Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Parures amérindiennes en pierre en Martinique et dans les Antilles : du cas particulier de Vivé à l'analyse archipélique
No full textInternational audienceLes productions de parures lapidaires très diverses, tant par le style que par les matières premières, constituent l'une des spécialités reconnues de l'artisanat amérindien pour la période céramique ancienne dans la zone des Antilles et sont réputées moins nombreuses et diversifiées aux périodes suivantes. En Martinique en particulier, le site exceptionnel de Vivé (Le Lorrain) a fourni la collection la plus documentée et diversifiée avec 37 objets. Ils sont réalisés en diverses roches et minéraux, dont une bonne part est souvent reconnue exogène, issue d’échanges ou attestant des déplacements des populations. Nous proposons ici une vision exhaustive de ces objets, avec une identification complète des matériaux par des analyses spectroscopiques permettant de s’affranchir d’une partie des anciennes déterminations minéralogiques parfois hasardeuses, en particulier pour les « roches vertes ». L’étude technologique de ces objets apporte des informations sur l’investissement apporté à ces réalisations à forte valeur culturelle et permet de replacer Vivé dans les schémas d’acquisition de ces parures à l’échelle de la Caraïbe
Tracing Desired, Exposed and Adopted Algorithmic Novelty on Music Streaming Platforms
No full textAlmost a decade after the Filter Bubble’s instantiation, concerns that algorithmic guidance may limit diversity remain as widespreadas ever. Nonetheless, supporting empirical evidence has, over the years, weakened. Across some of the most widely adopted search engines and social media platforms, several works have found that users’ own selections of algorithmic recommendations may principally be responsible for constraining the diversity of media which they end up consuming. Phrased differently, users may be in what literature has coined, “self-imposed filter bubbles”. On music streaming platforms, similar concerns have frequently been raised over the role which algorithmic guidance plays in influencing users’ consumption behaviours particularly in terms of novelty and diversity. Nonetheless, existing empirical literature geared at appraising these dynamics generally leverage solely consumption logs and thus fail to disentangle the impact of user choices from algorithmic decisions. Drawing on both behavioural and survey data from users of the French music streaming platform Deezer, we examine the relationship between the levels of algorithmic novelty users desire, the levels exposed to them and the levels ultimately selected to be consumed. In turn, our work demonstrates that despite commonly expressing a desire for balanced novelty, Deezer users oppose algorithmic novelty, selecting less novelty to consume than what is exposed to them algorithmically. At the same time, our work underscores the complexities of designing platform strategies geared at nudging users towards diversity
Feedback-induced attitudinal changes in risk preferences
No full textAccording to the normative standpoint, decision-making under risk, as it is traditionally instantiated in choice among fully described probabilistic lotteries, should not be affected by the disclosure of outcomes (feedback). Yet, contrary to this normative prescription, empirical studies have repeatedly reported that risk preferences are affected by immediate presentation of choice outcomes. The consensual and intuitive hypothesis is that feedback affects risk preferences via a learning process, whereby experienced outcomes alter the representation of subjective values. However, despite a relatively large body of published studies, available evidence does not allow robustly establishing the direction and the impact of feedback on key decision variables, namely risk propensity and expected value maximization, limiting our ability to establish a clear cognitive mechanism. Here, we ran seven behavioral experiments, tailored to address this gap and found that the presence of feedback consistently increases risk-taking, without any detectable impact on expected value maximization. Crucially, fine-grained analyses of the temporal dynamics of the effect of feedback directly falsified one of the currently most influential models of the role of experience in decisions under risk, and challenges any instantiation of the learning hypotheses. These results rather favor of an attitudinal effect, induced by the anticipation of feedback information. Epistemic curiosity and regret avoidance may drive this effect in partial and complete feedback conditions, respectively
Peacebuilding Strategy: Lessons from Some Misconceived Interventions
No full textNational audienceThis chapter tries to bridge the gap between peace and conflict theory, on the one hand, and the practice of professional Peacebuilders in post-conflicts settings, on the other hand. It first highlights some of the main insights brought about by the theorists, linking the latter to standard bargaining theory, institutional economics, as well as to the theory of voting. This brief overview shows that the key issue in peace theory is how credible commitments can be made by the negotiators. This is not the way the main peacebuilding institutions understand their mission, and international bureaucracies tend to implement fairly different protocols. The chapter then discusses two prominent themes in the standard peacebuilding strategy that call for second thoughts, namely disarmament and the jump to democracy, as embedded in elections organized as soon as possible. Three fairly successful post-conflict cases are then presented, showing that their successes were based on innovative solutions aimed at enabling the new governments to make credible commitments about their policies, sidestepping the standard protocols
Perpetuating Fascism: Propaganda and the Temporality of Phonography
No full textInternational audienceIn this article, I analyse how Italian fascism aimed to perpetuate itself through the use of sound media, especially phonography. I examine how propaganda expressed and was shaped by the articulation between fascism’s regime of historicity - its relationship to time - and the regimes of temporality of phonography and radio - the temporal framework in which they frame the actions that mobilise them. To do so, I have chosen to investigate, after presenting a brief political history of Italian phonography, two practical and social fields crucial to the perpetuation of fascism: education and war. The former prepared the way for the latter, and both were tasked with propagating the ideal of national regeneration placed at the heart of this political project, thereby offering an ideal field of investigation to better understand how the regime of historicity determined its manifestation in the field of propaganda and the dissemination of its imaginary. I shall refer to sources from state archives, the general and specialist press, and a discography of around 900 propaganda records produced for a research project concerning the recorded sound propaganda of the Italian fascist regime
