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Educational, Employment and Professional Aspirations of Young Islanders – The Example of the Zadar Islands (Iž, Dugi Otok, Ugljan)
Get PDFMladi stanovnici hrvatskih otoka svjesni su depopulacijske traume svoga otočnog okruženja. Njihove ambicije vezane uz daljnji život na otočnom prostoru istinski su poljuljane do te mjere da mladi otočanin upitan kako zamišlja otok i sebe za desetak godina isključivo odgovara da će to i nadalje biti depopulacijski prostor koji će i on napustiti. Jedan od poticatelja tog transfera jest i njegovo obrazovanje. Empirijskim istraživanjem autori su željeli otkriti migracijske dvojbe mladih stanovnika triju zadarskih otoka (Ugljan, Dugi otok i Iž), kao i u ovom radu relevantne težnje učenika s otoka (radne, obrazovne i profesionalne). U istraživanju su upotrijebljene metode ankete i intervjua (učenički eseji), a u ovom radu interpretirani su nalazi anketnog ispitivanja. Anketa se sastoji od 39 pitanja zatvorenog tipa kojima su obuhvaćeni važni segmenti otočne problematike i način kako ju percipiraju mladi otočani. Anketno ispitivanje obuhvatilo je 107 učenika s Ugljana, Iža i Dugog otoka, polaznika osnovnih i srednjih škola. Nalazi dobiveni obradom anketnih upitnika potvrđuju pretpostavku o osviještenoj ulozi/važnosti školske spreme, kako u socijalnoj promociji koju tijesno vežu uz napuštanje otoka, tako i u samoafirmaciji nadolazećih mladih naraštaja. Velika većina ispitanika želi nastaviti obrazovanje nakon osnovne odnosno srednje škole. U slučaju ostanka na vlastitom otoku mladi otočani nemaju većih mogućnosti izbora posla i radne aktivnosti. Daleko ispred ostalih gospodarskih aktivnosti nalazi se turizam. Osim njega, tek je ribarstvo u manjem obimu prepoznato kao mogući gospodarski resurs ispitivanih zadarskih otoka. Svi ti nalazi mogu koristiti državnim resorima zaduženim za otočnu problematiku, s ciljem pokretanja razvoja hrvatskih otoka i zaustavljanja izrazito negativnih sociodemografskih kretanja na otocima.Young people on the Croatian islands are aware of the depopulation that has traumatised their island environment. Their ambitions in regard to further life on the islands are genuinely shaken to the point that, when asked about the future of their islands and their personal future in the ten years, they reply that depopulation will continue and that they themselves will leave the island. Education is one of the factors that stimulate this transfer. Through an empirical study, the authors wanted to determine the doubts among young people on three islands of the Zadar archipelago (Ugljan, Dugi Otok and Iž), as well as the relevant aspirations of school pupils on the islands (in regard to employment, education and professions). The study applied both a questionnaire survey and interviews (essays by pupils). This paper analyses the results of the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire itself contained 39 closed questions pertaining to important segments of island life and to the way in which it was perceived by young islanders. It was filled out by 107 secondary school and elementary school pupils from Ugljan, Iž and Dugi Otok. The processed results obtained confirm the assumption that the level schooling increases awareness both in regard to social promotion, which is closely linked to emigration from the islands, and in regard to the self-affirmation of future young generations. The vast majority of respondents expressed the desire to continue their education after elementary and secondary school, respectively. If they would remain on the islands, young islanders do not have many opportunities to choose their employment or business activities. Tourism is far ahead of all other activities. Besides this branch, fishing is to a lesser extent recognized as possible economic resource on the Zadar islands. All the results of the study can be useful to government agencies responsible for island development, with the aim of revitalizing the development of the Croatian islands and stopping the highly negative socio-demographic trends that are occurring on them
The Coexistence of Croats and Serbs in the Pre-War and Post-War Period – An Implicite Critique of the War in Croatia as an Ethnic Conflict
