Revistas Científicas de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
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Distribuição espacial e temporal da febre maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas no México, 2016–2023
Get PDFRocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is an acute infection characterized by febrile symptoms, caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii. The aim of this research was to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of RMSF in Mexico during the period 2015-2023. Information from the epidemiological bulletins of the National Epidemiological Surveillance System of Mexico (2015-2023) of the Ministry of Health of Mexico was analyzed. Prevalence rates of RMSF were calculated by state of the Mexican Republic, the temporal behavior of RMSF was determined through an endemic channel at the country level and by geographic area, and the spatial behavior was determined through the spatial statistic SCAN. The states with the highest prevalence rate of RMSF were Baja California and Sonora with more than 70 cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants. RMSF in the Mexican Republic occurs throughout the year, with endemic peaks in the months of June, July, and August. Three FMMR clusters were identified in the Mexican Republic, the primary cluster was in Baja California with a relative risk of 74.95.
La fiebre manchada de las Montañas Rocosas (FMMR) es una infección aguda caracterizada por cuadros febriles, causada por la bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la distribución espacial y temporal de la FMMR en México durante el período 2016-2023. Se analizaron los datos provenientes de los boletines epidemiológicos del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de México (2016-2023) de la Secretaría de Salud de México. Se calcularon tasas de prevalencia de la FMMR por entidad federativa de la república mexicana, se determinó el comportamiento temporal de la FMMR a través de canales endémicos y un modelo autorregresivo integrado de media móvil estacional, así como la distribución espacial a través del índice de Morán global y local, y el estadístico espacial SCAN. Los resultados mostraron que la mayor tasa de prevalencia se registró en Sonora (78,4 casos por cada millón de habitantes), seguida de Chihuahua (47,8) y Morelos (41,6). Además, se identificó 1 conglomerado primario y 4 secundarios. El conglomerado primario incluyó a Baja California Norte, Sonora, Baja California Sur y Chihuahua, durante el período 2021-2022, con un riesgo relativo (RR) de 12,09. Se concluye que la FMMR se presenta, principalmente, en los estados del norte con excepción de Morelos en cualquier época del año; sin embargo, se determinó una marcada estacionalidad en primavera-verano, con picos endémicos en los meses de junio y julio, así como variaciones temporales en las regiones norte, centro y sur del país.A febre maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas (FMMR) é uma infecção aguda caracterizada por quadros febris, causada pela bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a distribuição espacial e temporal da FMMR no México durante o período de 2016–2023. Foram analisados dados provenientes dos boletins epidemiológicos do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica do México (2016–2023), do Ministério da Saúde do México. Calculou-se as taxas de prevalência da FMMR por entidade federativa da República Mexicana, determinou-se o comportamento temporal da FMMR por meio de canais endêmicos e de um modelo autorregressivo integrado de média móvel sazonal (SARIMA), bem como a distribuição espacial por meio do índice global e local de Moran e da estatística espacial SCAN. Os resultados mostraram que a maior taxa de prevalência foi registrada em Sonora (78.4 casos por milhão de habitantes), seguida por Chihuahua (47.8) e Morelos (41.6). Além disso, foi identificado um conglomerado primário e quatro secundários. O conglomerado primário incluiu Baja California Norte, Sonora, Baja California Sur e Chihuahua, durante o período de 2021–2022, com um risco relativo (RR) de 12.09. Conclui-se que a FMMR ocorre principalmente nos estados do norte, com exceção de Morelos, em qualquer época do ano; entretanto, foi observada uma clara sazonalidade na primavera-verão, com picos endêmicos nos meses de junho e julho, assim como variações temporais nas regiões norte, centro e sul do país
Cayetano Heredia frente a las actuales tendencias en la educación superior: algunas reflexiones
