Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Rāma’s address to future kings: a cosmopolitan guarantee of perpetuity?
No full textInternational audiencesāmānyo 'yaṁ dharma-setur nṛpāṇāṁ kāle kāle pālanīyo bhavadbhiḥsarvān etān bhāvinaḥ pārthivendrān bhūyo bhūyo yācate rāmacandraḥRāmacandra begs repeatedly to all these future kings: “This bridge of Dharma is common to all the kings: you always must protect it!”The numerous quotations of this stanza in epigraphical records in South and South-East Asia establish the epic hero Rāma as a shining exemplar of the protecting king. Sometimes this stanza is the only one quoted to protect the gift; sometimes the authorship of other benedictive and imprecatory stanzas is also assigned to Rāma, while occasionally Rāma is replaced with the name of the issuer king. In other cases, the stanza is absent but substituted by a prose address to the future kings delivered by the issuer king. Although there is no reference to Rāma’s address to future kings in Vālmīki's Rāmāyaṇa, it seems that it has served as a reference and guarantee of long-term protection over a vast territory for centuries. For example, this well-known stanza is at the heart of a Purāṇic story which narrates how a copperplate bestowed by Rāma to Brahmins was preserved through the yugas and was brandished, centuries later, by despoiled Brahmins to recover their land.This paper aims to define in what extent this reference to Rāma was used in epigraphical context and to describe over what period, what places, how often and in what contexts Rāma’s address occurs. For that, I will analyze the quotations of this stanza in more than seventy epigraphical records and will offer a mapping and a chronology of its use in South and South-East Asia. This diachronic and transregional study will be completed by an exploration of other sources (Purāṇas and Dharmanibandha literature) to observe how the epic figure became a security for the long protection of the gifts
Aligning Competitiveness and Sustainability: How Border Adjustments Can Strengthen the EU’s Agricultural Policy
No full textPublication parue dans la note EUTAX observatory Mars 2025EU policies promoting higher environmental standards in agriculture are often perceived as a challenge to the sector’s economic competitiveness. However, well-designed policies can align the EU’s environmental and economic goals, fostering sustainable and inclusive growth. This policy note examines the case of pesticide-reduction targets and finds that competitiveness trade-offs can be mitigated through complementary trade measures. Our analysis highlights that 44% of pesticide use embedded in EU agricultural consumption comes from imports, despite them representing only 16% of the consumption. Particularly striking, a substantial amount of the pesticide use embedded in imports is represented by banned pesticides, exposing a blind spot in current trade policies. Without appropriate safeguards, stricter EU pesticide regulations can shift production to less-regulated markets, undermining global pesticide reduction efforts while disadvantaging EU agriculture. Analysing the potential for policy solutions, we consider different border-adjustment mechanisms, drawing parallels with the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Our findings indicate that such measures preserve EU agricultural competitiveness without compromising on environmental ambition. Aligning trade and environmental policies is therefore not only feasible but essential for effectively reducing global pesticide use while safeguarding EU agriculture
From Housing Gains to Pension Losses: New Methods to Reveal Wealth Inequality Dynamics in Chile
No full textThis paper examines wealth inequality dynamics in Chile from 2007 to 2021, focusing on two key macroeconomic events: the sharp rise in housing prices after the introduction of a real estate value-added tax in 2016 and the substantial liquidation of pension assets through early withdrawals during the pandemic. We introduce a methodological innovation that aims to improve the measurement of wealth inequality by integrating administrative pension fund records into household wealth surveys using machine learning techniques. Our results reveal extreme levels of wealth concentration, with the top 10% holding approximately two-thirds of national private wealth. However, inequality slightly declined over the period, particularly after 2016, as the outcome of two opposing forces: housing appreciation, which benefited middle-class households, and pension fund withdrawals, which disproportionately reduced wealth at the lower end of the distribution
Le sommet qui cache la montagne ou sur les pas des scientifiques du XVIIIe siècle pour reconstituer la découverte du mont Buet dans le massif du Giffre
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"Coinvestment games under uncertainty"
No full textNational audienceThere are many business situations in which investments by a supplier and a producer (“coinvest-ments") are both necessary for either of them to grasp a business opportunity. For instance, better quality tanks are needed to manufacture reliable hydrogen-powered vehicles. One of these two firms, typically the one facing a lower cost, may be more willing to invest, but the cautionary attitude of the other delays the coinvestment. We model supply-chain interactions in a classical tractable way to derive the firms’ net present values (NPVs) upon coinvestment and determine their Nash equilibrium investment (timing) strategies. Firms coinvest when the real options of the weaker firm is ‘deep in the money.’ These business situations are likely to be affected by evolving market circumstances, in particular due to changes in the demand dynamics or endogenous decision (by, say, the supplier) to conduct research and development (R&D). We investigate related model extensions, which confirm the robustness of our key result