Get PDFU ovom se radu analiziraju oblici suživota Hrvata i Srba u prijeratnom, ratnom i poslijeratnom razdoblju. Borba oko suvereniteta i negiranje prava na samoopredjeljenje pojedinih republika bivše SFRJ, sve do oružanih napada jugoslavenske vojske na Sloveniju i Hrvatsku, uglavnom su razorili mrežu primarnih socijalnih odnosa u lokalnim zajednicama zahvaćenima ratom. Ipak su se, čak i u ratnim okolnostima, očuvali neki segmenti mreže susjedskih i prijateljskih veza na lokalnoj razini. Manji broj Hrvata i Srba međusobno se štitio u ratu. Prijeratni suživot i razvijeni oblici socijalne interakcije i komunikacije Hrvata i Srba, zatim neki očuvani mikrosocijalni segmenti etničkih mreža u samom ratu, kao i poslijeratna obnova suživota između Hrvata i Srba, ukazuju na čvrstoću i otpornost primarne socijalne strukture u lokalnim zajednicama. Time dovodimo u pitanje interpretaciju rata u Hrvatskoj kao etničkih sukoba, a afirmiramo tezu o ratu kao političko/državnom sukobu prije svega. Događanja na bivšim ratnim prostorima u Hrvatskoj (u državnoj terminologiji: prostori posebne državne skrbi), uz postupan, spor, ali ipak uzlazni trend u obnovi/uspostavi suživota, ukazuju na razloge/motive sukoba. Sukobi nisu posljedica vjekovne mržnje, netrpeljivosti i dugotrajnih lokalnih konflikata, već suprotstavljenosti različitih političkih projekata koje su zastupali politički reprezentanti Hrvata i Srba u Hrvatskoj. To su i temeljni argumenti za određenje političkog/ratnog sukoba u Hrvatskoj kao prije svega političko/državnog, a ne etničkoga.The paper analyses the forms of coexistence between Croats and Serbs in the pre-war, war and post-war periods. The struggle for recognizing the right to self-determination of the republics of former Yugoslavia as well as denials of this right, which led to the attack by the Yugoslav army on Slovenia and Croatia, mainly destroyed the net of primary social relations in local communities affected by the war. However, even in war conditions, some segments of the neighbourhood and friendship networks remained intact on the local level. Some Croats and Serbs protected one another during the war. Pre-war coexistence and developed forms of social interaction and communication between Croats and Serbs as well as the preserved segments of micro-social ethnic networks during the war and the revival of coexistence between Croats and Serbs in the post-war period, indicate the strength and resistance of primary structures in local communities. This puts in doubt the interpretation of the war in Croatia as an ethnic conflict, and affirms the thesis that it was above all a political-state conflict. Events in former war areas in Croatia (in official terminology: areas of special state concern), together with the gradual, slow but nevertheless upward trend in the revival of coexistence, reveals the reasons/motives of the conflict. The conflicts were not the result of age-old hatreds, intolerance and long-standing local conflicts, but rather the consequence of opposed political projects advocated by the representatives of Croats and Serbs in Croatia. This is also the main argument for defining the political/military conflict in Croatia as above all a political/state conflict and not an ethnic one
The Effect of Immigration on Population Structures of Split
Get PDFRad se bavi analizom kretanja ukupnog broja stanovnika Splita u razdoblju od 1857. do 2001. godine, s težištem na utjecaju doseljavanja na dobno-spolnu, obrazovnu, ekonomsku strukturu i strukturu kućanstava. Split je do Drugoga svjetskog rata imao relativno sporo povećanje broja stanovnika. Međutim, ubrzana industrijalizacija i razvoj tercijarnih djelatnosti nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata stvaraju potrebu za velikim brojem radne snage, što je bilo povodom za intenzivno doseljavanje, posebice šezdesetih i sedamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća. Imigracija je utjecala na povećanje broja stanovnika, ali i na spolno-dobnu, obrazovnu, ekonomsku strukturu stanovništva i strukturu kućanstava. Utjecaj imigracije na demografske strukture Splita predočen je i s pomoću rezultata istraživanja provedenog u Splitu u