Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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What Are Social Norms?
No full textInternational audienceMany theorists tie social norms to attitudes, such as expectations on others, perhaps along with conforming practices. Challenging this view, we instead ground social norms in a social norming process, an often non-verbal social communication process that ‘makes’ the norm through mutual expressions of support. We present the process-based account of social norms and social normativity, and distinguish social norms from social pressures, social practices, and Lewisian conventions. The process-based view brings social norms closer to legal norms, by tying them to ‘expressive acts’, just as laws and contracts arise through acts of voting or signing, not through mere attitudes
Transnationalisation des répertoires de motifs et d’actions fanoniens au Moyen-Orient et en Europe
No full textInternational audienceLa pensée de Fanon a eu une incidence notable sur nombre de mouvements révolutionnaires à travers le monde. Dans le présent chapitre, nous étudierons son influence sur deux mouvements de libération nationale, en l'occurrence basque et kurde (de Turquie). Nous envisagerons plus particulièrement la transnationalisation des répertoires de motifs et d'actions fanoniens. Nous nous appuierons sur deux enquêtes de sociologie qualitative réalisées dans chacune des zones géographiques auprès de militant.e.s et ex-militant.e.s clandestins. Nous montrerons en particulier comment, dans ces groupes, le référentiel marxiste a progressivement été remplacé par le paradigme fanonien des luttes de libération nationale et la promotion de ses répertoires d'action tels que l'usage de la violence politique. Afin de préciser ces transformations, nous envisagerons, dans un premier temps, les facteurs qui ont permis le dépassement des cadres théoriques du marxisme dans le « fanonisme ». Nous analyserons ensuite la façon dont les répertoires d'action théorisés par F. Fanon ont été appropriés sur les plans méso-et micro-sociaux, à partir notamment des vecteurs cognitifs et émotionnels de leur appropriation individuelle. Nous étudierons enfin le rôle de la référence à l'oeuvre de Fanon dans les transformations internes des organisations clandestines considérées sur le temps long
Feeding the Children on the Eastern Front. Voluntary Associations and Globalisation of Welfare in the Polish Town of Łódź, 1914-1922
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter deals with the impact of the First World War on a child care association which had been created in the industrial city of Łódź located at this time in the Russian territory. Its activity, as suggested in its name, Kropla Mleka (Drop of milk), was to provide “safe milk” to babies of poor mothers, as well as medical care and advice to mothers in dispensaries. Led by two physicians this association put into practice social hygiene precepts. In the eastern territories, and so the fate of Łódź in the warfront, private and civil organizations had to meet the huge needs of destitute populations due to the major destructions of housing and productive means, then the harsh living condition under the German occupation. Facing such an emergency situation and with less and less resources, Kropla Mleka was about to stop its food program, but finally it succeeded to adapt its aid. In this chapter I argue that under the hardships of the war the association developed itself into a professional institution which anticipated the maternal and infant public services of the postwar. I describe the ways of this transformation, how the supply network of the association expanded from a local to a global network, with new actors, primarily international organizations. I address also the issue of the “encountering” between Kropla Mleka as a local institution, and the two large humanitarian organizations, the American Red Cross and the American Relief Administration whose feeding and health program for children in Poland supported the activities of the association but also challenged it
Quand Érec rencontre Erec(k). Réflexions croisées sur l’édition et l’interprétation des romans deChrétien de Troyes et de Hartmann von Aue
No full textInternational audienceHartmanns von Aue Erec, die deutschsprachige Übertragung des ersten Artusromans Chrétiens de Troyes Érec et Énide, ist ein paradigmatisches Beispiel für die intensive Zirkulation von Erzählstoffen im westeuropäischen Kulturraum des Mittelalters. Aus unterschiedlichen Gründen hat für beide Romane jeweils eine Handschrift (Paris, BnF fr. 794 und Wien, ÖNB, Cod. Ser. nova 2663) eine zentrale Rolle in der editorischen und kritischen Tradition gespielt. Vorliegender Beitrag zieht eine vergleichende Bilanz der Editionsgeschichte beider Texte, der damit verbundenen Debatten sowie ihrer Folgen für die Interpretation der Texte und die Erfassung beider Autorfiguren. Aus den gekreuzten Blicken geht hervor, wie produktiv eine komparatistische Perspektive sein kann, welche