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Ruwaza ya Viambishi vya Nafsi na Njeo katika Vitenzi vya Lugha ya Kifipa
Get PDFMakala haya yamechunguza ruwaza ya viambishi vya nafsi na njeo katika vitenzi vya lugha ya Kifipa kwa kuongozwa na Nadharia Akisi ya Baker. Data za makala haya zilipatikana kwa mbinu za hojaji na usaili ambapo vitenzi sabini na vitano (75) vya Kiswahili vilitafsiriwa kwa Kifipa na baada ya kutafsiriwa watoataarifa waliombwa wavitamke taratibu kwa Kifipa. Data zilizopatikana zilichanganuliwa kwa mkabala wa kitaamuli na kuwasilishwa kwa majedwali na vielelezo mbalimbali. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yameonesha kuwa, lugha ya Kifipa ina nafsi tatu zenye umoja na wingi. Nafsi ya kwanza umoja na nafsi ya tatu umoja huwakilishwa na viambishi viwiliviwili kwa kila nafsi. Nafsi ya kwanza wingi, nafsi ya pili umoja na wingi na nafsi ya tatu wingi huwakilishwa na kiambishi kimojakimoja kwa kila nafsi. Viambishi vyote vya nafsi hutokea kabla ya mzizi wa kitenzi. Kwa upande wa njeo, lugha ya Kifipa ina njeo tatu; wakati uliopita, uliopo na ujao. Wakati uliopita na uliopo zina viambishi bayana ilhali wakati ujao huamriwa na masuala ya kifonolojia kwa kutumia umbo la kitenzi cha wakati uliopo. Wakati uliopita una viambishi viwili vinavyotokea kwa pamoja kwenye kitenzi. Kiambishi kimoja cha wakati uliopita hutokea kabla ya mzizi na kingine hutokea baada ya mzizi wa kitenzi. Kiambishi cha wakati uliopo hutokea kabla ya mzizi wa kitenzi
Mikakati Inayopendekezwa na Euphrase Kezilahabi katika Kukabiliana na Dhana Potofu Zilizopandikizwa na Wageni kuhusu Afrika na Mwafrika
Get PDFSuala la dhana potofu kuhusu Afrika na Mwafrika lina historia ndefu sana. Historia yake inaweza kutazamwa kuanzia kipindi cha ukoloni. Dhana hizo potofu kuhusu Afrika na Mwafrika zilijengewa msingi wake sio tu katika vitabu vya dini kama vile Biblia Takatifu, bali pia kwa wanafalsafa na wasomi maarufu wa kale wa Kimagharibi kama vile Carl Meinhof na Georg Hegel. Dhana potofu zilizopandikizwa zilichochea kutawaliwa kwa Waafrika na Afrika kwa jumla. Kwa mfano, kwa kupitia Biblia Takatifu kuna hoja kuwa masaibu, shida, majanga na mambo mbalimbali yanayomsibu Mwafrika yanatokana na kulaaniwa. Kutokana na kuwapo kwa dhana potofu, makala hii inakusudia kutathmini mikakati mbalimbali inayopendekezwa na Euphrase Kezilahabi katika kukabiliana na dhana hizo. Mikakati hiyo itabainishwa kupitia riwaya za Kezilahabi za Gamba la Nyoka, Nagona na Mzingile. Aidha, katika kubainisha dhana hizo, tutaongozwa na baadhi ya mihimili ya Nadharia ya Ubaadaukoloni. Hii ni Nadharia inayofungamanishwa na Edward Said hususani baada ya kuandika kitabu chake cha Orientalism (1978)
Dhima za Uradidi katika Mawasiliano ya Kihaya
Get PDFMakala hii inachunguza dhima za uradidi katika mawasiliano ya Kihaya. Eneo ambalo data ya makala hii imepatikana ni kata ya Mayondwe katika wilaya ya Muleba mkoani Kagera. Data ya makala hii imepatikana kwa kutumia mbinu mbili; mbinu ya mahojiano na ya maktabani. Mbinu ya mahojiano imehusisha majibizano baina ya pande mbili, yaani mtafiti na watafitiwa. Lengo la mbinu ya mahojiano ni kupata taarifa zinazohusiana na mada ya makala yetu. Aidha, uteuzi wa mbinu hii ulizingatia ukweli kwamba, mbinu hii husaidia kupata taarifa za ziada ambazo si rahisi kuzipata kwa kutumia mbinu nyingine za ukusanyaji data. Mtafiti aliitumia mbinu ya maktabanikwa kusoma vitabu na makala mbalimbali katika maktaba ya