svibnju 2002.The paper analyses the development of the total population of Split in the period from 1857 to 2001, with emphasis on the effect of immigration (in-migration) on the age-gender, educational and economic structure and on the structure of households. Until the Second World War, Split increased its population relatively slowly. However, the acceleration of industrialisation and the development of tercial activities after WWII created needs for more labour, which was the reason for intensive immigration, especially during the 1960s and 1970s. Immigration had an effect on the growth of the number of inhabitants, but it also influenced the age-gender, educational and economic structure and the structure of households. The author describes the influence of immigration on the demographic structure of Split on the basis of field research conducted in Split in May 2002
Split as an In-migration Centre
Get PDFThis paper deals with problems of demographic development in Split with an emphasis on in-migration. The analysis covers the central urban zone of Split (central city). Industrialisation after the Second World War had a decisive impact on the economic and demographic development of the city. This process attracted a large number of in-migrants from the neighbouring islands, from Zagora (i.e. the Dalmatian Hinterland) and from other parts of Dalmatia. This paper presents the results of research carried out in Split in 2002
Aspects of Integration and Adaptation of Croatian Immigrants in Chile
Get PDFIseljavanje Hrvata u Čile vezano je uz prekooceanske migracije koje su se događale krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća. Hrvatska se tada nalazila u sastavu Austro-Ugarske Monarhije. Najvažnije područje iseljavanja bila je Dalmacija, poglavito otok Brač. Iseljavanje se provodilo stihijski, bez određene iseljeničke politike i zakonodavstva. Glavni smjerovi iseljavanja bili su sjeverni (Antofagasta i Tarapaca) i južni dijelovi (pokrajina Magallanes) Čilea. U novom društvenom okruženju, u zemlji imigracije – Čileu, hrvatski iseljenici prolaze kroz niz procesa integracije i adaptacije. Otvorenost čileanskoga društva i politika kulturnog pluralizma omogućila im je slobodu izražavanja i prakticiranja etničnosti. S druge strane, čileanski zakon nije dozvoljavao dvojno državljanstvo, te su stoga djeca useljenika automatski postajali Čileancima. Hrvatski useljenici u početku njeguju mehanički oblik solidarnosti, budući da lančano iseljavaju i žive u rodbinskim ili prijateljskim skupinama. Nakon što su osigurali materijalne uvjete za život, osnivaju svoja društva i postaju prepoznatljivi prema van, u odnosu na druge useljeničke skupine. S vremenom dolazi i do socijalnog raslojavanja među njima. Žive u suživotu s mnogobrojnim useljeničkim skupinama. Privlačne su im sve slavenske useljeničke skupine, a dobre odnose ostvaruju i sa Čileanacima. Miješani brakovi, najviše s Čileankama/cima, ubrzavaju proces asimilacije i dovode do gotovo potpuna nestanka hrvatskog jezika. U ovom radu na osnovi dosadašnjih istraživanja hrvatskih ili čileanskih autora, povijesnih izvora i novinskih članaka analiziraju se procesi integracije iseljenika na trima društvenim razinama: unutar čileanskog društva, vlastite iseljeničke skupine i u odnosu prema drugim iseljeničkim skupinama. Utvrđuju se činioci koji su usporavali ili ubrzavali procese integracije, načini na koji su se procesi odvijali, okolnosti i učinak koji su proizveli.The emigration of Croats to Chile was a part of transoceanic migration that occurred at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. Croatia at the time was within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The most important area of emigration was Dalmatia, especially the island of Brač. Emigration went on without organisation, with no emigration policy or legislative framework. The main routes of emigration to Chile were to its northern parts (Antofagasta and Tarapaca) and southern parts (the province Magallanes). In the new social milieu, in the immigration country – i.e. Chile, Croatian immigrants passed through various processes of integration and adaptation. The openness of Chilean society and politics to cultural