die Transformationen der Texte sowohl durch ihre Überlieferung als auch durch die Editionspraxis mit einbezieht.La traduction-réécriture en langue allemande, par Hartmann von Aue à la fin du XIIe siècle, du premier roman composé par Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide, est un exemple bien connu de l’intense circulation de la matière narrative dans l’espace occidental médiéval. Pour chacun des textes, un manuscrit a joué un rôle central dans les traditions éditoriale et critique (Paris, BnF fr. 794 pour le texte de Chrétien, Wien, ÖNB, Cod. Ser. nova 2663 pour celui de Hartmann). Le présent article dresse un bilan de l’histoire des éditions des deux romans, des débats auxquels elles ont donné lieu et de leurs conséquences sur l’interprétation des textes et la perception de leurs auteurs. Ce bilan croisé vise à mettre en valeur l’intérêt, pour la démarche comparatiste, de tenir compte des particularités de la tradition textuelle et de l’influence des pratiques des éditeurs modernes
Local Communication in Repeated Games with Local Monitoring
No full textI consider repeated games with local monitoring: each player observes his neighbors' moves only. Hence, monitoring is private and imperfect. I assume local and public communication: communication is restricted to neighbors, and each player sends the same message to each of his neighbors at each stage. Both communication and monitoring structures are given by the network. The solution concept is perfect Bayesian equilibrium. In the four-player case, a folk theorem holds if and only if the network is 2-connected. Some examples are given for games with more than four players
MiCoReCa (Microbiome Community Resource Catalogue) - Towards Centralized Curation And Integration Of Microbiome Bioinformatics Resources
No full textThe rapid growth of microbiome research has led to the development of numerous bioinformatics tools and databases, but information about them remains fragmented across disparate, often outdated cataloging efforts, hindering resource discovery and utilization. To address this critical gap, the ELIXIR Microbiome Community proposes the development of MiCoReCa (Microbiome Community Resource Catalogue), a comprehensive, dynamic, open-access catalogue of microbiome-related bioinformatics resources (tools, workflows, training, standards, and databases). Leveraging our community's expertise, this initiative will utilize standardized ontologies like EDAM and cross-reference established platforms like bio.tools and WorkflowHub to create a centralized, findable inventory. A key feature is the community-driven process for identifying and curating missing ontological terms and metadata, ensuring MiCoReCa's accuracy and relevance in collaboration with partner platforms. Furthermore, the catalogue will integrate links to training materials from TeSS to support appropriate tool usage, and connect with OpenEBench for benchmarking capabilities. This project will not only provide a vital resource for the microbiome field, enhancing research efficiency and reproducibility, but will also establish a sustainable, adaptable infrastructure potentially applicable to other ELIXIR Communities. This effort represents a significant contribution by the ELIXIR Microbiome Community to streamline microbiome bioinformatics
Contacts et conflits en Méditerranée (VIe-XIIIe siècle) ; Société, Église et pouvoir politique dans l'Occident médiéval (XIe-XVe siècle)
No full textInternational audienc
Vulnerability and the computational logic of fear: Insights from the horror genre
No full textInternational audienceFear is a universal feature of storytelling, yet the structural conditions that make fictional threats compelling remain poorly understood. Here, we propose the Protagonist Vulnerability Index (PVI), an evolutionarily grounded computational approach to explain why some narratives evoke stronger fear responses than others. PVI quantifies protagonist vulnerability by assessing the imbalance in formidability between protagonists and antagonists and the risk of attack faced by the protagonist. Across 691 films, higher PVI values predicted classification as horror, the presence of fear-related keywords in non-horror films, and stronger physiological fear responses indexed by heart rate. Linking film preferences to psychological and demographic data from more than 3.5 million individuals on Facebook, we found that preference for high-PVI films was associated with lower agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion, and with higher openness. Openness moderated the negative association between neuroticism and engagement with fear-related content, indicating that curiosity can counteract threat avoidance in anxious individuals. These findings clarify the structural and psychological conditions that activate evolved threat-management systems. The results show how horror operates as a narrative simulation of extreme formidability asymmetry, and provide a framework for predicting, and potentially engineering, fear in fiction
