Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Trade agreements and sustainable fisheries
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the impact of trade agreements and their specific provisions on the sustainability of marine fisheries resources. Using global data on the Mean Trophic Level (MTL) between 1950 and 2018 and a comprehensive dataset of environmental provisions from trade agreements signed between 1947 and 2018, we estimate the impact on the MTL of signing (i) a free trade agreement and (ii) a free trade agreement including fishery-related provisions. To address potential endogeneity problems associated with fisheries-related provisions, we use a difference-in-differences (DID) propensity score matching method. Our results show that while trade agreements tend to negatively impact the MTL, including fisheries-related provisions offsets this negative impact among signatory countries. By examining the potential mechanisms underlying this result, we are able to temper the optimistic findings in the existing literature on the beneficial environmental outcomes of environmental provisions. Our findings suggest that these provisions do not foster the adoption of more effective resource management practices. Instead, they appear to reduce trade opportunities, which is contrary to the objective of trade creation in trade agreements
The Role of the State in Accelerating Energy Transitions: Lessons from Brazilian Economic Ideas for the Oil Industry (1930s–1950s)
No full textInternational audienceEchoing the discussions about the role of the state in accelerating the transition to low-emission sources of energy, this article revisits the ideas developed in Brazil, from the 1930s to the 1950s, to accelerate the transition not away from but at that time further toward domestically produced oil, with the creation of the state-owned company Petrobras. It shows that two distinct issues were at stake: the public or private control over the company for matters of economic efficiency, and the use of domestic or foreign capital for questions of long-term energy sovereignty and economic independence. This article finally draws parallels for the twenty-first-century energy transition, especially in developing countries. Given today's geopolitical uncertainty and the need to accelerate the transition to energy sources that are still in development, such as renewables and green hydrogen, the creation of sector-specific public companies could be a valuable strategy alongside traditional regulatory tools
Dada cynique : les usages du cynisme dans le « Manifeste Dada 1918 » de Tristan Tzara
No full textInternational audienceL’article entend poser les linéaments d’une réflexion théorique sur le fait cynique du dadaïsme zurichois, renouant avec le regard qu’ont porté Michel Foucault et Peter Sloterdijk sur l’art moderne. Prenant pour exemple paradigmatique le « Manifeste Dada 1918 » de Tristan Tzara, il se propose de saisir l’éthique qui sous-tend l’origine du mouvement. Imprégné d’un imaginaire cynique, le manifeste de Tzara rend explicite le lien qui existe entre les pratiques de subjectivation cynique et dadaïste
Bronze Age copper supply in Mediterranean France: first results from lead isotope and chemical analyses of hoarded metalwork
No full textInternational audienceCopper supply networks in southern France are analysed on the basis of a study of five hoards of metal objects dating from the end of the Early Bronze Age (c. 17th-16th BCE) to the end of the Late Bronze Age (c. 9th BCE). A total of 73 inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy elemental analyses were performed and 48 objects belonging to the different groups that could be identified from the elemental compositions were targeted for lead isotope analysis (multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). The results clearly show that the same source was used for the various objects in each hoard, but that copper from different origins was used depending on the period. This reveals evolving supply networks that can be linked to the cultural interactions observed during this period. Towards the end of the Early Bronze Age or the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 17th-16th BCE), axe-ingots were imported into southern France along the Rhone corridor. The origin of the copper from which they are made could potentially be the Vosges massif. On the other hand, one of the major contributions of this study is to have demonstrated the use of copper originating from the Southeastern Alps during a late phase of the Middle Bronze Age and up to the Late Bronze Age (c. 14th-11th BCE). A form of packaging for this Alpine copper was as pick-ingots, and it was probably in this form that it arrived in southern France. This network was interrupted around the 9th century BCE and the populations of southern France returned to the exploitation of local minerals (Cabrières-Péret district). This research highlights the link between trade networks and cultural dynamics, showing that the circulation of raw materials also helps strengthen relations between communities
Into the wild. Repenser les rencontres protohistoriques entre les sociétés humaines et leur environnement. XIe Rencontres doctorales de l'école européenne de Protohistoire de Bibracte, Bibracte, 12-16 mars 2025
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Freins d'accès aux services de santé en Polynésie française : approche qualitative
