Revistas académicas de la Universidad Católica del Norte
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Os movimentos progressivos-regressivos da reforma psiquiátrica antimanicomial no Brasil: uma análise da saúde mental na perspectiva da psicologia social crítica
Get PDFEste artículo tiene como objetivo analizar, desde una perspectiva de la psicología social, el campo de la salud mental en Brasil y los desafíos actuales para una eficaz desinstitucionalización y emancipación social. Con este fin, presentamos 1) el desarrollo de las ideas alienistas y la aplicación del manicomio como un dispositivo, teniendo en cuenta su uso como un instrumento de la administración social y la naturalización de la desigualdad; 2) presentamos los avances y retrocesos de la reforma de los asilos psiquiátricos, mostrando la transformación iniciada en 1987 con el Movimiento de Trabajadores de la Salud Mental y la importancia de la Ley 10.216/2001 que reorganizó la atención de toda la salud mental en Brasil y 3) a partir de la presentación de los problemas que enfrenta la reforma de los asilos psiquiátricos tomó nota de la persistencia de una racionalidad que impide la transformación radical de las relaciones entre los profesionales que se inscriben en el ámbito de la salud mental y las personas que reciben el diagnostico psiquiátrico. Concluimos este artículo argumentando que nuestro mayor reto es escapar de cualquier mirada nostálgica al pasado y un futuro sin esperanza, asumiendo todas las consecuencias con nuestra capacidad de pensar el presente.This article aims at analyzing, in a social psychology perspective, the course of mental health in Brazil and current challenges for effective desinstitutionalization and social emancipation. We demonstrate 1) the development of alienists ideas and implementation the asylum as a tecnology used to instrument of social administration and naturalization of inequality, 2) the development and advances to psychiatric reform, showing the transformation initiated in 1987 with the Movement for Mental Health Workers and the importance of law 10.216/2001 in the reorganization of mental health care in Brazil and 3) the presentation of the problems faced by the reform psychiatric and the persistence of a rationality that difficult a radical transformation of relationships between professionals who are entered in the field of mental health and individuals undergoing psychiatric discourse. We conclude this article arguing that our biggest challenge is to escape any nostalgic look at the past and for a future without hope, assuming all the consequences with our ability to think this in present
Adoção nacional e internacional: processos proximais no período de convivencia
Get PDFEste estudio investigó el período de convivencia de niños/adolescentes y sus adoptantes en proceso de adopción nacional e internacional, a través de un estudio de casos múltiples. Se utilizó la metodología de la Inserción Ecológica con acompañamiento de las familias durante unos cuatro meses, entrevistas, observaciones, visitas a las instituciones de acogimiento y una visita en Italia tres meses después de la salida de los niños. Los datos fueron organizados en temas basados en la Teoría bioecológica (modelo PPCT). En la adopción nacional los procesos proximales fueron facilitados por el conocimiento anterior de niño/adolescente, y en la adopción internacional por la percepción del compromiso de los niños en la adopción. Los procesos disfuncionales en el caso nacional estaban relacionados con el cambio de comportamiento de la niña más pequeña, mientras en el internacional al hecho de estar en un ambiente desconocido. Se puede concluir que los procesos de adopción son complejos, y el período de convivencia fundamental para la adaptación de la familia, así se debe realizar con una mayor disponibilidad de apoyo psicosocial en sus diversas etapas, principalmente en un momento inicial de adaptación y cambio, tiendo en cuenta las particularidades de cada caso.This study investigated the period of cohabitation of children/adolescents and their adopters in domestic and international adoptions’ processes, through a multiple case study. The methodology used was the Ecological Engagement, by monitoring the families for about four month, interviews, observations, visits to the shelter’s institutions and a meeting in Italy three months after the departure of the children. Data was organized into themes based on Bioecological theory (PPCT model). In the domestic adoption the proximal processes were facilitated by the prior knowledge of the child/adolescent, and in the international adoption by the adopters’ perception of children’s engagement in the adoption. The dysfunctional processes in the domestic case were related to the youngest child behavior’s change, while in the international to the fact of being in an unfamiliar environment. It can be concluded that the adoptions’ processes are complex, and the period of cohabitation is critical to the family adaptation, so that it should be performed with greater availability of psychosocial support in its various stages, especially in an initial moment of adaptation and changes and considering the particularities of each cas
