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Prevalence of Congenitally Missing Mandibular Incisors in A Sample of Kurdish Patients Seeking Orthodontic Treatment
Full text linkObjectives: This study's objective was to evaluate the prevalence of congenitally missing mandibular incisors (central and lateral incisors) in Kurdish patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Methods: The data were captured from 4056 patients (2596 females and 1460 males) seeking orthodontic treatment and included orthopantomograms, intraoral photographs, study models, while anamnestic data were retrieved and examined to evaluate the prevalence of congenitally missing lower incisors. A Chi-square test was used to determine significant differences. Results: The prevalence of missing lower incisors was 1.28%, with no statistically significant difference between males and females. A total of 73 permanent lower incisors were missing, with an average of 1.42 teeth per patient. Missing unilateral (59%) was more frequent than missing bilateral (41%). Within the unilateral cases, the left side tooth was more frequently missing than the right side, and the central incisor was the most frequently missing tooth. In addition, missing unilateral was more frequent in females, and missing bilateral was more frequent in males. In most subjects (76%), where mandibular incisors were missing, there were no other missing teeth. Conclusions: The prevalence of hypodontia can vary in different ethnic groups. In the Kurdish population, the prevalence was comparable with other ethnic groups, and the most frequently missing lower incisor was the left central incisor, followed by the right central incisor. Furthermore, missing unilateral was more frequent than missing bilateral
Oral Manifestations and Microbiological Effects of Miswak and Toothbrush Users in a Sample of People of Kirkuk City
Full text linkObjectives: To assess and compare the oral hygiene, gingival conditions, and salivary microbiota levels among a group of people in Kirkuk city who used miswak or toothbrush regularly for their routine daily oral hygiene. Methods: Sixty male subjects with the age range of 25-65 (mean 35.2), 30 Miswak, and 30 Toothbrush users were enrolled in the study. The oral manifestations were assessed clinically using three different indices, while the microbial effects have been studied simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), and decayed, missing, filled teeth index (DMFT) by determining the level of selected bacterial species in the collected saliva samples from all participants. Results: It showed that all three indices (OHI-S, GI, and DMFT) were significantly higher in Miswak users than in toothbrush users. There were significantly higher pathogenic microorganisms (E.coli, Candida albicans, Klebsiella) in the saliva sample of Miswak used group than in the toothbrush group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding (S.pyogenes, Lactobacillus, and Staph aureus). Also, gum recession and tooth wear (Abrasion) were significantly higher in Miswak users than in toothbrush users (P=0.01),(P=0.001), respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the Miswak appears less efficient than tooth brushing to improve oral hygiene and periodontal conditions. Moreover, the antimicrobial agents contained in the Miswak offer no advantages over tooth brushing with toothpaste
A Retrospective CBCT Survey on Severity and Pattern of Alveolar Bone Loss Among a Selected Sample in the City of Sulaimani,Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Full text linkObjective: To evaluate the prevalence, distribution, and pattern of bone loss by using Cone beam Computed Tomographyin relation to age and sex. Methods: The severity and pattern of bone loss were evaluated on four sites of teeth. The severity and pattern weremeasured on proximal aspects, estimated by measuring the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the remaining alveolar bone crest subtract 2mm. Furcation defect was determined and recorded as presenceand absence,and the sample was divided into sevenage groups from (18 –70 years). Results: 212 well-defined CBCT for 76 males, 136 females with a mean population age of 40.4 ±13.3. Height of bone inspected on 20620 sites;the study sample included 781 missing teeth with amean of 3.68 ±4.53. The total population bone loss prevalencewas 7.6 %,with a mean amount of 1.54 ± 1.48 mm.The highest frequency of bone loss was at distal surfaces and mesial surfaces for lower-mid sextant with higher frequency forhorizontal rather than vertical patterns. A highly significant difference in the severity of bone loss was recorded between younger and older age groups. The highest amount of bone loss was for the buccal aspects of mandibular left sextant followed by midand right sextant, 4.27± mm, 3.92± mm and 3.75± mm respectively,with no significant differences between male and female (P 0.05) (1.65±1.57 mm and1.48±1.44 mm). Conclusions: CBCT can be utilized as a helpful radiographic tool to interpretthe amount, pattern, and distribution of periodontal bone loss and detection of furcation defects
Evaluation of Patient’s Satisfaction with Implant Supported Prosthesis in Rizgary Hospital from 2015- 2019
