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Root Canal System and Morphology of Mandibular Second Molar Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Full text linkObjective: As human 2nd molar teeth demonstrate considerable anatomic complexities and abnormalities in the number of roots and root canals, this study aimed to determine and investigate the root canal system of the mandibular 2nd molar teeth of a sample using cone-beam computed tomography. Variation can be found among different ethnic backgrounds. However, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images eliminate the superimposition of anatomic structures. Methods: A total of 350 CBCTs were examined in this study. The analysis was conducted using the GALILEOS Viewer computer software program equipped with a disk containing the CBCT data. The Vertucci classification was used to categorize the data and the chi-square test to compare age groups, gender, and mouth sides. Results: Twenty-one two-handed CBCTs met the study criteria. Mandibular 2nd molar teeth were examined, and type 2 canal configuration was the most prevalent in the mesial root (57.1%), whereas type 1 canal configuration was the most prevalent in the distal canal (96.5%). Gender had no significant effect on the root canals' configuration except for the distal root of the right side. In contrast, age had a significant effect on root canal type, except for the right mesial root. There was a strong correlation between root canal types on the right and left sides. Conclusions: Type 1 and 2 root canal types were most prevalent in the distal and mesial root canal. Age was found to affect root canal type, and a correlation between right and left side root canal types was detected
Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in a Sample of Orthodontic Patients in Erbil City
Full text linkObjective: Dental anomalies are abnormal morphological development of dentition during various periods of tooth development andhave an important role in the development of various kinds of malocclusions. If dental anomalies not diagnosed, they can make dentaland orthodontic treatment more difficult. So, orthodontists and the general dental practitioner must investigate patients carefully. Theobjective of the current study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies in a sample of orthodontic patientsin Erbil city using orthopantomogram.Methods: Four hundred fifty-eight orthopantomograms of orthodontic patients with age of 16-40 years evaluated to determine theprevalence and distribution of the hypodontia, impaction, microdontia, and supernumerary tooth.Results: 15.06% orthodontic patients: 21 males and 48 females had at least one dental anomaly. Impaction and hypodontia were themost common dental anomalies with no significant difference between genders. Maxillary canines were more commonly impactedtooth, whereas maxillary lateral incisors were the most common tooth agenesis among genders.Conclusions: Impaction was the most prevalent dental anomaly, and maxillary canines were the most involved teeth and are inagreement with many studies among various populations. The most frequently missing teeth were the maxillary lateral incisors.However, mandibular 2nd premolar was the most common hypodontia in some studies
Failure Modes of New Fiber Post Systems Using Stereomicroscope: An in Vitro Study
Full text linkObjective: Failure of the glass posts is a major and the main concern of practical dentistry. This study conducted to evaluate the modeof failure among prefabricated bundle fiber posts, prefabricated taper fiber posts, and short fiber-reinforced composite as a post andluting material using a stereomicroscope.Methods: Thirty mandibular premolars were divided into three groups (n=10). Group 1: prefabricated taper fiber post cemented witha resin core, group 2: prefabricated bundle fiber post cemented with a resin core and group 3: short fiber-reinforced composite usedinstead of post and cement. Each root specimen cut into three slices of 2 mm thickness from the cervical, middle, and apical parts ofthe posts. Push-out tests were performed using a universal testing machine at three sites in each root at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.Then, the specimens evaluated under stereomicroscope 40X to classify the failure mode.Results: Sixty two specimens failed adhesively between dentin and cement in all groups, adhesive failure between the post and cementwas in the second group, prefabricated taper fiber post (GC fiber post) followed by prefabricated bundle fiber posts (Rebilda GT) (17sections), and the mixed failure was second for prefabricated bundle fiber posts (Rebilda GT) and third for prefabricated taper fiberpost (GC fiber post) (11sections).Conclusions: Adhesive failure between cement and dentin is dominant in all post systems in three sites of the roots (cervical, middle,and apical). The second most frequent failure is adhesive between post and cement in all regions in post systems
Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of Five Endodontic Sealing Materials Against Enterococcus Faecalis