Chuo cha Kumbukumbu ya Mwalimu Nyerere na ya Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam ili kupata maarifa yanayohusiana na mada ya makala yetu. Halikadhalika, sampuli ya watafitiwa 10 ambao ni wazawa wa mkoa wa Kagera na wazungumzaji wa lugha ya Kihaya ndiyo waliotumika katika makala hii. Vijana walikuwa 5 na watu wazima 5. Data iliyokusanywa imechambuliwa kwa kutumia nadharia ya Uelekeani iliyoasisiwa na McCarthy na Prince (1993, 1994a, 1994b na 1995). Matokeo ya makala hii yanaonesha kuwa uradidi katika lugha ya Kihaya una dhima kadhaa. Mathalani, kufanyika vibaya kwa tendo au ukosefu wa umakini, kufanyika mara kwa mara kwa tendo husika, uharaka wa tendo husika, kudunisha maana, kuongeza msisitizo pamoja na kubadili maana. Inapendekezwa kuwa, tafiti zaidi zifanyike kuhusiana na dhana ya uradidi kwa ujumla. Mathalani, ujitokezaji wa uradidi katika Kihaya kwa kuangazia kategoria za nomino, vielezi, vivumishi, vitenzi nakadhalika. Aidha, utafiti ufanyike kuhusiana na dhima za uradidi katika lugha mbalimbali kama vile: Kiswahili, Kisukuma, Kichaga na lugha nyinginezo
Usawiri wa Wanaume katika Methali za Kijinsia za Jamii ya Wanyankole: Mtazamo wa Ubabe-Dume
Get PDFMakala haya yamechunguza namna wanaume wanavyosawiriwa katika methali za kijinsia, zinavyoweza kujitokeza katika miktadha tofauti ndani ya jamii ya Wanyankole. Mkabala wa kinadharia uliotumika katika uhakiki na uchanganuzi wa data ni nadharia ya Uwezo-Uume. Makala haya yalichunguza na kuhakiki methali za kijinsia katika jamii ya Wanyankole zilizoegemea jinsia ya kiume. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalibainisha kwamba, jamii ya Wanyankole imekuwa ikitumia methali za kijinsia katika shughuli zake tofauti. Makala haya yamepambanua miktadha za jamii ya Wanyankole zinazoathiri usawiri wa wanaume. Miktadha hizi ni kama ni pamoja na ndoa, utamaduni, malezi na maadili, elimu, uchumi, na uongozi. Mwisho makala haya imebainisha namna na sababu ambavyo methali hizi za kijinsia zilivyowasawiri wanaume katika jamii ya Wanyankole
Athari ya Maneno ya Mkopo ya Kiingereza katika Fonolojia ya Kihehe
Get PDFMakala hii inachunguza athari za maneno ya mkopo ya Kiingereza katika fonolojia ya Kihehe. Fonolojia ya Kihehe inaonesha ongezeko la idadi ya fonimu na miundo ya silabi tangu ilipoanza kupokea maneno ya mkopo kutoka lugha mbalimbali za kigeni ikiwemo Kiingereza. Utafiti huu unatumia ushahidi wa maneno 84 ya mkopo ya Kiingereza yaliyokusanywa kwa kusikiliza masimulizi, usomaji matini na majadiliano kubainisha athari yake katika fonolojia ya Kihehe. Ukusanyaji na uchanganuzi wa data uliongozwa na nadharia ya usilimisho iliyopendekezwa na Jean Piaget. Matokeo ya utafiti yanaonesha fonolojia ya Kihehe imeathiriwa na uhamishaji na usilimishaji wa moja kwa moja wa maneno ya mkopo ya Kiingereza. Athari kubwa ni kuwepo kwa fonimu konsonanti saba, sauti ng’ong’o nne na miundo nane ya silabi za mkopo katika lugha ya Kihehe. Tumebaini usilimishaji na uhamishaji ni michakato inayochagiza mabadiliko ya orodha ya fonimu za Kihehe. Hivyo maneno ya mkopo ya Kiingereza yanaimarisha lugha ya Kihehe kwa kujaza mapengo ya kiisimu, kileksika na maana yanayosababishwa na tofauti za kitamaduni na kiteknolojia
Tashtiti kama Mbinu ya Uwasilishaji Maudhui katika Tamthilia Iliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiswahili: Mfano wa \u27Mkaguzi Mkuu wa Serikali\u27
