Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Viña del Mar
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Construction and Validation of an Occupational Risks Scale for Intra-hospital Nursing Staff
No full textObjective. To construct and evaluate initial validity indicators of an instrument on occupational risks for hospital nursing staff.
Methods. A methodological study was conducted in four Chilean hospitals. The study was carried out in three stages: (i) integrative literature review on risk assessment instruments for nursing; (ii) descriptive qualitative study on 113 health professionals to identify their work conditions and experiences regarding occupational risks and construct three instruments proposals for nursing managers, clinical nurses, and technicians; and (iii) validity and reliability study of the three
instruments in 503 nurses and nursing technicians. To collect the data from the qualitative study, individual interviews, focal groups, and non-participant observation were conducted. The data were analyzed thematically into predefined risk categories. Content validation was performed through expert judgment, and exploratory factor analysis of principal components was conducted for the preliminary construct validity study. Cronbachs alpha was used as an indicator of internal consistency.
Results. A total of 128 items were identified, distributed across 11 categories and 25 subcategories of
occupational risks for the three instruments derived from the original proposal. After expert validation, pilot study, and instrument administration, Cronbach's alpha values between 0.88 and 0.93 were obtained. Exploratory factor analysis distinguished eight to eleven components, with unsatisfactory goodness-of-fit indicators.
Conclusion. The instruments demonstrated good parameters of content validity and reliability, although their construct validity needs further improvement
The impact of the learning environment sudden shifts on students’ performance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textIntroduction
This study aims to determine the effect of sudden changes in learning environments on students’ performance, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. We present an analysis of the kinesiology program, focusing on the learning modality changes through the years, and its impact on students’ performance.
Methods
We analyzed three periods over five years. During the Pre-pandemic period (2018-2019), classes had been taught in-person, during the pandemic (2020-2021) classes had been taught online, and during end of lockdown (2022) classes had return to in-person modality. In addition, we also examined the academic performance outcomes by gender during the three periods.
Results
We found that the academic performance significantly increased in all cohort of career, increasing the average grade from 4.7 ± 0.08 (2018 to 2019, in-person) to 5.15 ± 0.07 during the pandemic period, from 2020 to 2021, when online modality was utilized. Furthermore, when returning to in-person classes in 2022, the academic performance reduced significantly to 4.6 ± 0.17. We also found that gender did not have an influence on academic performance in any of the learning environments presented. However, during clinical internships, we found that gender had a significantly effect on academic performance.
Conclusion
Based on these results, we conclude that the sudden shift from in-person learning to online learning modality helped improved the learning performance of student, reflecting those results on better students’ performance scores that could be associated with the enhanced efficient use of time
Narrative review: The role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes
No full textObjectives: This study was a narrative review of the importance of circadian rhythm (CR), describes the underlying mechanisms of CR in sports performance, emphasizes the reciprocal link between CR, endocrine homeostasis and sex differences, and the unique role of the circadian clock in immune system function and coordination.
Method: As a narrative review study, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (core collection) databases using the keywords "circadian rhythm", "sports performance", "hormonal regulation", "immune system", and "injury prevention". Inclusion criteria were studies published in English and peer-reviewed journals until July 2023. Studies that examined the role of CR in sports performance, hormonal status, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes were selected for review.
Results: CR is followed by almost all physiological and biochemical activities in the human body. In humans, the superchiasmatic nucleus controls many daily biorhythms under solar time, including the sleep-wake cycle. A body of literature indicates that the peak performance of essential indicators of sports performance is primarily in the afternoon hours, and the evening of actions occurs roughly at the peak of core body temperature. Recent studies have demonstrated that the time of day that exercise is performed affects the achievement of good physical performance. This review also shows various biomarkers of cellular damage in weariness and the underlying mechanisms of diurnal fluctuations. According to the clock, CR can be synchronized with photonic and non-photonic stimuli (i.e., temperature, physical activity, and food intake), and feeding patterns and diet changes can affect CR and redox markers. It also emphasizes the reciprocal links between CR and endocrine homeostasis, the specific role of the circadian clock in coordinating immune system function, and the relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences.
Conclusion: The interaction between insufficient sleep and time of day on performance has been established in this study because it is crucial to balance training, recovery, and sleep duration to attain optimal sports performance
Evaluación del cumplimiento del sistema de gestión integrado en el proceso contratado externamente en la empresa Ingesol Latinoamerica Ltda.
