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Simulation studies of Extractive Distillation for separating the Isoamyl acetate/Isoamyl alcohol Binary Azeotrope Mixture using N-octyl actetate green solvent
Full text linkIsoamyl acetate, also known as banana oil, is a versatile compound with wide-ranging applications in diverse industries, including food, paint, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and essence production. However, its synthesis poses a challenge due to the formation of an azeotrope with Isoamyl alcohol under atmospheric pressure. To separate azeotropes effectively, reduce waste, reuse resources, and maintain environmental cleanliness and sustainability, the industry uses extractive distillation. The primary focus of this study was to apply extractive distillation to separate binary azeotropic systems involving Isoamyl acetate and Isoamyl alcohol, with the use of N-Octyl acetate as the designated solvent. The process characteristics were simulated using CHEMCAD simulator with the UNIFAC thermodynamic model, followed by sensitivity analysis to optimize the flow sheets. To achieve the optimized design of the extractive distillation column, the impact of solvent flow rate, reflux ratio, feed stage, and solvent feed stage were investigated
PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ELEUSINE CORACANA IN CORRELATION WITH ITS NUTRITIONAL VALUE
Full text linkEleusine coracana, a tropical cereal, commonly known as finger millet found in region of India and Africa contains large source of phytochemicals. The nutrient content of finger millet is high and can be further enhanced by processing, the hypoglycemic, anti-ulcer properties and hypo-cholesterolic effect of finger millet are among its health benefits. Scientific proof of the existence of phenolics and flavonoids in finger millet, however, is lacking. Additionally, analytical methods to calculate the amounts of gallic acid and quercetin have not been developed. The present investigation includes phytochemical screening, estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content, determination of calcium content, as well as analytical method development for two bio-actives using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The final method was optimized using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid (3:3:0.8:0.4 v/v/v/v) and densitometric scanning of the plate was performed in absorption mode at 271 nm. Validation of the developed method was done according to the ICH guidelines. Linearity range was found to be 200-600 ng/spot with R2 value 0.988 and 0.9976 for quercetin and gallic acid, respectively. Other validation parameters like precision, repeatability, and accuracy were performed and the results were found according the specifications. The quantification of quercetin and gallic acid in the sample was found to be 0.61% and 0.55% w/w, respectively. Despite the widespread use of synthetic antioxidants, calcium determination, estimates of quercetin and gallic acid in the present investigation provided assurance of health benefits & quality and purity of finger millet. However, there is growing evidence that consumers prefer natural antioxidants due to their potential for lower toxicity
FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PELLETS CONTAINING ZALTOPROFEN BY EXTRUSION SPHERONIZATION TECHNIQUE
Full text linkA non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug called zaltoprofen has a remarkable impact on persistent post-surgical or post-traumatic inflammation. Zaltoprofen is taken three times a day in doses of 80 mg and has a shorter half-life. Zaltoprofen pellets with a sustained release have been created with the aim to get the maximum drug release possible for this study. The sustained release polymer HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M were taken at different concentrations (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) for the preliminary trial from which HPMC K100M at 7.5% had shown enhanced release. The initial studies on the compatibility of drugs and excipients using FTIR and DSC revealed no interaction between the two. Pellets were prepared by Extrusion-Spheronization technique and evaluated for Bulk density, Tapped Density, Friability, Drug Content, Particle Size, % Yield of pellets, Scanning electron microscopy, and in-vitro Drug release. Controlled drug release for up to 12 hours was accomplished using the box-Behnken design. HPMC K100M concentration (X1), MCC concentration (X2), and Spheronization speed (X3) were chosen as independent factors, and the t50% (Y1) and t90% (Y2) were chosen as dependent variables. An in-vitro drug release study revealed that % CDR decreased as the amount of polymer increased. To visualize the impact of X1 and X2, X1 and X3, and X2 and X3 on the %CDR, contour plots and response surface plots were created. At the concentration of independent variables X1 (77.5%), X2 (7.5%), and X3 (1750 rpm), an optimal response was estimated. Different kinds of release pharmacokinetic models were used to assess the optimized batch Z13. According to ICH regulations, the optimized batch was stored for a month for a stability study at 40°C ± 2°C and 75% ± 5% RH, and it was found to be stable at the end of the study
PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ELEUSINE CORACANA IN CORRELATION WITH ITS NUTRITIONAL VALUE
Full text linkEleusine coracana, a tropical cereal, commonly known as finger millet found in region of India and Africa contains large source of phytochemicals. The nutrient content of finger millet is high and can be further enhanced by processing, the hypoglycemic, anti-ulcer properties and hypo-cholesterolic effect of finger millet are among its health benefits. Scientific proof of the existence of phenolics and flavonoids in finger millet, however, is lacking. Additionally, analytical methods to calculate the amounts of gallic acid and quercetin have not been developed. The present investigation includes phytochemical screening, estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content, determination of calcium content, as well as analytical method development for two bio-actives using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The final method was optimized using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid (3:3:0.8:0.4 v/v/v/v) and densitometric scanning of the plate was performed in absorption mode at 271 nm. Validation of the developed method was done according to the ICH guidelines. Linearity range was found to be 200-600 ng/spot with R2 value 0.988 and 0.9976 for quercetin and gallic acid, respectively. Other validation parameters like precision, repeatability, and accuracy were performed and the results were found according the specifications. The quantification of quercetin and gallic acid in the sample was found to be 0.61% and 0.55% w/w, respectively. Despite the widespread use of synthetic antioxidants, calcium determination, estimates of quercetin and gallic acid in the present investigation provided assurance of health benefits & quality and purity of finger millet. However, there is growing evidence that consumers prefer natural antioxidants due to their potential for lower toxicity
A one-dimensional finite element model to study the effect of advection on calcium dynamic in Cardiac Myocyte Cell
Full text linkCardiac myocytes cells which are present in the heart are responsible for the expansion and contraction of the heart. Specific calcium dynamics lead to the smooth functioning of the heart, which is still not understood clearly. Hence, a one-dimensional finite element model is proposed in this paper to study the effect of advection on calcium dynamics. In this model, different processes such as buffering, the reaction of calcium with buffers, diffusion of calcium ions, advection and source influx are considered to study individual and coordinated effects of advection on calcium dynamics. Significant boundary conditions and initial conditions based on the biophysical properties of the region have been proposed. A program has been developed in MATLAB for the entire problem and simulated to compute the numerical results. The individual and coordinated effects of advection, buffering, diffusion on calcium and source influx on calcium dynamics in cardiac myocytes cells are studied
AN OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATION OF SDGS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR
Full text linkIntegration and implementation of the Sustainable development Goals by UN is important of achieve the goal by 2030. The defined 17 SDGs delivers the goals, targets and plan to execute and achieve the substantial plan that are the key measures of growth of any country. Importantly, for implementing the goals the budget and national policies are the prosecutors. The drafting of the national strategies and successful implementation to achieve the agenda “no one should leave behind” is most crucial one under national government. Looking at the various perspective, the current review highlights the various national strategies under Indian government for integration of UNSDG under pharma sectors. The review will talk in details about the key points and consideration while implementing the policies in national framework, various government policies designed by NITI AAYOG and current schemes implemented by Indian government. The review will also provide the consolidated data of various registration under various schemes. In conclusion, the review will provide the detailed overview of various national strategies for implementing the SDGs under Indian pharma and health sectors.
