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Scope of Maxillofacial Surgery as Recognized by Dental Practitioners and Dental Students in Sulaimani
Full text linkObjective: To find the knowledge of dental professionals and dental students of Sulaimani on scope and duties of maxillofacialsurgeon.Methods: A specific questionnaire designed and developed after several experts have been consulted for validation. The questionnaireinvolved five major duties of maxillofacial surgeon (trauma, pathology, aesthetic, temporomandibular joint problem and congenitaldisorder). After explanation, the questioners were answered by dental students in College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani anddentist (general dental practitioners and specialist). Two hundred questionnaires distributed among dentists and dental students (100for each group). Every responder was questioned for 32 different type of maxillofacial problems, meanwhile he /or she asked to choosea relevant specialty he /or she is going to refer or to consult for that each specific question.Results: Generally maxillofacial surgery moderately addressed for trauma and aesthetic surgery conditions and highly addressed forpathological, pain management and congenital disorders by both groups. Majority of dental practitioners with different specialties infield of dentistry and dental students to some extend are acquainted with maxillofacial surgery and the related details of the field.Conclusions: Maxillofacial surgery scope of work in the field of aesthetics and trauma surgery still not well recognized by theresponders and even some where underestimated. In the fields of pathology, pain management and congenital anomaly is wellrecognized and comparable to the results of other countries
Quantitative Expression of Cell-Free Salivary Transcriptomes (IL8, IL1β, And H3F3A) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Erosive Lichen Planus
Full text linkObjective: Diagnosis of oral SCC at its earliest stage is crucial for increasing survival rate. Salivary transcriptome meetsdemands for noninvasive, accessible, and highly efficient diagnostic medium. This study designed to investigate whetherquantification of cell-free salivary mRNA of certain genes (IL8, IL1β, H3F3A) is an informative diagnostic tool for earlydetection of oral SCC and malignant transformation in erosive oral lichen planus.Methods: The mRNA of salivary transcriptomes of IL8, IL1B, and H3F3A genes were examined in 18 individuals (six oralSCC, six oral lichen planus, and six healthy people). Up to 5 ml of unstimulated saliva was collected from each person. Thetotal RNA was extracted from the cell-free saliva samples and converted to cDNA. The mRNA expression level of the indicatedgenes was quantified by a qRT-PCR technique using specific primers and SyberGreen reagent. The data obtained from theqRT-PCR reaction was analyzed using the comparative CT (2-ΔΔCT) method. Independent t-test was performed to find therelation between variables. P-value 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The results show that the mRNA expression of all the three indicated genes (IL8, IL1B, and H3F3A) was up-regulatedin all OSCC and erosive oral lichen planus cases in comparison to normal cases.Conclusions: This work demonstrates a significant correlation between cell-free salivary mRNA of certain genes and casesof OSCC and oral lichen planus. These findings suggest that detection of salivary mRNA of certain related genes hold promisesas future biomarkers for accurate and early diagnosis of oral malignancies
Relationships of Candida with Frequency of Brushing, Age and Smoking in Patients with Removable Dental Prosthesis: A Quantitative Study
Full text linkObjective: Although progress has been made to reduce opportunistic infection of fungi in the oral cavity, the prevalence ofdenture stomatitis associated with Candida has increased. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of denturecleaning frequencies, age and smoking habit on the levels of Candida species in the saliva of patients wearing removablepartial or complete dentures.Methods: Subjects wearing removable partial or complete dentures were recruited. A questioner was used to collectinformation on oral hygiene habits and smoking. Saliva samples were collected by oral rinse technique in a sterile containerand cultured in duplicate Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. The numbers of colonies were determined by aCOLyte colony counterand the number expressed as a colony forming unit (CFU). The CFU and clinical data were analyzed for correlation and theKruskal-Wallis test was used to determine statistically significant differences.Results: Among 99 subjects recruited, 47 were wearing complete dentures and 28 were smokers. The brushing frequencieswere once (37 subjects), twice (39 subjects) and three times (23 subjects) per day. CFU was significantly higher in partialdenture wearers than complete denture wearers and the brushing frequencies significantly correlated with CFU (r = -0.85, P=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in CFU between smokers and non-smokers and no correlation of CFUwith age was found.Conclusions: This quantitative study has suggested that there are statistically significant differences in the levels of Candidain the saliva of subjects with different brushing frequencies and wearing a different type of denture. However, no statisticallysignificant difference was noticed between smokers and non-smokers, and there was no significant correlation between CFUand age
Self-Reporting Questionnaire on Gingival Bleeding Among Dental Students at University of Sulaimani