pluralism gave them the opportunity to freely express themselves and their ethnicity. On the other hand, Chilean laws did not permit dual citizenship, and thus the children of the immigrants automatically became Chileans. Croatian immigrants at first nurtured a mechanical type of solidarity, since their migration was a chain development and they lived in groups of relatives and friends. After they assured for themselves the material necessities of life, they began to establish societies and were recognized from the outside as an immigrant group, distinct from other such groups. With time social stratification developed among them. They lived in communion with many other immigrant groups. They were attracted to all Slavic immigrant groups and they also have good relations with Chileans. Mixed marriages, mostly with Chileans, quickened the process of assimilation and brought about the almost total disappearance of the Croatian language. This paper is based on research, until the present, made by Croatian and Chilean authors into the historical sources and newspaper articles analysing the process of integration of immigrants on three social levels: within Chilean society, within their own immigrant groups and in regard to other immigrant groups. The author identifies the factors that either slowed or hastened the process of immigration, the ways in which this process was accomplished, and the circumstances and effects that it produced
Development of Split Housing Estates After the Second World War
Get PDFU radu je analiziran razvoj stambenih zona Splita nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, od perioda stambene krize (1945.-1957.), programirane izgradnje (1958.-1970.) i izgradnje Splita 3 (1971.-1990.) do prevladavajuće nekontrolirane izgradnje nakon 1991. Prikazane su karakteristike stambenog fonda Splita i provedena je tipologija stambenih naselja. Noviji stihijski razvoj stambenih naselja Splita doveo je do devastacije okoliša i produbljavanja gospodarskih i socijalnih problema grada.This paper analyses the residential areas of Split after the Second World War, from the housing shortage (1945-1957), programmed construction (1958-1970), and construction of Split 3 (1971-1990), to the uncontrolled building after 1991. It presents the characteristics of the Split housing facilities, as well as the carried out typology of housing estates. A new uncontrolled development of the Split housing estates has brought to the environment devastation and intensifi cation of economic and social problems of the city
Island challenges: life on periphery, leaving or revitalisation of island mycro social atmosphere
Get PDFAutori u ovom radu analiziraju život otočana na trima zadarskim otocima, Ižu, Ugljanu i Dugom otoku. Život na tim otocima ima uglavnom obilježja egzistencije ljudi na periferijskim prostorima. Posebno se to odnosi na Iž i Dugi otok, dok je život otočana na Ugljanu dinamićniji i manje opterećen periferijskim sindromom. Teškoće otočnog življenja, problem veza s kopnom, izoliranost, starenje otočne populacije i drugi nepovoljni čimbenici utječu na depopulaciju otoka i odlazak mladog stanovništva u izvanotočne destinacije. U mnogim otočnim sredinama odlazak ima razmjere pravog egzodusa, a posljedice tih procesa naposljetku vode k izumiranju otočnoga mikrosocijalnog sustava. Empirijsko istraživanje na tri zadarska otoka provedeno je u listopadu 2001. godine. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni mladi otočani učenici osnovnih i srednjih škola, te stariji otočani u dobi od 60 i više godina. Ukupno je na sva tri otoka anketirano 107 učenika i 151 ispitanik starije dobi. Podaci su
