mundial en cuanto a practicantes y centros de acondicionamiento físico que lo ofertan; no obstante, la documentación respecto a la forma de realizar este tipo de entrenamientos es escasa, por lo que se puede presentar dife-rentes problemáticas en este ámbito de la actividad física, el deporte y la salud por descono-cimiento de cómo efectuar este tipo de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. El objetivo estudio de este artículo es hacer una reflexión crítica sobre los medios y métodos aplicados en el entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad. Posterior a la consulta de literatura se propo-ne la siguiente clasificación para los medios (calisténicos/gimnásticos, cardiometabólico y levantamiento), mientras que los métodos obtuvieron dos clasificaciones, una basada en la modalidad (medios) y otra en la organización (estructura de la sesión). En conclusión, esta nueva propuesta se ajusta más a la realidad del entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad desde las bases del entrenamiento deportivo.High-intensity functional training represents a new fitness paradigm, it is also a type of exercise that is growing worldwide in terms of practitioners and fitness centers that offer it, despite the documentation regarding how to perform this type of exercise is scarce, so di-fferent problems can arise in this area of physical activity, sports and health due to a lack of knowledge of how to carry out this type of high-intensity physical exercise. The study objec-tive of this article is to make a critical reflection on the means and methods applied in high intensity functional training. After consulting the literature, the following classification is proposed for the means (calisthenics/gymnastics, cardiometabolic and lifting), while the methods obtained two classifications, one based on the modality (means) and the other on the organizational (structure of the session). In conclusion, this new proposal is more in line with the reality of high-intensity functional training from the bases of sports training
Computer data analysis to estimate the effects of government effectiveness and voice accountability on research and development in Latin American countries (2002-2021).
No full textThis paper examines the relationship among Research and Development (R&D) expenditure, government effectiveness, and voice accountability in 15 Latin American countries. R&D expenditure is a crucial driver of innovation and economic growth, and effective governance and voice accountability are essential for promoting transparency and citizen participation in decision-making processes. The study utilizes a panel dataset from 2002 to 2021 and employs computer data analysis to estimate the effects of changes in government effectiveness and voice accountability on R&D expenditure. The findings reveal a positive impact of government effectiveness and voice accountability on R&D expenditure. A 1% increase in government effectiveness is associated with a 0.618% increase in research development expenditure, while a 1% rise in voice accountability corresponds to a 0.625% increase. These results highlight the importance of effective governance and citizen engagement in fostering R&D investment
Economic burden of liver disease in Colombia
No full textIntroducción: la enfermedad hepática representa una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial, principalmente por cirrosis y hepatocarcinoma; sin embargo, se subestima su impacto para el paciente, sistema de salud y el país. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que determinó la carga económica asociada a las muertes prematuras por cirrosis y tumores primarios del hígado, mediante la valoración económica de los años productivos de vida potencialmente perdidos (APVPP) en Colombia y de enfermedad hepática en Colombia entre 2009 y 2016. Resultados y conclusiones: la carga total de enfermedad hepática representó 687,861 años de vida saludable perdidos ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD), los hombres con mayores años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP) y las mujeres con mayores años vividos con discapacidad (AVD). Las muertes por cirrosis y tumores primarios del hígado representan una carga económica que supera los 8,6 millones de dólares, lo cual refleja la necesidad de fortalecer las estrategias de intervención desde la promoción y prevención hasta el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.Introduction: Liver diseases have a significant impact on global morbidity and mortality rates, primarily attributed to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the true extent of their impact on patients, healthcare systems, and countries is often underestimated. Materials and methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed to determine the economic burden associated with premature deaths caused by cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The economic assessment was conducted by analyzing potentially productive years of life lost (PPYLL) due to liver diseases in Colombia between 2009 and 2016. Results and conclusions: The total burden of liver disease accounted for 687,861 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Men experienced a higher number of years of life lost from mortality (YLL), while women had a greater number of years lived with a disability (YLD). The economic burden of deaths caused by cirrhosis and primary liver cancer exceeded USD 8.6 million, highlighting the urgency to enhance intervention strategies ranging from promotion and prevention to timely diagnosis and treatment
A diffuse analysis based on analytical processes to prioritize barriers in the development of renewable energy technologies in alignment with the united nations sustainable development goals: evidence from Guajira/Colombia
No full textColombia is a country that is characterized by having potential in many renewable and sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, etc., in this country the growth value of renewable energy (ER) has not yet reached a benchmark, this due to the existence of several barriers or limitations that have hindered the path of research and implementation. It is difficult to identify and prioritize the impact of these barriers that mostly hinder growth or improvement in the quality of life of a specific population. For this research, a systematic structure has been developed to identify and prioritize the barriers and manage to find a solution path to the aforementioned. This study aims to recognize and classify the barriers according to their impact on the development of renewable energy technologies, as well as demonstrate the non-relationship that may exist between a territory rich in energy potential and the good quality of life of its inhabitants, the study consists of four phases; (1) A study area was taken for its characterization in renewable energy potential and compared with the current quality of its inhabitants, (2) The barriers were recognized from the available literature studies, project reports and interactions with 6 experts from academia and industries, (3) for the final selection, the FAHP decision method was used, then, 24 were selected and classified into five groups: social and economic barriers, political and, administrative and market barriers and geographical and environmental barriers and (4) the FAHP method was used to obtain the priority weight and the hierarchy between these barriers. The results showed first that there is no relationship indicating that a potential area in renewable energy source has a positive impact on people’s quality of life, also that politics and political barriers occupies the first place among the main barriers, besides that corruption and nepotism is the most relevant sub-criterion according to the experts’ results. Sensitivity analysis is used to confirm the stability of all prioritized barriers