Full text linkObjective: Gingival bleeding during tooth brushing and eating is a clinical sign of gingivitis and periodontitis, or infrequentlydue to some associated systemic conditions or diseases such as vitamin C deficiency and blood diseases. Periodontal diseasesare the six most prevalent conditions affecting human kind that are associated with plaque. The aims of this study were todetermine self-experience gingival bleeding among dental students and their knowledge toward etiology, pathogenesis andmanagement of gingival bleeding.Methods: This questionnaire-based study was conducted on dental students, the questioner form included experience ofgingival bleeding among students, their family experience of gingival bleeding, students view to address this issue by eitherstopping tooth brushing and/or other oral hygiene measures or by visiting a dentist to manage the problem. Furthermore, thequestioner examined students knowledge on cause of bleeding and factors (systemic and habits) that associated with it.Results: Three hundred students answered the questioner and the frequency of gingival bleeding were: 15.7% experiencedfrequent gingival bleeding, 51.6% showed rare gingival bleeding and 32.6% with no experience of gingival bleeding. Morethan 44% of the students answered that at least one of their family member experienced gingival bleeding. Mechanical stimulisuch as tooth brushing were the cause of gingival bleeding of 66.3% participants. Gingival bleeding was also reported byeating hard food like apple (9%) and early morning gingival bleeding (5.3%). After bleeding, 16.7% visited the dentist and19.3% of students stopped tooth brushing. Around half of the participants related gingival bleeding to the gingival diseaseitself, whereas, the other half related to other diseases.Conclusions: Gingival bleeding is prevalent among dental students and their family members. Student s knowledge of thecause of gingival bleeding was limited. Furthermore, students reaction to manage bleeding gingiva is controversial
Evaluation of Different Enamel Surface Treatment on the Bracket Bonding
Full text linkObjective: To evaluate and compare the effects of different enamel conditioning techniques on the shear bond strength of brackets,the failure sites following debonding and the surface morphology of the enamel.Methods: In this study, 72 human premolars were randomly divided into six groups of 12 specimens each. The enamel surfaces ofthe teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid in group PA, deproteinized using sodium hypochlorite and 37% phosphoric acidin group NaOCl + PA, sandblasted and etched with 37% phosphoric acid in group AA + PA, conditioned by self-etching primer ingroup TPSEP, deproteinized using sodium hypochlorite and conditioned by self-etching primer in group NaOCl +TPSEP,sandblasted and conditioned by self-etching primer in group AA + TPSEP. After enamel conditioning procedures, brackets werebonded to the treated enamel surface, and shear bonding test was performed. After deboning, ARI scores were calculated for allgroups. Two samples from each group before bonding procedure were inspected by SEM for study the surface topography ofenamel following different conditioning techniques. Data were subjected to analysis of One-way variance, Scheff post hoc, Chisquare and Spearman s tests.Results: The mean bond strength values for groups NaOCl and PA have a higher mean shear bond strength among other groupswhile self-etching primer in group TPSEP had a lower shear bond strength. A significant difference was observed in the bondstrengths between groups (p 0.001). However, insignificant difference found in ARI in all groups (P = 0.118). SEM observationrevealed different etching patterns on the enamel surface after pretreatment.Conclusions: Enamel surface pretreatments, using a combination of sodium hypochlorite or sandblasting before phosphoric acidand self-etching primer, result in increased shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets as well as the surface roughness of enamel
Role of Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Thyroiditis and Evaluation of Individual Sonographic Features in Proved Cases of Thyroiditis
Full text linkObjective: To evaluate the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of thyroiditis and to evaluate its sonographicfeatures.Methods: Thirty-nine cases included in this study, age ranged between16-65years with a mean of 39.4 years. Themajority (95%) of the cases were female. Examinations were done in an outpatient clinic using real-timeSonography with the high-frequency linear probe, Following variables; gland size, its echogenicity, texture,vascularity and pattern of involvement by the disease process were recorded, then accordingly, a provisionaldiagnosis of thyroiditis made and reported. After that, US-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNA) donefor the patients according to physical referral and order, while the procedure explained to the patient's and writtenconsent. Then the final results were compared while FNA was considered as a gold standard diagnostic test.Results: Thirty-seven cases (95%) proved to be thyroiditis with ultrasound diagnostic sensitivity of 95%. Mostcommonly diagnosed type of thyroiditis was chronic (69.2%). Regardless type of thyroiditis, most commonsonographic features were decreased in echogenicity and heterogenic texture, they were reported among allstudied cases (100%). Majority of cases (Nearly 67%) had large thyroid size and most of the patients (nearly 77%)had diffuse thyroid involvement. Regarding vascularity, decreased vascularity was most common finding (43%),while among cases of increased vascularity, majority of cases (77%) were chronic thyroiditisConclusions: Ultrasound is a sensitive tool and can play an important role in the diagnosis of thyroiditis, whileit's available, noninvasive and cost-effective imaging modality. The decrease in echo and heterogeneity in textureare the two most common US features in the diagnosis of thyroiditis