Get PDFMakala haya yanadhihirisha umwafaka wa tashtiti kama mbinu ya kuweka wazi na kurekebisha uovu na ujinga katika jamii kwa ucheshi. Tamthilia ya Mkaguzi Mkuu wa Serikali (Gogol, 1979) iliyotafsiriwa na Mwakasaka kutoka Kiingereza hadi Kiswahili imechanganuliwa kwa misingi ya mbinu ya tashtiti. Tashtiti haiibui tu ucheshi bali ucheshi wenye lengo la kurekebisha. Nadharia Mfumo ya Highet (1962) ndiyo msingi wa makala haya. Highet anafafanua tashtiti na vipengele vyake kumi na moja ambavyo ndivyo huunda mfumo wa tashtiti. Vipengele hivi kumi na moja; ni kinaya, kweli kinzani, mwigo wa kubeza, usemi wa kimtaa, mpomoko, pujufu, vurugu, uangavu, chuku, mada za siku na tabaini. Umuhimu wa makala haya unaonyesha namna mwandishi Gogol katika tamthilia yake Mkaguzi Mkuu wa Serikali ametumia tashtiti kufanyia mzaha mambo mazito akiwa na lengo la kufichua uovu na ujinga katika jamii. Uovu kama ukiukaji sheria, vurugu na unafiki. Inatarajiwa kwamba makala haya yatapambanua tashtiti kama mbinu ya uandishi kwa lengo kuonyesha umuhimu wa mbinu hii katika kuwasilisha maudhui mazito na nyeti kwa ucheshi
Ng’ang’a Mbugua’s \u27Different Colours\u27: A Metaphor of Environmental Activism and Deconstruction of Patriarchy
No full textLiterature can be used effectively to promote national cohesion and integration. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how Ng’ang’a Mbugua’s Different Colours is a metaphor for environmental conservation and creation of cohesion amongst the characters in the fictional Banana County. The research problem handled is the dearth on studies that apply ecocriticism and feminism theoretical lenses to interrogate how patriarchy in Different Coloursimpedes environmental conservation and cohesion creation. The methodology used is an interpretivist reading of the text buttressed by secondary sources. The data collected was subjected to open coding with the thrust of the coding notes being an identification of characters with patriarchal power and action connected to environmental degradation or conservation and the consequent creation or destruction of societal cohesion. The key findings of the study are that the characters in Banana County are initially unaware of the significance of their environment, especially their waterfall, but later, through the effort of Miguel, the lead male protagonist, they finally realize the need for collectivity in diversity when it comes to environmental conservation. The paper concludes that in this allegorical novel, Miguel projects the message that “in a spectrum of diversity, Banana County can be one” in conserving the environment. The study recommends that more research needs to be made on how fictional texts are a microcosm of the larger society, the latter which might be reeling under the onslaught of social antagonism and lack of cohesion, wrought by patriarchal ascendancy and neglect of the environment
The ‘New Man’ Character and an Integrative Image of the Male and the Female World in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s \u27Americanah\u27