A REVIEW ON SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM LINN
Full text linkA powerful ethnomedicinal plant from the Anacardiaceae family known as “Bhallatak” or “Bhilawa” is Semecarpus anacardium Linn. and has strong therapeutic value. Several treatments use bhilawa, both conventionally and ethnobotanically. S. anacardium nut phytochemical examination reveals biologically active substances such bhilawanols, biflavonoids, minerals, phenolic compounds, amino acids, and vitamins, and which demonstrate varied therapeutic characteristics. In their clinical work, traditional healers and doctors employ formulations of S. anacardium. Numerous formulations are available on the market; some of the more popular ones are Bhallatakasav, Bhallatak Parpati, Amritbhallatak Avaleha, Suran vatak, Narsimha choorna and Sanjeevani Vati. S. anacardium’s pharmacological effects, including its hypoglycemic, CNS stimulant, anti-cancer, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and also promoter activity of hair growth, have been proved in many research study
SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENER PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND EXCIPIENTS
Full text linkThe pharmaceutical business and its worldwide supply chain play a significant part in the healthcare system, but it also has notable repercussions for the environment. Drug manufacture and transportation are major factors to the pharmaceutical industry’s carbon footprint. Like other manufacturing sectors, the pharmaceutical business contributes improve the sustainability of its operations. The current review focuses on sustainable strategies of pharmaceutical companies in order to achieve the greener goals. The field of chemistry known as “green chemistry,” often called “sustainable chemistry,” focuses on designing and improving goods and processes to reduce or eliminate the usage and production of hazardous materials. Sustainable hazardous waste management is critical for a safe, clean, and environmentally friendly environment and public health. The paper reviews newly developed management approaches, waste-to-energy conversion processes, and treatment technologies, as well as their applicability, advantages, and limitations. The extensive analysis presented in this article will assist in the formulation of cost-effective and environmentally friendly long-term development goals, as well as a number of projects to improve the pharmaceutical industry
QUANTIFICATION OF 2, 4-DIAMINOPYRIMIDINE 3- OXIDE IN MARKETED HAIR GROWTH FORMULATION USING RP-HPLC
Full text link2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide is widely used as hair growth promoter agent in cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations. A simple RP-HPLC method was developed for quantification of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide in marketed hair growth formulation. The method was developed using C18 column and mobile phase consisted of purified water: methanol (75:25) with flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The eluent was monitored at 225 nm. The lineraity of the standard 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide was performed between concentration 0.01 to 0.1 mg/mL and LOD and LOQ of the method were found. The method was found to be linear. The developed method was successfully applied for quantification of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide in marketed formulation
Analysis and Design of Conjoined Tall buildings
Full text linkThe current situation of rapid urbanization, rising land prices, and diminishing agricultural land are increasing the need for multi-storey buildings. The structural system of multi-storey buildings is governed by the stiffness along with strength due to significant effect of lateral loads due to earthquake and wind. A variety of structural systems for tall buildings like wall-frame, tubular, outrigger-belt truss, diagrid structures, have been developed for resisting lateral loads. Connecting two or more individual buildings at different levels along the height has created a new structural system, known as conjoined building. Due to increased lateral stiffness conjoined building is an efficient alternative structural system for tall buildings. Present study focuses on analysis and design of conjoined tall buildings. The individual wall-frame building considered for the current study has a plan size of 30 m × 30 m and different number of storey as 30, 40, 50, and 60. Conjoined buildings are created by connecting four individual buildings at the top. Four individual buildings are arranged in two rows with two buildings in each row. The clear spacing between the buildings is 20 m. Seismic and wind forces are considered according to IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 and IS 875(Part 3):2015 respectively. Interference effect is considered to evaluate dynamic wind load on conjoined buildings. To model and analyse structures, ETABS software is used. For both the individual and conjoined buildings, analysis results are compared in terms of natural time period, base shear, lateral displacement and inter-story drift. For both the type of buildings sizes of structural elements along with governing load cases are presented. The results of the present study demonstrate that as building height increases, a conjoined structural system becomes more effective at resisting lateral forces