No full textPara asegurar la eficiencia de sus procesos las organizaciones deben hacer evaluaciones de cumplimiento a sus proveedores externos. La empresa INGESOL LATINOAMERICA LTDA presta servicios de metalmecánica en la industria petrolera, civil y energética colombiana. INGESOL contrata un consultor externo para el desarrollo de su proceso de gestión HSEQ (health, security, environment and quality). El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el cumplimiento del sistema de gestión integrado de esta empresa de consultoría mediante una auditoría de segunda parte, para verificar que cumple con los requisitos aplicables. Esta auditoría es externa y realizada por partes interesadas; clientes o proveedores. El proyecto inició con la revisión de la información documentada. Posteriormente se realizó una auditoría con interacción humana a distancia, parala verificación de los criterios. Se empleó una metodología de investigación aplicada con resultados cualitativos, de dimensión cronológica descriptiva, no experimental en un periodo de tiempo transversal. En la recolección de datos se aplicaron entrevistas, formularios y listas de verificación. Los resultados arrojaron un total de siete no conformidades frente a los requisitos de las normas ISO 9001 (2015), ISO 14001 (2015) e ISO 45001 (2018) y tres oportunidades de mejora relacionadas con las funciones descritas en el contrato de prestación de servicios y las obligaciones establecidas en el decreto 1072 de 2015. Se concluye que no se puede evidenciar conformidad contra los criterios evaluados. Sin embargo, se evidencia que cuenta con competencias para diseñar, implementar y mantener el sistema de gestión de INGESOL, que cumple con las funciones establecidas en el contrato y con las obligaciones dadas en el marco legal. Considerando que en el contrato solo se especifican funciones para el sistema de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, se recomienda establecer las funciones contractuales ya que el proveedor gestiona el sistema integrado
Anthropometric Characteristics, Handgrip Strength, and Upper Limb Asymmetries in Highly Trained Chilean Shot Put Para-Athletes
No full textAnthropometric characteristics, including body size, shape, and composition, can have a significant impact on sports performance due to their influence on various physiological and biomechanical factors. However, limited research has been conducted on the anthropometric characteristics of highly trained throwing para-athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics, handgrip strength, and upper limb bilateral asymmetries of highly trained Chilean shot put para-throwers. Five male Chilean shot put para-athletes (average age of 38.8 ± 7.7 years) were assessed for their anthropometric characteristics, including skinfold thickness at six anatomical sites, girth at five sites, and bone breadth at two sites. Handgrip strength and bilateral asymmetries were also measured. The body mass and height of the athletes were found to be 90.5 ± 5.1 kg and 179.1 ± 8.9 cm, respectively. The athletes were found to have an endo-mesomorph somatotype (4.4-6.9-1.0) with high levels of fat mass (25.7 ± 2.8 %) and skeletal muscle mass (39.1 ± 3.7 %). The handgrip strength of the athletes was found to be 66.4 ± 6.7 kg with a bilateral asymmetry of 6.5 ± 6.2 %, with the dominant hand showing greater strength. The results indicate that the shot put para-athletes have a somatotype characterized by increased muscularity and body fat, along with a considerable stature. Although handgrip strength was found to be high, the athletes showed bilateral asymmetry, which requires further investigation to determine the cause and implications
Obesogenic Diet-Induced Neuroinflammation: A Pathological Link between Hedonic and Homeostatic Control of Food Intake
No full textObesity-induced neuroinflammation is a chronic aseptic central nervous system inflammation that presents systemic characteristics associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) and the presence of microglia and reactive astrogliosis as well as the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The obesity pandemic is associated with lifestyle changes, including an excessive intake of obesogenic foods and decreased physical activity. Brain areas such as the lateral hypothalamus (LH), lateral septum (LS), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) have been implicated in the homeostatic and hedonic control of feeding in experimental models of diet-induced obesity. In this context, a chronic lipid intake triggers neuroinflammation in several brain regions such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. This review aims to present the background defining the significant impact of neuroinflammation and how this, when induced by an obesogenic diet, can affect feeding control, triggering metabolic and neurological alterations
Effects of Structured and Unstructured Physical Activity on Gross Motor Skills in Preschool Students to Promote Sustainability in the Physical Education Classroom