Bienestar subjetivo y psicosocial: explorando diferencias de género
Get PDFLas perspectivas psicológica y subjetiva del bienestar estudian el mismo proceso psicológico sirviéndose de diferentes indicadores. El bienestar subjetivo tiene bases más emocionales y se lo ha abordado a través de temas como la felicidad, la afectividad o la satisfacción vital. El bienestar psicosocial se ha desarrollado a través de las investigaciones de Ryff (1989) sobre el bienestar psicológico y de Keyes (1998) sobre el bienestar social. El enfoque se ha centrado en el desarrollo personal, en las formas de las personas de afrontar los retos vitales y sus esfuerzos por conseguir sus metas, así como también en las valoraciones que hacen de las circunstancias y de su funcionamiento dentro de la sociedad. Con el objetivo de indagar en las diferencias de género en el bienestar subjetivo y psicosocial, se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo, con un diseño no experimental transversal, en una muestra intencional compuesta por 696 sujetos de la ciudad de Buenos Aires.Los resultados indican buenos niveles de bienestar subjetivo y psicosocial, y en éste último diferencias en función del género. Los hombres se perciben más autónomos de la presión social, mientras que las mujeres perciben mayores posibilidades para desarrollarse de acuerdo a sus capacidades. Respecto del bienestar social, las mujeres evalúan mejor que los hombres la calidad de sus relaciones con el entorno, se sienten más útiles y que aportan al bien común.Psychosocial and subjective well-being perspectives approach a unique psychological process, but using different indicators. Subjective well-being goes deep in emotional bases and have been analysed through topics such as happiness, affectivity or life satisfaction. Psychosocial well-being has been developed trough Ryff (1989) and Keyes (1998) researches on psychological and social well-being, respectively. The approach has focused in personal growth, in people’s ways of coping with life challenges and their efforts to get their goals; also in valuations people do of their circumstances and functioning in society. With the aim of exploring in gender differences in subjective and psychosocial well-being, a descriptive group differences, non experimental design study was carried out based on an intentional sample composed by 696 participants from Buenos Aires city.Results show good levels of subjective and psychosocial well being, showing up in the latter some gender differences. Male participants perceive mayor autonomy respect social pressure while females mayor possibilities of growing by their capacities. In terms of social well being, women valuate better than men the quality of their relation with the environment and show greater feelings of utility and contribution to common well-being
Resúmenes proyectos de investigación en psicología Financiamiento fondo nacional de desarrollo científico y tecnológico - FONDECYT aprobados año 2011
No full textDurante el año 2011 se resolvieron los concursos FONDECYT regular 2012 y de Iniciación a la investigación 2011. En el concurso de Iniciación a la Investigación, se presentaron 525 proyectos, de los cuales fueron aprobaron 262. De estos, 7 corresponden a Psicología (de un total de 12 proyectos postulados), por un valor de 322.630 millones de pesos, lo que constituye el 2,3% del total del financiamiento otorgado en esta categoría. En el concurso regular, de 1164 proyectos postulados, se aprobaron para financiamiento 605. De estos, 11 proyectos corresponden a Psicología (de un total de 23 presentados), por un valor de 620.406 millones, lo que equivale al 1,0% del monto total asignado a este concurso. Se presentan en este artículo especial, los resúmenes de la totalidad de proyectos aprobados para el área, los cuales comenzaron a ejecutarse en noviembre del 2011 (iniciación) y que estarán ejecutándose hasta el periodo 2013-2014.During 2011 the Grants from FONDECYT for Regular Competitions 2012 and for Introduction to Research 2011 were resolved. For Introduction to Research, 525 projects was submitted and 262 projects were approved. Of these, 7 corresponded to Psychology (from a total of 12 projects nominated), with an amount of 322.630 million pesos, representing 2,3% of total awarded funding in this category. In Regular Competition, from 1164 projects submitted for funding and 605 were approved. Of these, 11 projects are from Psychology (out of 23 submitted), valued at 620.406 million, equivalent to 1.0% of the total amount allocated for this competition. In this special report, all summaries from projects approved in the area are presented. They began to run in November 2011 (Introduction) and will run until the period 2013-2014