obrađeni programom za osobna računala i tamo gdje je to bilo statistički opravdano, statistička značajnost razlika provjerena je x2-testom. U analizi rezultata preglednog istraživanja nezavisne su varijable bile: otok, dob, bračni status, samačko ili višečlano kućanstvo, obrazovanje, zanimanje i djeca na otoku ili u emigraciji. Nalazi istraživanja mladih otočana pokazuju da oni prepoznaju glavne prednosti otočnog života uglavnom kao ekološke, što može u narednom razdoblju biti i generator razvoja na novim temeljima. Naglasak bi pritom mogao biti na postmodernim vrijednostima, kao što je očuvana priroda, mir, tišina, kvaliteta življenja i slično. Najvećim se nedostatkom doživljava upravo odlazak mladih s otoka, što stvara depresivno i mučno sociopsihičko ozračje. Najteži su problemi starijih otočana osamljenost, pokidanost mreža primarnih društvenih odnosa (prije svih obiteljskih) i strah od socijalne izolacije. Stoga se nameće pitanje kako revitalizirati otočne lokalne zajednice i zaustaviti depopulaciju otoka. Uloga države je u tom mogućem/poželjnom procesu nezaobilazna i svakako najznačajnija. Same otočne lokalne zajednice, pa ni županije kojima pripadaju, nemaju dovoljno resursa za obnovu i dinamiziranje otočnog života.In this article the authors analyse the life of islanders on three islands of Zadar: Iz, Ugljan and Dugi otok. The life on these islands has mainly the characteristics of people's existence in periphery areas. This refers specially to Iz and Dugi otok, while the life of islanders on Ugljan is more dynamic and less burdened by periphery syndrome. Difflculties of living on the island, problem of connections with the land, isolation, aging of island population and other unfavourable factors have influence on island depopulation and leaving of young people to non-island destinations. In many island environments leaving of slanders has got proportions of a real island exodus and the consequences of these processes in the long run lead toward the extinction of the island micro social system. The empirical study on three islands of Zadar was carried out in October' 2001. It comprised young islanders, pupils of elementary and secondary schools as well as older islanders, at the age of 60 and more. All together, 107 pupils and 151 respondents of older age were surveyed on three islands. The data were processed on a personal computer and statistical significance of differences was tested by X2-test. In the analysis of questionnaire survey the following independent variables were used: island, age, marital status, single or multi-member household, education, occupation and children on the island or in emigration. The obtained research results in regard to young islanders show that young people recognize main advantages of island life mostly as ecological ones. This can be a generator of island development on new foundations in the next period. Thereby the accent could be put on post-modern values such as preserved nature, peace, silence, quality of life and the like. Leaving of young population is revealed as
the main disadvantage that generates depressive and hard socio-psychological atmosphere in island environments. The most difficult problems of older islanders are loneliness, tom (broken) networks of primary social relations (in the first place family ones) and fear of social isolation. Therefore the question arises: how to revitalise island local communities and stop island depopulation. The role of the state in this possible/desirable process is unavoidable and by all means the most significant. Island local communities alone, as well as the counties to which they belong, do not have sufficient resources to revive island life and make it more dynamic
Count Joseph von Rabatta and the Image of Croatian Frontiersmen (End of the 17th – Beginning of the 18th Century)
Get PDFU radu se razmatra model »slike drugoga« primijenjen na situaciju u Vojnoj krajini u Hrvatskoj na kraju 17. i na početku 18. stoljeća. U središtu pozornosti nalazi se habsburški časnik na službi u Karlovačkom generalatu i stanovništvo tog dijela Hrvatske. Kao izvori za interpretaciju prilika i ljudi u Hrvatskoj upotrebljavani su uglavnom izvještaji i drugi dopisi grofa Josipa Rabatte kao i izvještaji raznih povjerenstava i drugih časnika. U središtu interesa nalazi se slika hrvatskih krajišnika kakva se može iščitati iz spisa grofa Rabatte, predstavnika unutrašnjoaustrijskoga katoličkog plemstva podrijetlom iz Goričke grofovije i zapovijedajućega generala Karlovačkoga generalata od 1709. do 1731. U radu se pokušava odrediti koga je grof Rabatta doživljavao kao Druge i prema kojim je kriterijima nijansiran njegov odnos prema Drugima. Nastojalo se istražiti Rabattin odnos prema krajiškom stanovništvu na temelju regionalne i