Questionner les technologies avec Andrew Feenberg. Perspectives critiques et socio-philosophiques
No full textInternational audienc
Buying Components
No full textWe study how the organizational structure of producers affects competition between systems. We model systems as differentiated bundles of complementary components, where components within each system are produced either by a single firm (integration) or by two distinct firms (disintegration). When information about buyers' preferences is symmetric, disintegration typically increases prices and reduces total welfare as the less efficient system gains market share relative to integration. In addition, when buyers' preferences are private information, disintegration magnifies the quality distortions suppliers introduce to screen buyers and further reduces the market share of the more efficient system. Overall, the analysis suggests that technological standards that facilitate the combination of components from different suppliers can have adverse effects.</div
Dictionary and society: Contrastive study of Chinese, English and French (meta)lexicographic traditions
No full textInternational audienceThe dictionary, as a cultural and social object, has garnered increasing attention for its significance as a distinct subject of study. These essential works capture various facets of political, cultural, economic, and social life, reflecting ongoing progress (Gouws 2020; Pruvost 2021; Yong & Peng 2022, etc.). This intersection between dictionaries and society is referred to as sociolexicography (Busse 2002) and is defined as ‘the study of how social processes influence the content and structure of dictionaries’. This line of inquiry also falls under metalexicography (Zgusta 1971; Quemada 1968; Pruvost 2021; Gouws 2020; De Schryver 2023, etc.).While scholars from both Western and Eastern traditions have explored the history of dictionaries in their respective countries, few studies adopt a contrastive perspective. This paper offers a diachronic analysis of traditional dictionaries in three different languages: English (Indo-European family), French (inflectional and derivational type), and Chinese (Sino-Tibetan family, isolating or analytic structure), and their traditional metalexicographic cultures. We trace the evolution of these dictionaries through three distinct periods: prior to their inception (pre-16th century), the era of early dictionaries (16th-19th centuries), and the advent of modern dictionaries (20th century onward). This comparison highlights the significant relationship between dictionaries and the societies in which they were created
Minimum wages in a dual labor market: Evidence from the 2019 minimum-wage hike in Spain
No full textNational audienceThis paper provides an assessment of the 2019 minimum-wage hike in Spain, which increased the minimum wage by 22 % and directly concerned 7 % of dependent employees. We make use of two complementary approaches, one that follows incumbent workers over time and hence does not take account of any possible effects on new hires, and one that tracks employment in wage bins over time and takes account of both separations and new hires. The results are as follows. First, the minimum wage hike significantly increased the wages of directly affected workers, with small positive wage spillovers on workers with initial wages just about the new minimum wage. Second, the increase in wages comes at the expense of a reduction in low-wage employment. While employment increases just above the minimum wage, it is not sufficient to offset the decline in employment below it. Third, the reduction in employment is mainly driven by a reduction in hires of workers on open-ended contracts and to a smaller extent job losses among workers on fixed-term contracts. This illustrates that limiting the study of minimum wage hikes to stayers can dampen the estimated impact on employment
Lutter hors des partis : la gauche révolutionnaire italienne des années 1960-1980. Témoignages de militantes et de militants extra-parlementaires
No full textInternational audienceSi les caractéristiques idéologiques et sociodémographiques qui expliquent l’activisme armé sont partagées par les militant.e.s et les non-militant.e.s, quels facteurs supplémentaires expliquent pourquoi certains membres d’un groupe ou d’un réseau prennent part à un activisme révolutionnaire à « haut risque » (McAdam, 1986; Sommier, 2008) ? On tend à considérer que la violence politique émerge au carrefour de changements d’environnement politique, de la répression étatique, de la concurrence entre mouvements sociaux et de l’existence de contre-mouvements (Bosi, 2012, p. 178). Au sein de cet environnement politique, certains événements trouvent une signification spécifique.Pour mettre en évidence la fonction de ces événements et facteurs spécifiques, dans les « trajectoires en radicalité » des militant.e.s de la gauche extra-parlementaire italienne des années 1960-1980, nous avons mené une enquête auprès de 33 personnes impliquées dans ces organisations (Brigades Rouges - BR, Prima Linea - PL, Lotta Continua - LC, Potere Operaio - PO, Autonomie ouvrière). À partir de leurs récits biographiques, nous souhaitons faire ressortir les facteurs favorisant (facilitating factors) et les facteurs précipitant (precipating factors) l’engagement illégal ou clandestin dans un contexte macrosocial de forte tension politique et de violence entre groupes extra-parlementaires ainsi que de la part de l’État contre l’extrême gauche. Pour les préciser, nous tentons d’identifier les interactions qui dessinent les « mécanismes » du passage à l’illégalité et à la lutte armée. Les reconstructions biographiques collectées permettent d’appréhender les milieux militants, les représentations et perceptions qu’ont les actrices et les acteurs de leur environnement et du monde social, leurs définitions des coûts et des avantages de la participation politique, leur socialisation politique ainsi que la dynamique de production et de maintien d’une identité collective