Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Misperception of descriptive norms and adoption of eco-schemes by French farmers
No full textInternational audienceSocial norms have been shown to explain the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices by farmers. In this article, we focus on the role played by perceived social norms regarding eco-schemes (ES), a new type of direct monetary compensation provided to European farmers who voluntarily adopt specific environmentally-friendly practices. Using data from a large-scale web-survey (N = 1109), we assess to what extent French farmers’ willingness to adopt ES depends on their beliefs about peers’ participation, accounting for the fact that farmers may hold wrong beliefs about what peers think or do. We demonstrate that French farmers systematically underestimate the share of peers wishing to adopt ES, and that this misperception is substantial (more than 20 percentage points). French farmers who misperceive peers’ adoption of ES are also less likely to adopt ES themselves. Finally, we show that the perceived effectiveness of the ES influences both their adoption and the monetary compensation French farmers require to implement them
Can subfossil insects complement pedoanthracology in reconstructing the past trajectories of old-growth forests? A study case from the Northern Central Pyrenees (France)
No full textInternational audienceThe presence of insect remains preserved in soils has the potential to serve as a complementary proxy to charcoal, facilitating the reconstruction of Holocene forest trajectories at high spatial resolution. Six pits were dug at three old-growth forest sites (two per site) in the Central Pyrenees (France). Insect remains and charcoal were collected in each soil layer, following the pedoanthracological method usually conducted in similar mountain contexts. Radiocarbon dating was performed on a selection of both insects and charcoal, and a time-since-death index was developed to evaluate the degradation stage and relative age of the insect remains. Insect remains were present in most layers, but were more abundant in the upper ones, as with charcoal. Whereas radiocarbon dating did not work on individual insect remains, the time-since-death index showed a consistent relationship between increasing degradation and increasing depth. Saproxylic beetles, which are key indicators of the maturity of old-growth forests, were poorly preserved in the soils studied, but some of the other beetles identified at genus or species level provided useful information on past forest openness
Investigating the Influence of Training Difficulty on the Learning Outcomes of Medical Students
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Determining an optimal training difficulty level for the best learning outcome is a crucial goal for adaptive educational systems. The literature supports the Inverted U-shape Hypothesis, suggesting that the ideal challenge level for learning is neither too easy nor too difficult. However, this optimal point depends on the type of training and response modality and may vary across domains, necessitating thorough examination before implementing adaptive learning procedures.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of training difficulty on the learning outcomes of French medical students.Methods: Using data from a national educational platform, we explored the influence of the mean question difficulty encountered during training, relative to individual student ability, on the learning outcomes of medical students across diverse medical specialties. Importantly, the mean difficulty level varied randomly between students on this platform, mirroring a quasi-experimental design and enabling a thorough exploration of these effects. We first employed the Elo rating system to estimate the difficulty of platform questions and the evolution of students’ abilities. A linear mixed-effects model was then used, with final exam performance as the main outcome and mean relative question difficulty during training (linear and quadratic terms) as the main predictor.Results and Conclusions: Results showed a significant negative quadratic effect of mean relative difficulty on final exam performance, revealing optimal difficulty levels for each medical specialty. Additionally, the analysis demonstrated that students with high abilities displayed a more pronounced inverted U-shaped relationship between training difficulty and final exam scores. This study advances our understanding of optimal training difficulty in the complex realm of medical education by emphasizing the need to acknowledge variability across medical specialties and student abilities
Sortir de la grotte pour mieux y rentrer : à la recherche d’invariants
No full textInternational audienceBernard Lahire’s thinking is extremely motivating because it allows us to connect the social with the living, to identify “lines of force” and “laws” that permit the creation of a scientific language that transcends mere descriptions and protects us from general discourses too disconnected from reality. Is it possible to make a considerable leap forward in time and apply these ideas to periods without written records, about which we know practically nothing? This is a new path to explore, and we present here the first, undoubtedly still clumsy, strokes of the pruning knife.La pensée de Bernard Lahire est extrêmement motivante, car elle permet d’articuler le social avec le vivant, d’identifier des « lignes de force » et des « lois » qui autorisent la création d’un langage scientifique dépassant les simples descriptions et qui nous préserve des discours généraux trop déconnectés du réel. Est-il possible de faire un saut considérable dans le temps et de les appliquer à des époques sans trace écrite, dont nous ne connaissons pratiquement rien ? Voici un nouveau chemin à défricher, dont nous présentons ici les premiers coups de serpette, encore maladroits sans doute