lokalne pripadnosti, kao i na temelju kulturnih obrazaca. Kriterij prema kojem je Rabatta zauzimao stav o krajišnicima na području Generalata bio je uvjetovan prije svega ciljevima njegove službe, a to su fortifikacijsko osiguravanje prostora od osmanskih upada, uvođenje reda u vojnokrajiški sustav te preustroj krajiške vojske. Rabatta zauzima stav prema krajišnicima na temelju njihove vjerske i etničke pripadnosti. Prema novonaseljenome krajiškom stanovništvu, osobito Vlasima pravoslavne vjere, Rabatta iskazuje najveću sumnjičavost i ulaže iznimne napore za njihovo sjedinjenje s Katoličkom crkvom. Rabattina nezahvalna uloga pripremanja terena za sveobuhvatnije reforme vojnokrajiškog sustava, do kojih će doći tek sredinom 18. stoljeća, utjecala je na njegovo percipiranje Sebe i Drugih.The paper presents the model “image of the otherness” as applied to the situation in the Croatian Military Frontier from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 18th century. The centre of focus is a Habsburg officer in the Karlovac Generality and the population of this area in Croatia. The sources used in this interpretation of the conditions and the population of this Croatian area were Joseph von Rabatta’s letters, as well as reports made by various commissions and other military officers. Interest centres on the image of Croatian frontiersmen, as it emerges from the correspondence of count Rabatta, a representative of the Inner Austrian Catholic nobility originating from the County of Gorizia and the commanding general of the Karlovac Generality from 1709 to 1731. The paper attempts to determine how Rabatta experienced “Others” and what were his criteria in regard to his nuanced relationship to the “Others”. The paper attempts to examine Rabatta’s relationship to the frontier population, in view of regional and local affiliations and cultural patterns. Rabatta’s criterion, forming his opinion of the frontiersmen, was primarily determined by the goals of his service mission, i.e. fortifying the area against Ottoman inroads, establishing order in the military-frontier system and reorganising the frontier army. Rabatta developed an opinion of the frontiersmen, based on their ethnic and confessional affiliations. Rabatta was most suspicious of newly arrived frontiersmen, especially of Eastern Orthodox Vlachs. He made exceptional efforts in attempting to bring about their union with the Catholic Church. Rabatta’s unenviable role in preparing the conditions for a full-scale reform of the military-frontier system, which would take place in the mid-18th century, influenced his perception of the “Self” and “Others”
The Leisure Time of the Young Population in Local Island Communities – the Example of the Zadar Islands (Iž, Dugi Otok, Ugljan)
Get PDFU ovom se radu analizira problem slobodnog vremena u otočnim lokalnim zajednicama zadarskog arhipelaga (Iž, Dugi otok, Ugljan). Predložak za analizu je provedeno empirijsko istraživanje na populaciji triju zadarskih otoka ujesen 2001. U istraživanju migracijskih dvojba mladih stanovnika triju zadarskih otoka služili smo se metodama ankete i intervjua (učenički eseji). Anketa se sastoji od 39 pitanja zatvorenog tipa kojima su obuhvaćeni važni segmenti otočne problematike i način na koji ju mladi otočani percipiraju. Anketno ispitivanje obuhvatilo je 107 učenika sa Ugljana, Iža i Dugog otoka, polaznika osnovnih i srednjih škola. U analizi empirijskog materijala rabljene su sljedeće nezavisne varijable: škola (osnovna – srednja), otočna pripadnost (Ugljan – Dugi otok – Iž) i spol (muški – ženski). Slobodno vrijeme predstavlja izrazit problem za čovjeka (post)moderne epohe. Kako ga ispuniti i pritom ne postati pasivnim recipijentom tuđih sadržaja, a onda i objektom manipulacije moćnih skupina, od političkih do gospodarskih? Igra, kao oblik samoostvarenja nasuprot masmedijskim porukama i sadržajima, nameće se pritom kao jedno od boljih rješenja za ispunjenje slobodnog vremena. To posebice vrijedi za mlade stanovnike. Nalazi istraživanja pokazuju da većina učenika i pored obveza (školskih, izvanškolskih, putničkih) ima dovoljno slobodnog vremena. Osnovnoškolci su manje opterećeni različitim obvezama i imaju više slobodnog