Niveles de autoconcepto, autoeficacia académica y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Temuco
Get PDFEl objetivo del estudio fue conocer el nivel de autoconcepto, autoeficacia académica y bienestar psicológico de universitarios chilenos. Se revisan baremos de tres escalas en 691 sujetos. Los hombres presentan mayor nivel de Autoconcepto Emocional y Físico. A mayor edad mejoran los niveles de Autoconcepto Académico, Emocional, Familiar y Físico.En área disciplinar los estudiantes de salud presentan mejor Autoconcepto Académico, los de educación presentan mejor Autoconcepto Social y los del área psicosocial mayor nivel Emocional y Familiar. En Autoeficacia Académica no existe diferencia entre hombres y mujeres. En Bienestar Psicológico los hombres presentan mayor autonomía y las mujeres mayor dominio del entorno. Los estudiantes de Salud presentan los mejores niveles en las dimensiones evaluadas.The objective of this study was to study the level of self-concept, academic self-efficacy and psychological well-being of Chilean university students. We reviewed measures of three scales among 691 subjects. Men were found to have higher levels of emotional and physical self-concept. The older ones had higher standards of academic, emotional, familial and physical self-concept.Students in health sciences had better academic self-concept; those in the field of education enjoyed better social selfconcept, and those from psychology demonstrated the highest emotional and family levels. In academic self-efficacy there was no difference between men and women. In psychological well-being, men had greater autonomy and women had greater control of the environment. Students of health sciences area had the highest levels of the evaluated dimensions
Prevalencia y sintomatología del estrés post traumático en personas que experimentan un terremoto y un tsunami
Get PDFIntroducción : Se sabe que la prevalencia del estrés post-traumático (TEPT) es significativamente mayor después de terremotos y tsunamis como el del 27 de febrero de 2010 (27-F). Objetivos: (1) Determinar las proporciones de personas que podrían presentar TEPT y cada uno de sus tipos de síntomas, (2) relacionar las proporciones con grupos de variables que pueden favorecer su aparición, y (3) establecer un perfil de síntomas según cada grupo de variables. Método: Mediante las escalas Short Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview (SPRINT-E) y la Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), medimos la cantidad de síntomas intensos de TEPT en dos muestras: habitantes del litoral (n=194) y del interior (n=94) de la zona central de Chile. Resultados: La prevalencia del TEPT alcanza el 22%, siendo 19 puntos mayor en personas que habitan la zona costera (28%) y 11 puntos mayor entre quienes han sufrido graves daños en su vivienda. Discusión: Quienes sufren graves daños o viven en una ciudad costera impactada por terremoto y tsunami tienden a tener más síntomas de re-experimentación e híper-activación, se muestran más tristes, tienen menos cuidado por su salud, se sienten incómodos e interferidos en sus actividades cotidianas y se les hace difícil resolver problemas que antes solucionaban sin ayuda. Introduction : Previous research indicates an increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after earthquakes and tsunamis as the February 27, 2010 (F-27). Objectives: (1) To determine the proportions of people who could present PTSD and each of its types of symptoms, (2) relate the proportions with groups of variables that may favor its appearance, and (3) establish a symptom profile as each group of variables. Method : Using the Short Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview (SPRINT-E) and the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), we measured the PTSD intense symptoms in two samples: inhabitants of coast (n=194) and interior (n=94). Results: The PTSD prevalence was 22%, 19 points higher in people that live in coastal area (28%) and 11 points higher among people that suffered severe damage in their home. Discussion : Those who suffer serious house damages or live in a coastal town hit by earthquake and tsunami tend to have more symptoms of re-experiencing, hyper-activation, are sadder, have less care for their health, feel uncomfortable and interfered in their daily activities and they find difficult to solve problems that previously solved without help