Full text linkObjective: Residual and recurrence infection can be prevented by a root canal sealer that possesses good antibacterial activity, whichcontributes to the success of endodontic therapy. This in-vitro study conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of five endodonticsealers (MTA fillapex, HS Mxima MTA, Endosequence BC sealer, BioRoot RCS, and AH plus) against Enterococcus faecalis usingagar diffusion test.Methods: Freshly mixed sealers were placed into prepared wells on agar plates. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measuredafter incubation for 24 hours. The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and LSD at a 0.05 significance.Results: All tested samples had an antimicrobial effect against Enterococcus faecalis after 24 hours. MTA fillapex had the greatestantimicrobial effect with an inhibition diameter of 12.77mm, followed by Endosequence BC. Finally, the weakest antimicrobial effectwas related to the BioRoot RCS sealer with a mean zone of inhibition of 10.26mm.Conclusions: The root canal sealers showed different antimicrobial activity. However, MTA fillapex was the most effective sealeragainst the organism tested
Dental and Maxillofacial Findings in Cerebral Palsy Children from Sulaimani City: Assessment for Unmet Dental Needs
Full text linkObjective: This study was carried out, aiming to analyze the frequency and factors related to dental and maxillofacial findings, cariesexperience, and oral hygiene status among Kurdish Children with Cerebral Palsy in Sulaimani governorate.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 cerebral palsy children. They were subjected to extra and intraoral examination fordental and maxillofacial changes after obtaining medical and dental histories. The mean DMF/dmf index, significant caries index, metneed index (MNI), restorative index (RI), and simplified oral hygiene index, were recorded. Independent t-test, Chi-square tests, andSpearman correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data, and P-value 0.05 considered significant.Results: Nearly half of our cerebral palsy children were delivered by Cesarean section, diagnosed after birth with jaundice and hadmental retardation. The premature delivery associated with cerebral palsy types (P=.006). Extra-oral features were normal in 41% ofchildren. Hypertelorism was the predominant facial finding (48%), and 55% showed malocclusion (class II III). Dental caries wasobserved in 55% of the patients, mostly in the primary dentition (mean dmft index =3.18) and the significant caries index =8.69. TheMNI (=0.455) and RI (=0.412) were higher in the permanent dentition. The majority of children had good oral hygiene. No correlationwas found between cerebral palsy and the studied parameters.Conclusions: Children with cerebral palsy showed a high incidence of dental caries in primary dentition, malocclusion, andsurprisingly good oral hygiene, but none of which was correlated to any type of cerebral palsy
Retention Evaluation of PEEK Telescopic Attachment in Two Implants Supported Palateless Maxillary Overdenture. An In-vitro Study
Full text linkObjective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different positions of two dental implants with polyether ether ketone(PEEK) telescopic attachment on the Retention of palateless maxillary overdenture.Methods: Three edentulous maxillary models were fabricated from cold-cure polymethyl methacrylate resin. Each Model has receivedtwo implants as follows: Model 1 (one in each canine region), Model 2 (in right canine and left first premolar area), and Model 3 (inright canine and left second premolar area). One Palateless maxillary denture was constructed over each Model. Ready-made PEEKtelescope attachments corresponding to implant abutments were embedded in the inner surface of these overdentures. Initial anterior,posterior, and central retention values of overdentures were estimated and compared with the Retention after 540 cycles of insertionand removal using a digital force gauge.Results: The highest initial anterior retention value was recorded with Model 1, followed by Model 2 and then Model 3 (8.080, 7.460,and 6.980 N), respectively. On the other hand, the highest posterior and central retention values were recorded for Model 3 (11.060and 10.680 N), and the lowest value was with Model 1 (9.18 and 9.660 N). The highest loss of secondary retention value was recordedwith central retention value (24%), then anterior retention value (19%), and the lowest was recorded with posterior retention value(13%).Conclusions: The implant location and distribution affect the retention value of palateless maxillary overdenture. Continuous insertionand removal of the prosthesis for daily hygiene practice lead to decreases in the retention values
Diagnostic Potential of Salivary Biomarker Profiles in Epidemiological Survey of Periodontitis
Full text linkObjective: To assess the diagnostic value of salivary biomarker profiles in determining the prevalence of periodontitis in the adult population using the case definition for population-based surveillance of periodontitis (CDC/AAP) criteria. Methods: Eighty subjects with healthy periodontium, mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis were recruited (20 in each group) using CDC/AAP criteria. Clinical parameters of probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI), and bleeding index (BI) were recorded. Salivary samples were analyzed to determine levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and total protein (TP). ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare clinical and salivary parameters. Multinomial regression analysis was used to identify each examined group. Results: Clinical parameters were significantly higher in periodontitis groups compared to the healthy group (p 0.0001) except in PPD and PI. Both MMP8 and IL-1β were significantly higher in the moderate and severe periodontitis groups compared to the healthy group. No statistically significant differences in TP levels were found between examined groups (p=0.9). Multinomial regression analysis showed that the combination of MMP8, IL-1β, and age could accurately identify health, mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis groups with the certainty of 90%, 65%, 60%, 70%, respectively. Conclusions: This study suggests that age, salivary MMP8, and IL-1β levels offer a way to determine the prevalence of periodontitis using CDC/AAP criteria