vremena. Situacija se mijenja u srednjoškolaca, čija opterećenost i zauzetost različitim aktivnostima već podosta skraćuju njihovo vrijeme za igru, razonodu i odmor. Glavni su razlog nedostatka slobodnog vremena za obje ispitivane skupine školske obveze. Načini provođenja slobodnog vremena vrlo su raznoliki, a prevladavaju pasivni oblici (gledanje tv programa, slušanje glazbe). I na otocima su već prisutni moderni, pa i postmoderni, komunikacijski obrasci. Učenici vrijeme provode uz različite tehnološke naprave koje stvaraju virtualnu realnost. Nedostatak mlade populacije na otoku, uz civilizacijski trend u toj sferi, samo povećava prisutnost pasivnih oblika provođenja slobodnog vremena.The paper analyses the problem of leisure time in local communities on the islands of the Zadar Archipelago (Iž, Dugi Otok, Ugljan). The model for the analysis was provided by an empirical survey carried out on the population of three Zadar islands in autumn 2001. In researching the migration dilemmas of the young population on the three Zadar islands, the methods used were a questionnaire and interviews (essays written by pupils). The questionnaire contained 39 questions, with possible answers provided in regard to important segments of island issues and the way in which young islanders perceived them. The questionnaire was filled out by 107 elementary and secondary school pupils from Ugljan, Iž and Dugi Otok. The following independent variables were used in the analysis of the empirical material: school (elementary – secondary), island of residence (Ugljan – Dugi Otok – Iž) and gender (male – female). Leisure time is a pressing issue for people in the (post)modern epoch. How should it be utiilsed and how can one utilise it without becoming a passive recipient of exterior content, and thus an object of manipulation of powerful groups, from political groups to economical ones? Play, as a form of self-realisation in opposition to mass-media messages and contents, becomes, in this sense, one of the best solutions in utilising leisure time. This applies especially to the young population. The research results confirm that most pupils, despite their obligations (school and extra-school obligations, travelling) have sufficient leisure time. Elementary school pupils are less burdened by obligations and have more leisure time. The situation is different for secondary school pupils, whose burdens and duties already significantly reduce time for play, entertainment and relaxation. The main reasons for a lack of leisure time in both groups are school obligations. The ways of spending leisure time are quite various; however passive forms (watching TV programmes, listening to music) predominate. Modern and even post-modern communication forms are already present even on the islands. Pupils spend their time behind various technological devices that create virtual reality. The scarcity of young people on the islands, together with the civilisational trend in this sphere, only increases the presence of passive forms of spending leisure time
Migrations et vieillissement de la population insulaire: cinq récits de l’île d’Iž
Get PDFRad se bavi analizom kretanja broja stanovnika u razdoblju od 1857. do 2001. godine, s težištem na ulozi migracija u starenju stanovništva otoka Iža. Procesi koji su presudno utjecali na demografsku sliku otoka u dvadesetom stoljeću bili su veliki ratni gubici u dvama svjetskim ratovima te snažna i kontinuirana emigracija. Depopulacija je na Ižu započela već 1921. i traje do danas. Prema rezultatima posljednjeg popisa, na otoku živi svega 557 stanovnika, što je dvostruko manje nego u doba prvog popisa. Dominantni demoreprodukcijski procesi su depopulacija i starenje. Svi pokazatelji dobne strukture govore o izrazito dubokoj starosti stanovništva. Istodobno su snažni i povratnički tokovi migranata koji su mirovine ostvarili radeći izvan otoka, pa se time povećava udio staroga u ukupnom stanovništvu. Uz analizu demografskih pokazatelja, cilj rada bio je odrediti prisutne modele povratničke migracije starog stanovništva na primjeru nekoliko tipičnih migracijskih iskustava. Utjecaj migracija na životne cikluse starijeg iškog stanovništva autorice su pokušale predočiti s