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Indicadores demográficos e estimativas populacionais de gatos (Felis catus) mantidos em habitações no distrito de Jesús María, Lima, Peru, 2024
Get PDFThe objective of the study was to determine the demographic indices, and to estimate the population of domestic cats (Felis catus) kept at home in the district of Jesús María, Lima, Peru, during the month of June 2024. To this end, a housing survey was planned and conducted to identify the demographic characteristics of cats (age, sex, breed, reproductive capacity, reproductive control, and life expectancy.) In addition, the human-cat ratio was calculated for the nine areas of the district, using blocks as the primary sampling unit (in the case of apartment buildings, each one was considered a block). The information obtained was transferred into a database and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 751 valid surveys were collected from individuals living in apartments (62.7%) and houses (36.2%). The predominant number of inhabitants per household ranged from 3 to 5. At the same time, 17.2% (n = 129) of respondents reported having cats. The person-cat ratio was 9.84 (2,509 people/255 cats), with an estimated cat population of 8,735 individuals. The number of kittens per birth was 5.4, and the kitten survival rate was 81.4 %. The life expectancy of cats was 8 years, with a median of 7 years and a mode of 10 years. Reported age extremes ranged from 1 to 17 years. On the other hand, the most frequently cited causes of death were disease (8 cases, 40%); poisoning (5 cases, 25%); and accidents (3 cases, 15%). Data from 247 reported cats revealed a mean age of 5.4 years, with a median of 4 years and a mode of 3 years. Females (54.5%), mixed breed (90.2%), and sterilized animals (81.8%) predominated. No difference was found between sex and breed, and the proportion of neutered cats. The results of this study provide a baseline for the authorities of the district of Jesús María to plan interventions aimed at promoting responsible pet ownership. This will enable population control and improve the welfare of cats in the district and in public health.El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los índices demográficos y estimar la población de gatos domésticos (Felis catus) mantenidos en viviendas del distrito de Jesús María, Lima, Perú, durante el mes de junio de 2024. Para ello, se planificó y ejecutó una encuesta en viviendas con el fin de identificar las características demográficas de los gatos (edad, sexo, raza, capacidad reproductiva, control reproductivo y esperanza de vida). Además, se calculó la relación humano-gato de las 9 zonas del distrito, considerando como unidad de muestreo primaria las manzanas (en caso de edificios de departamentos, se consideró cada uno de ellos como una manzana). La información obtenida se transfirió a una base de datos y se analizó mediante estadística descriptiva. Un total de 751 encuestas válidas fueron recolectadas de personas que vivían en departamentos (62,7 %) y casas (36,2 %). El número predominante de habitantes por vivienda fue de 3 a 5. Asimismo, el 17,2 % (n = 129) de los encuestados aseveró tener gatos. La relación persona-gato fue de 9,84 (2509 personas/255 gatos), siendo la población de gatos estimada de 8735 individuos. El número de crías por parto fue de 5,4 y la tasa de supervivencia de las crías fue de 81,4 %. La esperanza de vida de los gatos fue de 8 años, con una mediana de 7 años y una moda de 10 años. Los valores extremos reportados fueron de 1 y 17 años. Por otro lado, las causas de muerte más citadas fueron enfermedad, con 8 casos (40 %); envenenamiento, con 5 casos (25 %); y accidentes, con 3 casos (15 %). La información de 247 gatos reportados arrojó una edad media de 5,4 años con una mediana de 4 años y moda de 3 años. Predominaron los animales de sexo hembra (54,5 %), mestizos (90,2 %) y esterilizados (81,8 %). No se encontró diferencia entre el sexo y la raza con respecto a la proporción de gatos castrados. El resultado de este estudio representa una línea base para las autoridades del distrito de Jesús María para que planifiquen intervenciones orientadas a la tenencia responsable. Esto permitirá el control poblacional y mejorará el bienestar de los gatos del distrito, y contribuirá también a la salud pública. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar os índices demográficos e estimar a população de gatos domésticos (Felis catus) mantidos em habitações no distrito de Jesús María, Lima, Peru, durante o mês de junho de 2024. Para este efeito, foi planeado e executado um inquérito domiciliário para identificar as caraterísticas demográficas dos gatos (idade, sexo, raça, capacidade reprodutiva, controlo reprodutivo e esperança de vida). Além disso, foi calculado o rácio homem-gato para as 9 zonas do distrito, considerando os quarteirões como a unidade primária de amostragem (no caso de edifícios de apartamentos, cada edifício de apartamentos foi considerado como um quarteirão. As informações obtidas foram transferidas para uma base de dados e analisadas através de estatísticas descritivas. No total, foram recolhidos 751 inquéritos válidos de pessoas que vivem em apartamentos (62,7%) e em casas (36,2%). O número predominante de habitantes por agregado familiar foi de 3-5. Além disso, 17,2% (n = 129) dos inquiridos referiram ter gatos. O rácio pessoa/gato foi de 9,84 (2509 pessoas/255 gatos), com uma população de gatos estimada em 8735 indivíduos. O número de crias por nascimento foi de 5,4 e a taxa de sobrevivência das crias foi de 81,4%. A esperança de vida dos gatos foi de 8 anos, com uma mediana de 7 anos e uma moda de 10 anos. Os valores extremos registados foram 1 e 17 anos. Por outro lado, as causas de morte mais citadas foram doenças, com 8 casos (40%); envenenamento, com 5 casos (25%); e acidentes, com 3 casos (15%). Os dados de 247 gatos relatados tinham uma idade média de 5,4 anos, com uma mediana de 4 anos e uma moda de 3 anos. Predominaram os animais do sexo feminino (54,5%), mestiços (90,2%) e esterilizados (81,8%). Não foi encontrada diferença entre sexo e raça no que diz respeito à proporção de gatos castrados. O resultado deste estudo representa uma base de referência para as autoridades do distrito de Jesús María planearem intervenções que visem a posse responsável. Isto permitirá o controlo da população e melhorará o bem-estar dos gatos no distrito, contribuindo também para a saúde pública
Maca, producto de bandera del Perú: De la tradición a la Ciencia
No full textLa biodiversidad animal y vegetal del Perú, se une al uso tradicional de especies vegetales con propósitos medicinales, incorporada por documentos escritos desde la conquista española. Entre las plantas tradicionales se tiene al Lepidium meyenii, más conocido como maca que crece en los Andes Centrales del Perú entre los 3700 y 4500 msnm, zonas de intenso frío y de intensa luz solar. Utilizada por los pobladores andinos debido a su aporte tradicional como energizante y propiedades en la fertilidad. Se han realizado estudios experimentales en el aspecto nutricional. en la reproducción masculina demostrando que la maca negra aumenta el número y la cantidad de espermatozoides, así mismo el efecto de la maca roja en la Hiperplasia Benigna de Prostata, disminuyendo su tamaño, en la fertilidad femenina, aprendizaje, memoria y osteoporosis se demuestran los efectos de la maca en sus variedades roja o negra, así como la exposición a los rayos ultravioleta, previniendo el daño de la epidermis. Se corroboran estas evidencias de la maca por estudios experimentales y ensayos clínicos enlazando la tradición y la ciencia
Augmented chemosensitivity at altitude and after return to sea level: impact on subsequent return to altitude
No full textAugmentation of hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic (HVCR) ventilatory chemosensitivity is a component of acclimatization in lowlanders sojourning at high altitude. Previous studies suggest that the augmented ventilatory chemosensitivity declines upon return to sea level (SL) over one or more weeks. We hypothesized that some degree of ventilatory acclimatization would be retained to SL due to retention of enhanced chemosensitivity. Ventilation (VE/VCO2), arterial oxygenation (SaO2), HVR (VE/Sa-O2) and HCVR (VE/PCO2) of 11 male lowlanders were measured during rest at SL, after 1, 2 and 14 days residence at 4300 m, and at 1,3 and 7 days after return to SL and in 6 subjects during a 24 hr RA after 8 days at SL. Ventilatory acclimatization produced an increase (P< 0.005) in VE/VCO2 (~12%), SaO2 (~10%), HVR (~170%) and HCVR (~43%). After returning to SL, HVR and HCVR remained elevated (P<0.05) for at least 3 days. During RA, subjects demonstrated a retention of ~90 and ~67% of their acclimatization responses for VE/VCO2 and SaO2 respectively, even thought HVR and HCVR were no longer statistically elevated. These measurements of ventilation and arterial oxygenation during re-exposure to high altitude clearly indicate the retention of ventilatory acclimatization, thus lessening the hypoxic stress during subsequent sojourns to altitude within that time period. However, the absence of augmented chemosensitivity to either hypoxia or hypercapnia in these subjects leaves the mechanism for this enhanced ventilatory response in question.