Full text linkObjective: This study aims to evaluate patient satisfaction when treated with implant-supported restorations at Dental Implant Unit- Maxillofacial Surgery Department/Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Erbil-Iraq from 2015-2019. Methods: Eighty patients with implant-supported prostheses were randomly selected to participate in the study. A case sheet was created for each of them. The case sheet consisted of two parts. The first part consisted of clinical evaluation recordings: mobility, suppuration, and bleeding on probing the implant-supported prosthesis, which the examiner did. While the second part of the case sheet was a questionnaire that the patient answered. There were five questions in the questionnaire: 1- the ability to chew foods, 2- the appearance of the prosthesis, 3- the comfort of the implant-supported prosthesis, 4- speaking ability, and 5- overall satisfaction with the outcome of the treatment. The degree of satisfaction was assessed by the scale from (1-5) with 1: corresponding to Not satisfied at all, 2: Not satisfied, 3: Partially satisfied, 4: Satisfied, and 5: Highly satisfied. Results: Majority (75%) of the sample were either satisfied (30%) or highly satisfied (45%) with the outcome of treatment (overall satisfaction). Nearly the same percentages were obtained regarding the satisfaction with the ability to chew foods, the appearance of the prosthesis, comfort, and speaking ability with the implant-supported prosthesis. In addition, there were strong correlations between mobility and suppuration of the implant-supported prostheses and the patient's satisfaction.. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, it has been concluded that patients treated with implant-supported prostheses were highly satisfied with the treatment. Data on patient satisfaction is an important source of information that can guide dentists to provide treatment that will meet patients' expectations more
Perceptions of Orthodontists on Bracket Dislodgement During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment (A Cross Sectional Study)
Full text linkObjectives: Bracket failure is one of the problems that happen during fixed orthodontic treatment, which slows treatment progression and is costly in time, material, and patient inconvenience. The present study aimed to assess orthodontic professionals' perceptions regarding bracket failure during fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing a self–administered questionnaire among orthodontic professionals. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were tested before study conduction. In total, 158 orthodontic professionals were approached across Iraq. The questionnaire included eight questions on practice, nine on perceptions, and three on awareness with regard to the prevention and management of bracket failure. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The majority of the participants either agreed (58.2%) or strongly agreed (27.8%) that instruction on appropriate food consumption is the best way to prevent bracket debonding. Years of experience were shown to have a statistically significant association with the rate of bracket failure and number of appointments per week for bracket rebonding, at p=0.01 and p=0.001, respectively. A postgraduate orthodontics degree was shown to have a statistically significant association with perception and awareness within the study population, at p= 0.0005 and p=0.01, respectively. Conclusions: Orthodontic professionals regarded orthodontists as having the least responsibility for bracket failure. It is recommended to have special practice guidelines for the management of bracket failure
One Piece Dental Implants in Esthetic Zone
Full text linkObjectives: In recent years, one-piece dental implants are widely used to replace missing teeth as the technique is minimally invasive, and its special design offers to be used in an atrophied and narrow bone. Few pieces of literature were found regarding the use of these dental implants in the esthetic zone. This study aimed to evaluate the esthetic satisfaction of patients treated with one-piece dental implants in the esthetic zone using a special technique to enhance gingival recontouring and provide an optimum emergence profile. Methods: Twenty patients with single missing maxillary or mandibular teeth were enrolled in the study (25-50 year age group). They were treated by one-piece dental implants performing the flapless technique; a flame-shaped bur was used to create a sulcus around the implant abutment; the sulcus was then filled with flowable composite resin and allowed for seven days to recontour the gingival tissue. Esthetic satisfactions of the patients were evaluated two weeks and six months after the placement of the permanent crown using subjective and objective methods. Results: The esthetic assessment after 14 days and after six months using the objective method Pink Esthetic Score / White Esthetic Score (PES / WES) index showed that 85% to 90% of the cases received PES and WES mean values of 6 or more, which is the threshold of clinical acceptability. Regarding the subjective method using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) index. After 14 days, the total means value for all the questions was (7.19), and the results after six months were (7.25). There was a statistically non-significant difference between the two-time intervals in both objective and subjective methods (P 0.05). Conclusions: It has been concluded that one-piece dental implants can be successfully used in the esthetic zone after the special gingival recontouring technique
Determination of Mandibular Arch Form During Mixed Dentition Using Custom Made Template in Sulaimani Governorate