pomoću pet tipičnih otočnih priča prikupljenih intervjuiranjem stanovništva starog 60 i više godina tijekom istraživanja provedenog u listopadu 2001. Ako se nastavi tendencija odlaska mladog stanovništva i ne dođe do značajnijih promjena u životnim perspektivama za to stanovništvo (otvaranje radnih mjesta, oživljavanje gospodarskih grana koje imaju budućnost na otoku i sl.) i ponašanju mlađih otočana (onih koji i danas žive na otoku, ali i iseljenika) koji bi pratili takve nove programe, Iž će ostati u skupini ugroženih otoka kojima prijeti daljnje starenje populacije i izumiranje.The paper analyses population development on the island of Iž during the period from 1857 to 2001, with special focus on the role that migration has on the ageing of the population. The processes that effected the demographic picture of the island during the twentieth century were high war loses in two world wars and continuous migration. Depopulation on Iž began in 1921 and has persisted until today. According to the last census, 557 persons live on the island, which is half the number that was registered in the first census. The dominant demo-reproduction processes are depopulation and ageing. All indicators in regard to the age structure show a very old population. At the same time, there is a strong return migration flow of persons that have received pensions after having worked elsewhere, which further increases the percentage of elderly in the overall population. Apart from analysis of the demographic data, the aim of the paper was also to determine the existing models of return migration, based on the example of several typical migration experiences. The authors attempted to illustrate the effect of migration on the life cycle of the Iž’s older population through five typical island stories, collected in October 2001 while interviewing persons 60 or more years of age. If a major change does not occur in regard to the present trend of emigration of the younger population (creation of jobs, revival of economic activities that have a future on the island etc.) and in the behaviour of younger islanders (both those living at present on the island and those living elsewhere) who would accept such new programmes, Iž will remain in the group of islands that is threatened by further ageing and depopulation.Les auteurs analysent l’évolution du nombre d’habitants de l’île d’Iž de 1857 à 2001, en se penchant particulièrement sur le rôle des migrations dans le vieillissement de cette population. Les processus ayant eu une influence décisive sur la structure démographique de l’île au cours du 20ème siècle ont été les importantes pertes causées par les deux guerres mondiales et l’émigration intense et constante. La dépopulation d’Iž débute dès 1921 et se prolonge aujourd’hui. D’après les résultats du dernier recensement, l’île compte 557 habitants, soit deux fois moins que lors du premier recensement. Les processus de reproduction démographique dominants sont la dépopulation et le vieillissement de la population. Tous les indicateurs de la structure des âges font état d’une très vieille population. Parallèlement, on observe de nombreux retours sur l’île de retraités, ce qui augmente la proportion d’habitants vieillissants dans la population. Outre l’analyse des indicateurs démographiques, cet article essaye de définir les modèles de migration de la population vieillissante en présence, d’après l’exemple de quelques expériences typiques de migration. L’influence des migrations sur les cycles de l’existence de la population vieillissante d’Iž est illustrée par cinq récits insulaires typiques, recueillis auprès de la population âgée de 60 ans et plus lors de l’étude menée en octobre 2001 sur l’île. Si la tendance à l’émigration des jeunes se poursuit et si l’île ne connaît pas de changement sensible dans les perspectives de vie de cette population (création d’emplois, redémarrage des branches économiques jouissant de perspectives de réussite sur l’île, etc.) et dans le comportement des jeunes insulaires (vivant actuellement sur l’île où l’ayant quittée) susceptibles de suivre de tels programmes, Iž continuera de figurer parmi les îles menacées de voir leur population vieillir et s’éteindre