No full textBasic motor skills are the basis for the formation and execution of movements that will be utilized throughout an individual’s lifetime, thus promoting their involvement and continued participation in physical activity. (1) Background: This study aimed to assess the impact of a physical education program, based on a model of structured and unstructured physical activity, on the motor development of kindergarten students at a private school for girls in Con Con, Chile. (2) Methods: Thirty-four female students were divided into two groups, one participated in structured physical activity and the other in unstructured physical activity, and both groups then underwent a 12-week intervention. The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2) was utilized to evaluate motor behaviors, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and relative frequencies. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare differences at the beginning and end of the intervention, while the Whitney–Mann U test was used to determine differences between groups. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the overall group when comparing the start and end of the intervention for total motor development (p = 0.001), locomotion skills (p = 0.018), and object control (p = 0.001). However, no significant differences were found between the two types of intervention activities. (4) Conclusions: This study suggests that both structured and unstructured physical activity interventions enhance overall motor development, particularly in the dimensions of locomotion and object control. The results indicate that unstructured physical activity interventions may lead to better outcomes in motor development tests compared to structured interventions
Servicios ecosistémicos asociados al salar de Llamara, Pozo Almonte, Tarapacá, Chile
No full textEl salar de Llamara es un sistema salino ubicado en la región de Tarapacá, desierto de Atacama, en el cual existe una biodiversidad dominada por diatomeas, cianobacterias, bacteroides y proteobacterias, además de una gran gama de especies vertebradas como zorros, aves y roedores. Considerando los efectos asociados al cambio climático y la alta susceptibilidad de este ecosistema, se evaluó cuáles son los servicios ecosistémicos prestados a la comunidad en las categorías de Provisión, Regulación, Soporte y Cultural, y cómo estos mejoran el ámbito social, económico y ambiental en la comuna de Pozo Almonte
Mediación lectora: Propuesta de estrategias de lectura claves para propiciar la comprensión de textos especializados en estudiantes de primer año universitario
No full textLa inserción académica de los estudiantes en primer año de universidad se vuelve compleja debido a que los jóvenes novatos no tienden a manejar ni aplicar estrategias de comprensión de textos especializados de la disciplina, lo que se dificulta aún más si no se realiza una mediación lectora por parte del docente, ya sea a través de estrategias dirigidas o instrumentos de enseñanza. La teoría indica (Silva, 2011; González, 2019; OCDE, 2021) que los alumnos que hacen ingreso a la educación superior presentan índices bajos de comprensión de textos, números que se acrecientan si se refiere a textos especializados del área de conocimiento. Del mismo modo, estudios plantean (Silva, 2011; Alzate-Ortiz, Faber Andrés, & Castañeda-Patiño, Juan Carlos, 2020) que el primer año universitario se considera el más complejo de todo el trayecto educativo, por lo que es fundamental subsanar estas problemáticas para lograr el éxito en la trayectoria académica del alumnado. El propósito de esta investigación es evaluar las estrategias de mediación lectora (clarificar léxico y momentos de la lectura) y constatar su impacto en el grado de comprensión lectora de textos especializados por parte de estudiantes de primer año universitario, lo cual fue medido en términos cualitativos. Para ello, se aplicó un test de comprensión de un texto disciplinario que contempla ambas estrategias, las cuales se desarrollan durante, previa y post lectura y análisis del mismo. Posteriormente, se efectuó la triangulación de datos para verificar si efectivamente estas estrategias promueven la comprensión de un texto especializado. Como un primer indicio investigativo, se espera lograr con este estudio un mayor grado de comprensión de textos especializados por parte de los estudiantes de primer año universitario. Análogamente, se espera que ellos logren aplicar conscientemente estrategias de lectura para comprender textos especializados. Finalmente, se estima que estos resultados podrían dar cuenta de la necesidad de mediación lectora y de lo crucial del uso y manejo de estrategias de lectura en el transcurso universitario del estudiante, logrando que, en asignaturas futuras, no se presenten barreras de aprendizaje en términos de comprensión de textos propios de la disciplina, los cuales presentan un léxico de mayor complejidad y un conocimiento elevado de un área en específico