Anti-Plaque and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Prepared Punica Granatum Mouthwash on Patients with Moderate Gingivitis
Full text linkObjective: Punica granatum is a herbal product used in the field of dentistry which has many potential effects includingbactericidal, antifungal, antiviral, and immune modulation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prepared Punicagranatum as an antiplaque and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of gingival inflammation.Methods: Sixty patients were enrolled in this study. Fourty five patients with moderate gingivitis were divided randomlyinto 3 groups; chlorhexidine group included 15 patients received once-daily dose of chlorhexidine mouthwash for 1 day,Punica I group included 15 patients received once-daily dose of Punica mouthwash for 1 day, and Punica II group included15 patients received once-daily dose of Punica mouthwash for 2 consecutive days. Plaque index, gingival index, andbleeding on probing were assessed before rinsing and after 3 and 7 days of rinsing, also saliva were collected before rinsingand after 1 hour, 2 hrs, 1 and three days of rinsing to estimate the level of interleukine-1β. The rest 15 subjects were withclinically healthy gingiva.Results: Punica II group resulted in significant reduction of plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding on probing after 3and 7 days of rinsing (p≤0.05) but with non-significant differences with chlorhexidine group (p 0.05). It had significanteffect in reduction of interleukine-1β which begin after one day of rinsing and continued into three days (p≤0.05).Conclusions: Punica like chlorhexidine has a positive effect on reduction of plaque accumulation and improvement ofgingival inflammation so can be used as an anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of gingivalinflammation
Patient's Satisfaction with Orthodontic Treatment in Sulaimani City
Full text linkObjectives: The aim of the study: The objective of this study is to evaluate the patient s satisfaction with orthodontic treatment for a sample of orthodontic patients treated in Sulaimani city and identify the possible factors that may affect the satisfaction with their dentition and profile after treatment. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study where 581 patients had consecutively completed active orthodontic treatment in Sulaimani Governorate, those patients were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires, only 500 patients were included (178 males and 322 females; mean age, 25.5; standard deviation [SD], 9.5. All the patients were treated with full fixed appliances, some in combination with removable and functional appliances. (57.2%) were very satisfied with the orthodontist, (33.8%) were very satisfied with improvement in the facial appearance, 80.8% were very satisfied with improvement in alignment of teeth, 24.8% were very satisfied with improvement in chewing, 43% were very satisfied with improvement in cleaning, 24 4.8% were very satisfied with the color of the teeth, 29% were very satisfied with the speech quality, 32.4% were very satisfied with the total treatment time, 39.8% were very satisfied with the number of visits per month, 8.4% were very satisfied with time that one appointment lasts, 1.4% were very satisfied with waiting time at each appointment, 21.8% were very satisfied with the service of orthodontic staff in clinic or hospital. Conclusions: Personality and satisfaction were correlated, but no correlation was found between gender and patient satisfaction. Also, patients with high neuroticism scores who treated orthodontically were linked with lower levels of satisfaction with the dentition. Beside satisfaction with oral comfort, general performance, eating capacities, and pain dimensions during orthodontic treatment had definitive effects on total satisfaction. On the other side, most of them were unsatisfied with waiting for each appointment
Perilesional sites of OSCC had altered P-cadherin expression
Full text linkEpithelial cells at surgical free margins are considered to be free of pathology at the morphological level. However, they might be associated with molecular changes when considering clonal expansion of pre-neoplastic cells in a particular tumor field; that subsequent genomic changes could drive them towards the malignant development.To evaluate the distribution and cellular localization of P-cad at the perilesional area of OSCC, in comparison with normal oral mucosa and correlate such expression to clinical parameters and histopathological grading of the primary lesion.Normal oral mucosa revealed membranous basal and parabasal expression. All the perilesional samples showed positive results with 55% overexpression. The cytoplasmic expression alone or mixed with membranous localization was the predominant expression (18 out of 20 cases). Sex, age, and clinical presentations did not show any significant relations in response to P-cad distribution or intracellular localization. While P-cad intracellular localization was significantly correlated with the histopathological grading (P=0.046) and epithelial cell layers distribution (P=0.026). P-cad overexpression was seen in 81.8% in WDSCC (9/11) perilesional sites.P-cadherin overexpression and shifting its intracellular localization from membranes to cytoplasmic and mixed at the perilesional site of oral cancer could be considered as a mark for revealing cancerization and lateral spreading