Proposta de um modelo parcimonioso entre a empatia e orientação cultural em brasileiros
Get PDFNa sociedade contemporânea é possível observar constantes mudanças nos espaços sociais, econômicas e culturais ocorrendo na vida das pessoas. Tais mudanças podem-se referir a orientação individualista e coletivista que as aderem na dinâmica do seu entorno psicossocial. Acredita-se que estas orientações não surgem do vazio social, mas, a partir do reconhecimento da pessoa de sua capacidade de ressonância interpessoal, isto é, de empatia. O presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar a associação da empatia sobre orientação cultural de individualismo e coletivismo. Para isso foram aplicadas a escala multidimensional de reatividade interpessoal de Davis, a escala dos atributos do tipo de orientação cultural individualista e coletivista e dados sócio-demográficos em 382 pessoas do sexo masculino e do sexo feminino, com idades entre 14 a 61 anos. Em pessoas que estudam em escolas privadas e públicas das cidades de João Pessoa-PB e Natal-RN. A análise da modelagem estrutural apresentou uma forte associação positiva da empatia com o tipo de orientação coletivista e uma fraca associação com a orientação individualista. Como resultado identificamos a importancia de se desenvolver práticas potencializadoras das habilidades empáticas a fim de gerar ações culturais que valorizem o outro e a tradição. Constant changes in people’s social, economic, and cultural lives are seen in contemporary society. These changes may be related to the individualistic and collectivist orientations that are linked in the dynamics of the psychosocial environment. These orientations do not arise from a social vacuum, but from the recognition by the person of his capacity for empathy. The present study aims to identify the relationship between empathy and the cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism. We applied the multidimensional scales of the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index regarding the type of individualist and collectivist cultural orientations and socio-demographic data on 382 men and women. All subjects were between the ages of 14-61 and studying in public and private schools in the cities of João Pessoa and Natal-RN in Brazil. The structural model analysis showed a strong positive association of empathy with the collectivist orientation type and a weak association with individualistic orientation type. As a result we have identified the importance of developing a series of practices that promote empathy skills to generate cultural activities that promote valuing others and tradition
A medida do bem-estar subjetivo em jovens fisicamente ativos e não ativos
Get PDFIntrodução: A dinâmica tecnológica e social na sociedade sugere as inúmeras áreas da ciência um desenvolvimento de recursos humanos para que as pessoas tenham longevidade e qualidade de vida e busquem um bem-estar em suas vidas. Com isso, o bem-estar é destaque nas pesquisas sobre a realização e frequencia da atividade física no cotidiano da saúde daspessoas. Objetivo: verificar a estrutura fatorial da escala de bem-estar subjetivo (MUNSH) em adolescentes brasileiros ativos e nao ativos fisicamente. Método: Participaram 1864 adolescentes de 12 a 20 anos de idade, residentes em uma no norte do estado de Minas Gerais – Brasil. Estes responderam o inventário de bem estar subjetivo, questões referentes a prática e freqüência de atividade física e sócio-demografia. Resultados: Através de uma análise fatorial confirmatória, no pacote estatístico AMOS, a estrutura fatorial da escala revelou indicadores psicométricos que estiveram próximos aos exigidos pela literatura estatística sobre modelagem estrutural. Conclusão: MUNNSH evidencia uma excelente robustez na fatorialidade para os jovens que fazem atividades físicas e tem maior freqüência semanal nas atividades. Modern society’s technological and social dynamics have brought with them a need in many scientific areas for research on personal development so that as people live longer, they may do so with better quality of life. One factor of well-being which has received much attention is the impact of physical activity and the frequency