Metaphraseography and phraseographic design: A learning dictionary of French-Chinese idioms
No full textInternational audiencePhraseological units (PUs) are rich with implicit carriers of cultural idiosyncrasies, societal states, collective perspectives, historicity, and conventionality (González-Rey 2002). Learning PUs should be part of a long-term process in the teaching of language and culture in a foreign language context (González-Rey 2007; Sułkowska 2016; Chen 2021).Bilingual dictionaries are “the foundation of all language pedagogy” (Taifi 2021: 28). A good dictionary for learning foreign language (FL) phraseological units (PUs) meets learners' need to independently acquire this culturally rich part of the lexicon. In the context of didactic lexicology, “the phraseological dictionary claims its place of honor as the tool of choice in teaching-learning methods of fixed expressions” (Wotjak 2005).1Thus, we aim to design a learning dictionary to improve phraseology in a foreign language, specifically French-Chinese idiomatic expressions. This reflection is based on a metaphrastic approach. (Murano 2011; Chen 2022a).The macrostructure is based on thematic classification (e.g., human body, animals) on one hand, and on the degree of intralingua “fixed” and interlingual comparative methods on the other. The microstructure will be detailed, including etymology, figurative meaning, the source of the phraseological unit (PU), its pragmatic use, and phraseology from French to Chinese (Chen 2022b)
PaRAMHTRS (Philology And Resolution of Abbreviations in Manuscripts obtained by HTR at Scale)
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Cultural Production Reveals Transitions to Sustained Human Development in both European and Non-European Societies
No full textSustained human development is often seen as a recent phenomenon, primarily linked to Europe's Industrial Revolution. This perspective has shaped much of our historical understanding, but it relies on a limited set of economic indicators with restricted temporal and geographic coverage. In this article, we introduce Cultural Production as a complementary proxy for human development, particularly suited to long-term and cross-regional comparisons. Cultural production reflects the extent to which societies enable individuals to acquire knowledge, develop skills, and contribute to intellectual and artistic life-conditions closely tied to education, health, material security, and institutional support. We construct a global dataset tracking 122,634 distinct cultural producers (e.g., scientists, 1 artists, writers) and apply ecological methods to estimate the number of unrecorded figures, correcting for differential survivorship bias. The resulting measure enables a broader and deeper reconstruction of human development across time and space. Our results challenge the prevailing view that meaningful development began only in modern Europe. We confirm that Western Europe experienced continuous gains from the 11th century onward, but we also uncover sustained growth in non-Western regions long before the 19th century. Japan shows multiple developmental phases, including a continuous rise after 1500 CE. In China, we trace human development back over 1,500 years, identifying major advances during the Han, Tang, and late imperial periods. In South and West Asia, we reveal marked progress under the Abbasid Caliphate and the Delhi Sultanate. Cultural Production also enables estimates of human development for Antiquity, showing developmental peaks in Classical Greece and Rome, though these were not sustained. Altogether, our findings suggest that all major regions, including non-European societies, transitioned from stagnation to sustained growth well before the Industrial Revolution-some as early as 1000 CE. These results suggest a more widespread and earlier pattern of human development across civilizations than previously recognized
La rue Saint-Jacques dans mon salon : une enquête en datation dans les milieux jansénistes
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Confronter les résultats d'enquêtes déclaratives aux données de pratiques des enquêté·es : le cas de l'écoute de musique en streaming
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Les lieux que crée l’exil : les migrants russes à Tbilissi, 2022-2024
No full textInternational audienceDepuis l’invasion russe de l’Ukraine en 2022, de nombreux migrants russes se sont installés à Tbilissi, Géorgie, créant des espaces associatifs et des « tiers-lieux » pour reconstruire leurs réseaux et identités en exil. Ces lieux favorisent l’engagement social et professionnel tout en renforçant les liens communautaires. Cependant, leurs pratiques sont marquées par des tensions internes et des perceptions ambiguës de la part la société géorgienne. Cette étude explore les dynamiques de socialisation, les différends intercommunautaires et la visibilité de ces espaces dans le contexte politique et social local