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction : L’accessibilité des services biomédicaux constitue un défi complexe en Polynésie française. La configuration territoriale en de multiples îles dispersées et la centralisation des filières spécialisées à Tahiti voire en dehors du territoire impliquent des mobilités parfois contraignantes pour les usagers et propices aux inégalités d’accès. But de l’étude : À partir d’une recherche qualitative et inductive centrée sur l’expérience ordinaire des usagers, l’article identifie différents facteurs contraignant l’accès aux services biomédicaux dans ce contexte.Résultats : L’approche qualitative et inductive constitue une entrée particulièrement pertinente pour comprendre le point de vue des usagers en matière d’accessibilité des services de santé et identifier la pluralité des facteurs pouvant contraindre l’accès à ces services. L’éloignement du domicile, parfois prolongé ou répété, implique des coûts et des contraintes multiples. Les usagers mobilisent des ressources privées (relations familiales, capital économique) pour pallier ces contraintes, couvrir les besoins non pris en charge par le système de protection sociale et accéder aux services des filières spécialisées. Les usagers les moins dotés en ressources économiques et sociales peuvent renoncer aux services biomédicaux en raison de l'absence de solutions d’hébergement sur le lieu de prise en charge ou des coûts trop élevés impliqués par leur séjour. Les relations familiales, toutefois ambivalentes, peuvent également être un motif d’empêchement d’accès aux soins (mésententes ; obligations). Conclusions : Les ressources économiques et les relations familiales constituent des déterminants de l’accès aux soins et services biomédicaux en Polynésie française, pouvant conduire les usagers à renoncer à une prise en charge
Traduire la poésie à plusieurs mains, de l’arabe vers le français. Retours d’expérience à partir de l’exemple de Joumana Haddad
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Seeing yew for the forest: a call to action for improving conservation and restoration of the European yew (Taxus baccata L.)
No full textInternational audienceThe European yew (Taxus baccata L.) is a long-lived conifer of ecological, cultural, and historical importance across Eurasia. Despite its remarkable resilience, wide distribution, and symbolic importance, the species has experienced a long-term decline due to a complex interplay of climatic fluctuations, megafaunal extinctions, human exploitation, and insufficient regeneration. Recent studies in palaeoecology, archaeology, dendroecology, and conservation have revealed a species with greater ecological plasticity and a broader historical distribution than previously assumed. However, many fundamental questions remain unresolved, particularly regarding its biogeographical history, population dynamics, recruitment processes, and the drivers of its decline.This review stems from prior investigations of yew in the French Pyrenees and, more broadly, across Europe. These efforts led to a transdisciplinary seminar and opened a collaboration uniting >30 researchers across Eurasia. By synthesizing a wide array of data and perspectives, the article highlights key knowledge gaps and outlines emerging research priorities. These are organized thematically—past, present, and future—and include 25 questions on the species' ecological niche, life-history strategies, human interactions, genetic resilience, and conservation under global change. The article advocates for a shift towards integrative and long-term conservation strategies that embrace the historical legacies of yew populations, the general ecology of the species along with local ecological context dependence, and the urgency of future threats. By identifying pressing research needs, this review seeks to lay the foundation for new collaborative initiatives and to support evidence-based conservation of this emblematic yet understudied species
Dissociating the functional role of the para-hippocampal and the parietal cortex in human multi-step reinforcement learning
No full textAbstract Many real-life decisions involve a tension between short-term and long-term outcomes, which requires forward-looking abilities. In reinforcement learning, this tension arises at the initial stage of multi-step learning and decision tasks, where forward-looking decisions collect smaller immediate rewards but govern the transition to more advantageous second-stage states. Here, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying such forward-looking decisions in a cohort of healthy participants undergoing fMRI scanning (N=28). Behavioral results confirmed that participants were able to learn concurrently reward values and state-transition probabilities. By contrasting BOLD signal elicited by first-stage versus second-stage at the time of decision, we isolated a brain network, with central nodes in the bilateral parahippocampal cortex (BA37), whose activity correlate with forward-looking choices. BOLD activity in another network, including the bilateral parietal cortex, correlated with structure learning signal at the time of outcome processing. Our results shed new light on the neural bases of model-based reinforcement learning by suggesting a specific role of the parahippocampal cortex in forward planning and the parietal cortex in learning the Markovian structure of the task