Energy balance at high altitude
No full textWeight loss, due to malnutrition and possibly intestinal malabsortion, is a well know phenomenon in high altitude climbers. Up to ~ 5000 m energy balance may be attained and intestinal energy digestibility remains normal. In order to see whether 1) energy digestibility would play a significant role in the energy deficit, energy digestibility would play a significant role in the energy deficit, energy intake, energy expenditure, body composition and energy digestibility of 10 subjects (four women and six men , 27-44 yr) were assessed during a 21 day sojourn on the summit of Mt. Sejama, Bolivia (6542 m). Energy intake was measured during two 3 day intervals: 7-9 (EI1) and I 7-19 (EI2). Total fecal loss during EI1, was calculated from fecal energy measured by bomb calorimetry. Average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) at altitude was measured in six subjects, two women and four men, with doubly labeled water over a 10 day interval: 9- 19. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured before and after the expedition by respiratory gas analysis. Body composition was estimated from skinfolds and body mass before and during the altitude sojourn. Subjects were in negative energy balance throughout the observation period (EI - ADMR = -2.9 ± 1.8 MJ/d and EI2 - ADMR = -2.3 ± 1.8 MJ/d,based on a gross energy digestibility of 95%). The loss of fat mass (3.7 ± 1.5 Kg) represented 74 ± 15% of the loss of body mass. Energy content of the feces was 21 KJ/d dry weight and gross energy digestibility amounted 85%. The energy deficit increased to 3.5 MJ/d after correction for the decreased energy digestibility. In conclusion, energy balance was not attained at 6542 m. The resulting energy deficit appeared to result mosțly from malnutrition and only a limited part could be attributed to malabsorption
Neurochemical effects of long-term hypoxia on noradrenergic neurons in nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat
No full textIn order to determine the effects of long-term hypoxia on catecholamine activity in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), male rats were subjected to normobaric hypoxia (10% O2 in nitrogen) lasting for 3 days, 1, 2 or 3 weeks. Ventilation increased gradually during the hypoxic exposure before reaching a plateau after 10 days of hypoxia. Long-term hypoxia stimulated the norepinephrine turnover in noradrenergic neurons located in the NTS caudal to the obex, the discrete region to which the chemosensory carotid afferents project. Bilateral chemodenervation abolished the central changes in noradrenergic activity. The activity and quantity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis, and the level of mRNA coding for TH were increased in the caudal NTS in response to long-term hypoxia, indicating induction of new molecules of TH protein. These neurochemical changes occurred after long-term hypoxia only, suggesting that noradrenergic neurons are involved in the central chemoreceptor pathway during sustained hypoxia but are not essential for regulatory responses to acute hypoxia. Norepinephrine released under long-term hypoxia could play a neuromodulatory role in ventilatory acclimatization.
High altitude, hypoxemic-induced responses in adult and fetal cerebral blood vessels
No full text In response to high altitude long-term hypoxemia, the cerebral arteries of adult and fetal sheep show decreased contractile responses to norepinephrine and other agonists. In this review we examine the pre-synaptic and post- synaptic contractile mechanisms which might account for these changes. In addition, we examine cerebral vessel relaxation and the role of pregnancy in altering these responses. The results highlight the profound differences in response of common carotid and intracranial arteries, as well as the significant differences in responses of fetus and adult. They also emphasize the role of high altitude, long-term hypoxemia in modulating pharmaco-mechanical coupling in the cerebrovasculature
Erytropoietin and central venous pressure in high altitude shift workers
No full textIt was the hypthesis that in shift workers with a history of intermittent hypoxic stress (working 10 days at > 3,600 m, then 4 days rest at sea-level) for > 5 years the initial erythropoietin (EPO) response, and the changes in central venous pressure (CVP) are different from Caucasian low-landers. Because the interstitial compartment belongs to the low pressure system, it was an additional aim of the study to quantify fluid distribution changes in the superficial tissues along the body axis during such an intermittent hypoxic stress. Therefore, an ultrasound device was used to measure the tissue thickness changes at head (front) and tibia in shift workers and Caucasian low-landers. In addition, blood samples were analysed for colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and albumin (ALB) concentrations to evaluate wheter fluid shifts from the intravascuiar to the extravascular compartment are probably due to changes in COP and ALB concentrations. We studied the kitchen personnel (N=11) of the goldmine La Coipa (3,600 m) and a group of Caucasian low-landers (N=5). Blood samples were taken and CVP and tissue thickness TT determined several times before, during, and after a typicai shift. At baseline data collection (BDC) prior to transition the shift workers had EPO concentrations of 5.2 + 2.4 mU-ml-1, which increased at altitude (P<0.01) and returned to BDC values on the recovery (day 16). The Caucasians showed the same time course. CVP values in the shift workers were generally higher than in the Caucasians. The tissue thickness at the front in shift workers increased significantly at altitude exposure (P < 0.05) and remained elevated in the recovery period altitude (P < 0.05) . The tissue thickness at the tibia showed no significant changes. Similar tissue thickness changes could be observed in the Caucasian low-landers. In conclusion, the hypothesis has to be refuted that the initial EPO response to a hypoxic stimulus is aitered in these shift workers. Higher hemoglobin concentrations and/or CVP values found in shift workers might be responsible for the rather low EPO concentrations observed in shift workers at BDC. Furthermore, shift workers and Caucasian low-landers showed measurable fluid accumulations in the superficial tissue of the upper part of the body after transition from sea-level to high altitude