Get PDFThis paper examines the making of ‘new man’ character in Adichie’s Americannah and discusses how such a molded man integrates himself in society and deals with other gendered worlds. The discussion shows how much Adichie in the representation of ‘new man’ character in her novel rejects the naturalization of the unchangeability of the male subject by dramatizing how much the male’s enactment of masculine-self is contingent on the orientation one gets. In this paper, I argue that Adichie’s representation of progressive ‘new man’ character in her novel not only serves as a role model for ideal progressive masculinity, but also re-invents a space necessary for a progressive female character to belong in hetero-patriarchal setting of the novel—the disavow of the normalized good womanhood made by a woman’s performance of silence and submissiveness. Indeed, the representation of progressive ‘new man’ in Americannah is treated in this paper as a womanist endeavor of creating an integrative Africa which accommodates both the enlightened men and enlightened women in the formation of ungendered relationships
“Us” versus “Them” Discourse in John Updike’s Novel, \u27Terrorist\u27
No full textA major literary concern since September 11th, 2001 has been its preoccupation with the discourse of terrorism as writers attempt to comprehend the underlying reasons of terrorism. This paper looks at the “us” versus “them “discourse in John Updike’s novel Terrorist. Updike is an American novelist who has extensively engaged in the discourse of terrorism and Islam. The paper focuses on the presentation of the discourse between “Us” those of Western culture and non-Muslim versus “Them” perceived as against Western secular culture, Islam. The main objective of this paper is to bring into perspective the “us” versus “them” discourse as presented in the novel with a view of identifying ways the discourse can be shaped to promote national cohesion and integration. The paper is informed by reader response and psychoanalytic theories and employs qualitative research design that is based on textual content analysis as its methodology. The paper discusses the reasons behind terrorism and how Western discourse is filled with prejudice towards non-Western cultures and religions. Updike novel presents potential terrorists as Muslims against Western civilization and culture that is largely anchored on Christianity. The paper gives useful contribution by bringing into perspective the role literature plays in advancing a false narrative about other cultures perceived as antagonist to the Western culture. The contribution of religious institutions in promoting national cohesion and integration cannot be underestimated. The paper thus analyzes John Updike’s novel Terrorist’s presentation of this critical discourse and the role Islamic clergy and its institutions must play in countering terrorism to promote national cohesion and integration in the society
Usemezanoghaibu katika Diwani ya \u27Kimbunga\u27
No full textMakala haya imekusudia kushughulikia usemezanoghaibu unaojitokeza katika diwani ya Kimbunga, iliyoandikwa na Haji Gora. Aidha, makala imejikita katika kuangalia aina za usemezano uliotumika katika mashairi ya msanii huyo. Pia, makala inaonesha aina mpya ya usemezano iliyotumiwa na msanii huyu, kinyume na aina zile zilizoorodheshwa na Bakhtin juu ya aina za usemezano zinazotumika katika riwaya na kuonesha uwezekano wa kutumika kwa usemezano na usemezanoghaibu katika uga mwengine wa fasihi kinyume na riwaya peke yake. Hivyo, makala inaonesha kutumika kwa usemezano katika ushairi wa Kiswahili na kuibuka kwa usemezanoghaibu, kuwa ni dhana mpya ya usemezano inayopatikana kwa wasanii wa fasihi hasa wasanii wa ushairi. Katika makala haya inapendekezwa kufanyike kwa utafiti mwengine kwa kuitumia dhana ya usemezanoghaibu na kuzama ndani zaidi ili kuweza kugundua mambo mapya yanayotumiwa na wasanii