thereof on people’s daily lives. The objective of the current study is therefore to determine the factorial structure of the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) in physically active and non-active Brazilian adolescents. Subjects were 1864 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 30. All resided in the northern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. They answered the subjective well-being inventory which included questions regarding the practice and frequency of physical activity and socio-demographic data. These data were analyzed by a confirmatory factor analysis using the statistical software package AMOS. The analysis found that the adjustment indicators of the factorial structure of the scale were similar to those applied in the structural modeling literature. The conclusion is that MUNSH demonstrates robustness of the factorial structure in adolescents who engage in physical activity and those who do so with greater frequency per week
Calidad de vida y afrontamiento de pacientes con cáncer y sida de Paraguay
Get PDFIntroducción: en Paraguay existen pocas investigaciones que contribuyan en los procesos de diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer y SIDA. Objetivo: explorar y describir las estrategias de Afrontamiento y la percepción sobre Calidad de Vida y Salud de pacientes con Cáncer y Sida. Método: se recolectaron datos de 10 pacientes con Cáncer y 4 con SIDA a través del Inventario de Calidad de Vida y Salud - INCAVISA (Riveros, Sánchez-Sosa y Del Águila, 2009), el CRI-A (Moos y Moos, 1993), además de una entrevista cualitativa semi-estructurada. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes afronta el proceso de su enfermedad con estrategias de aproximación. Es notoria la diferencia entre los que están hospitalizados y los que llevan el tratamiento ambulatorio, donde estos últimos presentan una percepción y calificación más favorable de su Calidad de Vida. Conclusión: El estudio cualitativo mostró que el estilo de afrontamiento ha sido considerado como un factor mediador importante con relación a la adaptación a la enfermedad, son las estrategias de aproximación las que podrían, incluso, favorecer la valoración de Calidad de Vida. Introduction: In Paraguay there is little research that contributes to the processes of diagnosis and treatment of cancer and AIDS. Objective : To explore and describe the coping strategies and perceptions of quality of life and health of patients with cancer and AIDS. Method: Data from 10 patients with cancer and 4 with AIDS were collected through Inventory Quality of Life and Health - INCAVISA (Riveros, Sanchez -Sosa y Del Aguila, 2009), the CRI-A (Moos and Moos, 1993), along with a semistructured qualitative interview. Results: Most patients facing the disease process approach strategies. It is noticeable the difference between those who are hospitalized and outpatient treatment leading, where the latter have a more favorable perception and rated quality of life. Conclusion : The qualitative study showed that coping style has been regarded as an important mediating factor in relation to adaptation to the disease, are the strategies approach that might even encourage the assessment of Quality of Life
Estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas por psicólogos: uma análise de gênero
Get PDFOBJETIVO: avaliar as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas por psicólogos frente a estressores ocupacionais e identificar diferenças de acordo com o sexo. METODO: A amostra não probabilística constituiu-se de 518 participantes. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de pesquisa a Escala COPE – Estratégias de Enfrentamento e um questionário para levantamento de dados sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos por meio da prova t de student, considerando a variável sexo, revelaram que as mulheres apresentaram médias mais elevadas nas estratégias focadas na emoção quando comparadas aos homens. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de ações diferenciadas para homens e mulheres visando à prevenção de adoecimento ocupacional. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate coping strategies dealing with occupational stressors and identify differences according to gender. METHOD: A nonprobability sample composed of 518 informants was analyzed. The COPE Scale, coping and a questionnaire were used as instruments to collect socio-demographic data. RESULTS: Regarding emotion-focused strategies, women registered a higher mean than men. CONCLUSION: Women and men need different type of strategies to prevent occupational stress