The Effect of Submucosal Injection of Plasma Rich Platelets on the Rate of Orthodontically Induced Canine Retraction in Subject with Bimaxillary Protrusion
Full text linkObjective: The present study aimed to reveal the effects of submucosal injection of Plasma Rich Platelets (PRP) on the rate of canine retraction. Methods: Eighteen females with bimaxillary protrusion were selected from patients seeking orthodontic treatment, College of the Dentistry/University of Sulaimani, whose maxillary and mandibular first premolars were decided to be extracted after proper diagnosis. It s a split-mouth design; the upper left side was the control side while the upper right side served as the intervention side (submucosal injection of PRP); after aligning and leveling, the retraction phase was initiated on .017× .025 Stainless steel archwire with power chain from the canine bracket to temporary anchorage device inserted between the upper 2nd premolar and 1st molar at the same level for both sides. The elastomeric chains were changed every two weeks. Scanned intraoral images were obtained by intra- oral CEREC omnicam scanner before retraction and at the end of retraction to measure the amount of canine movement using inLab CAM 15.0 software 2015. Results: A highly significant acceleration of canine retraction on the intervention side compared with the control side at p .0001 with a rate of 29.1% higher overall retraction phase (108 days). Conclusions: Submucosal injection of PRP is a minimally-invasive and low-cost method that can be used for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement
Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction with Existing Complete Dentures for Those Patients Attending College of Dentistry University of Sulaimani
Full text linkObjective: This study was conducted to investigate the impact on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) among complete denture wearers and to inspect any impact differences between males and females denture wearers. Methods: The study sample involved 100 complete denture wearers (55 males and 45 females) aged between 40-74 years, who attended the Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani. All of the participants Interviewed directly by the researcher to answer the Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire (OHIP-EDENT-19) to assess the prevalence of impacts using three answering scales:1= never, 2= sometimes, 3=almost always. Socio-demographic information was gathered. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (chi-square test, P≤0.05). Results: The majority of participants chose score-2 (sometimes) in answering questions regarding functional limitation, physical pain, physical and psychological disability (58% - 72%). While score-1 (never) was the answer to social disability questions (69%) and score-3 (almost always) was the response of participants to consider wearing a complete denture is a handicap (46%). There were insignificant differences between both sexes in the majority of responses. However, Females were significantly more anxious than males (P 0.05) in answering specific questions regarding self-consciousness, embarrassment, and avoid going out. Conclusions: Conventional complete dentures bring negative impacts in the OHRQoL of elderly patients, mainly concerning physical pain and functional limitation, followed by handicap, physical disability, psychological discomfort. The least negative impact was on social and psychological disabilities. The most encountered problems by females than males were Psychological discomfort, psychological disability, and social disability
Clinical and Biochemical Effects of 1% Curcumin Solution as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing on Patients with Chronic Periodontitis
No full textObjective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of subgingival irrigation of curcumin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing inthe treatment of chronic periodontitis.Methods: 60 patients aged 30-50 years with chronic periodontitis recruited; 20 patients received subgingival irrigation of 1% ofcurcumin solution, 20 patients received subgingival irrigation of 0.12% of chlorhexidine solution, and 20 patients received scaling androot planing only (SRP). Pocket irrigation was conducted at baseline, 3, and 7 days after scaling and root planing. Clinical parametersand blood samples were collected at baseline before therapy and after two months of treatment to estimate the levels of total protein(TP), C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme.Results: Significant reduction of clinical and biochemical parameters after two months of treatment in the curcumin group (P 0.05).Nearly the same pattern for the chlorhexidine group (P 0.05), with non-significant differences with a baseline for albumin (P 0.05).Reduction of clinical parameters (P 0.05) and increase of CRP, ALP, and TP levels had been seen after scaling and root planing in theSRP group. No significant differences between the three main groups in relation to clinical parameters (P 0.05), with the exception ofthe gingival index and biochemical parameters (P 0.05).Conclusions: Curcumin can be effectively used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing as chlorhexidine in chronic periodontitis dueto the reduction of clinical parameters and inflammatory chemical markers; CRP, TP, and ALP enzyme