European Union's Experiments for Sustainability Transition: The Disappointing Case of Real-Life Trials for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
No full textThis paper explores the European Union’s practice of sustainability transition experiments. It specifically examines how, in the 2010s, the EU promoted “real-life trials” to encourage private investment in electric vehicle charging infrastructure (EVCI) and advance electromobility across the Union. Based on a longitudinal and multi-level field research, we analyse this new experimental approach from its initial conception to its implementation through local projects, and the resulting learning outcomes. In the light of the EU policy turn to challenge-oriented innovation and experimentalist governance, we illuminate the paradoxical nature of the real-life trial approach, which fostered local experiments as a new innovation tool, but overlooked governance experimentation, thereby limiting the EU’s learning and the experimentation’s overall impact. We recommend refining the real-life trial approach, applying it consistently over time and expanding it to address a broader array of issues to help governing sustainability transitions efficiently within the EU and beyond
État des sources et stratégies linguistiques des jésuites français au Tchad (1946-1976)
No full textInternational audienceLa gestion de la linguistique, mise en place par les jésuites français au Tchad, nous renseigne sur l’organisation de la mission, les mentalités des missionnaires et leurs évolutions. Elle nous permet également d’appréhender les rapports entre missionnaires et missionnés, dans une période de décolonisation politique et religieuse
Flood and Residential Mobility in France
No full textThe evidence on whether people adapt to climate extreme events by moving out of vulnerable areas is currently mixed. In this article, we analyse residential mobility following floods using comprehensive French data. Our identification strategy consists in comparing individuals living in areas exposed to flood risk which were actually subject to a flood, with individuals also residing in flood risk areas but which were not subject to flood. Our results suggest that residential mobility increases by 1 percentage point in the two years following a flood. Compared to the baseline inter-municipality mobility rate in our sample, it equates to a 30% increase in the probability of moving out of the municipality of residence following a flood. The effects are strongly heterogeneous. Mobility rates following a flood are observed to be lower for the bottom and the top quintiles of equivalised disposable income than for the middle quintiles. The effects are found to be more pronounced for private renters than for home-owners and others. An analysis of aggregate flows at the municipality level reveals no effect of flooding on residential mobility on average, confirming the importance of using granular individual data. However, the data do suggest changes in the composition of population outflows. We observe a lower share of homeowners in the population outflows from municipalities that have flooded.À ce jour, il n’y a pas de consensus sur la manière dont les populations réagissent auxévénements climatiques extrêmes, notamment si elles choisissent de quitter les zones à risque. Dans cet article, nous analysons la mobilité résidentielle à la suite d'inondations en utilisant des données françaises exhaustives. Notre stratégie d'identification consiste à comparer les individus vivant dans des zones exposées au risque d'inondation qui ont effectivement subi une inondation, avec des individus résidant également dans des zones à risque d'inondation mais qui n'ont pas subi d'inondation. Nos résultats suggèrent que la mobilité résidentielle augmente d'un point de pourcentage dans les deux années qui suivent une inondation. Par rapport au taux de mobilité intercommunale de base de notre échantillon, cela équivaut à une augmentation de 30 % de la probabilité de déménager hors de la municipalité de résidence à la suite d'une inondation. Cet effet est très hétérogène. Nos résultats suggèrent que les taux de mobilité après une inondation sont plus faibles pour les quintiles inférieur et supérieur de niveau de vie que pour les quintiles médians. L’effet est également plus prononcé pour les locataires du secteur privé que pour les propriétaires et les locataires du secteur social. Une analyse des flux agrégés au niveau de la municipalité ne révèle aucun effet des inondations sur la mobilité résidentielle en moyenne, ce qui confirme l'importance d'utiliser des données individuelles. Cependant, les résultats suggèrent des changements dans la composition des flux de population. Nous observons notamment une plus faible proportion de propriétaires dans les flux de population provenant des municipalités inondées
Supply Flexibility and risk transfer in electricity markets
No full textNational audienceThe producers of electricity using dispatchable plants rely on partially flexible technologies to match the variability of both demand and production from renewables. We analyse upward and downward flexibility in a two-stage decision process where firms compete in quantities produced ex ante at low cost and ex post at high cost to supply a random residual demand. We first compute the first best and competitive outcomes, then we determine the subgame perfect equilibria corresponding to two market designs : one where all trade occurs in a spot market with known demand, the other where a day-ahead market with random demand is added to the ex-post market, first in a general setting, then using a quadratic specification. We show that being inflexible can be more profitable than being flexible. We also show that adding a day-ahead market tothe spot market increases welfare but transfers risks from firms to consumers