Full text linkObjectives: The dental arch form and dimensions change continuously and systematically during human growth and development, but this decreases adulthood. During mixed dentition, changes in dental arch forms and the occlusion occur due to teeth movements and growth of the alveolar bone. Usually, changes in the mandibular arch are followed by changes in the maxillary arch. The research aimed to determine the most frequent mandibular dental arch form and its relationship with gender. Methods: The mandibular arch forms of 115 schoolchildren with mixed dentition were examined using their dental casts. Adobe Photoshop (21.0.0, 2019) program was used to construct a template from photographs of the casts and printed on transparent paper to overlay the casts. The data were collected and calculated using statistical software to determine the frequencies of different arch forms among the studied sample. Results: The sample was composed of 61 males (53%) and 54 females (47%). The oval arch form was the most frequent type with 70 cases (60.9%), followed by the square arch form with 38 cases (33%), and finally the tapered arch form with 7 cases (6.1%). No significant relationship was found between the arch form and the gender of the participants. Conclusions: Oval arch form was the most predominant type of arch form of the mandible in the mixed dentition, and there was no relationship with gender
Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius Muscles’ Spasm for Treatment and Alleviation of Temporomandibular Disorders
Full text linkObjectives: The aim was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of low-level laser therapy LLLT on pain intensity of different cervicofacial muscles symptoms to alleviation of temporomandibular disorders TMDs. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients. Patients were divided into three equal groups. The LLLT were received in Group 1: on masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints TMJs. Group 2: on neck muscles. Group 3: on both masticatory and neck muscles with TMJ. Pain intensity was assessed before and after treatment by Visual Analogue Scale, and TMJ clicks recorded by normal listening, feeling, and palpation. Inter-incisor distance measured by digital Vernia calliper and LLLT therapy provided by BIOLASE-EPIC device. (Germany). Results: Demographic features were not different among the groups. The highest pain score per case for TMJ and muscle, TMJ alone(arthrogenic), Muscle alone (myogenic) before and after LLLT was improved significantly p-value of 0.001.The majority of click types 38.4% improved, the frequency and types of clicks that were decreased significantly in all groups. The majority of clicks were either disappeared 40% or changed from painful to painless 31.7% clicks significantly p-value = 0.003. The maximum opening capacity MOC was significantly increased p 0.001 after LLLT. Conclusions: The result recorded significant association between TMJ pain and neck muscles symptom. Further, there was significant improvement in TMD pain relief, TMJ click, and MOC after the application of LLLT to the neck muscles, Therefore LLLT could be suggested as a TMDs treatment option and added to the treatment protocol of TMDs
Evaluation of Salivary Biomarkers and Their Correlation to Periodontal Status and BMI
Full text linkObjective: This study aimed to determine the correlation between periodontal status and BMI by evaluating salivary biomarkers - Resistin, visfatin, and TNF-α. Methods: Among 580 screened subjects, 86 subjects (30 male and 56 female) aged 30-60 years recruited and grouped into four groups, Group 1 – non-obese with healthy periodontium, group 2 – non-obese with periodontitis, group 3 - obese with healthy periodontium, and group 4 - obese with periodontitis, according to their clinical periodontal parameters and BMI. (ELISA) was used to measure the salivary concentration of Resistin, Visfatin, and TNF-α. (SPSS, v.20.0) applied for statistical analysis, Shapiro-Wilk used to test the Normality of distribution. One-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the outcome data. Results: Significant differences in the clinical variables (PI, BI, PPD, and CAL) between test and control groups, with and with no periodontitis (P 0.05). However, no significant differences (P 0.05) between the level of Resistin were detected in the four groups tested. TNF-α was and periodontitis obese groups (P-value 0.05). No significant correlations were found between clinical periodontal parameters and BMI and the three biomarkers' levels in the four groups tested in this study. Conclusions: The study failed to detect significant positive correlations between the salivary biomarkers' levels and clinical periodontal and obesity parameters
Knowledge and Practice of Orthodontists Regarding Prevention and Treatment of White Spot Lesions during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Course in Kurdistan Region-Iraq: A Cross Sectional Study
Full text linkObjectives: White spot lesions (WSL) are considered the most frequent complication during fixed orthodontic treatment. The aim ofthe present study was to assess the knowledge and practice levels of orthodontic professionals regarding the prevention and treatmentof WSL in the Kurdistan region-Iraq.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing a validated self–administered questionnaire among orthodonticprofessionals and dentists practicing orthodontics. The questionnaire included ten questions about the knowledge and nine for thepractice with regard to the prevention and treatment of WSL. Data were analyzed by descriptive tests, Kruskal-Wallis test, and theMann Whitney test.Results: Sixty orthodontists and dentists practicing orthodontics participated in the study. Most participants (78.3%) had intermediateknowledge, and 66.7% recorded high practice scores. The knowledge and practice scores in female orthodontists and participants withpostgraduate orthodontics degrees were significantly higher than in male orthodontists and those without a postgraduate degree (P =0.0001)