Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
Not a member yet
103682 research outputs found
Sort by
Transsexual Surgery in Egypt or the Suspicion of Homosexuality
No full textInternational audienceThe figure of the ‘third gender’ is not new in Egypt but today medical advances made it possible for trans people to undergo sex change surgery. Although a fatwā was issued in 1988 by the Sunnī muftī of al-Azhar in Cairo, at-Tantawi, about the case of a trans person, Sally Mursi, it did not in fact authorize surgery for trans people but only for intersex individuals. Recently, Malak al-Kashif, another trans woman, struggled for trans rights in the first trans association created in 2017 in Egypt called Transat. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the situation of transsexuality in Sunni Egypt with Shī ʿ ī Iran shows that, paradoxically, Iran allows transsexual surgery for the same reason that Egypt forbids it: the ban of homosexuality
Unveiling Social Structures within the Iberian Neolithization Process: Insights fromHuman depictions in Spanish Levantine Rock Art
No full textInternational audienceIn the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, the Levantine Rock Art paintings portray a variety of scenesrelated to economic and social activities. The degree of naturalism of these images, particularly incertain phases of their sequence, provides key insights into material culture as well as thesignificance of certain activities within the communities that produced them.A major challenge, particularly in relation to the early Neolithic of the Iberian Peninsula, lies inreconstructing how these first farming societies were organized, and in assessing possible evidenceof emerging social inequality. The archaeological record, particularly with regard to funerarycontexts, is scarce, limiting our ability to infer mechanisms of individual and collective identity thatmight point to significant social distinctions within these groups. These difficulties are furthercompounded when attempting to integrate gender as a social construct, which may have played acrucial role in shaping disparities in economic and social roles.Levantine Rock Art, where human figures are prominently featured, constitutes a valuable source ofinformation for examining the social identities of men and women, as well as the roles they may haveheld in different spheres of community life.In this communication, we will thus provide an archaeo-anthropological analysis of Levantine humandepictions, with the aim of inferring evidence regarding the social organization. To this end, we willconsider both temporal aspects, related to the potential stylistic sequence of human figures andterritorial factors, taking into account the boundaries of each stylistic horizon and their areas ofinfluence. This approach will offer a diachronic and regional perspective, highlighting elements ofcontinuity and change at various scales
Groupes Facebook et réseau de manifestants. L’administration de Facebook comme mode d’organisation du mouvement des Gilets jaunes.
No full textInternational audienceA large body of research has documented the transformations brought about by social media in the new social movements known as ‘square’ or ‘crisis’ movements. Despite the strong democratic aspirations of the members of these movements, these studies reveal the ways in which individuals who have mastered digital tools use these communication channels to occupy an informal leadership position. In this article, we extend these results by looking at the organization of the Gilets jaunes (‘Yellow Vests’) movement in Nîmes. To this end, we intensively followed the movement on the ground and on social media between December 2018 and June 2019. We found that the leaders of the movement occupied a precarious position in relation to the other members who hoped for a horizontal distribution of power. A series of crises in which participants rejected the various organizers of collective action showed how the ability to maintain and expand the network of demonstrators through Facebook made it possible to justify a grip on the movement. This control was also contingent on an ability to impose oneself discreetly so as not to appear too authoritarian in the eyes of the other gilets jaunes.De multiples recherches renseignent les transformations apportées par l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux numériques dans les nouveaux mouvements sociaux dits des places ou de crise. Malgré les fortes aspirations démocratiques des membres de ces mobilisations, ces travaux font apparaître la manière dont les individus qui maîtrisent les outils numériques s’appuient sur ces canaux de communication pour occuper un leadership informel. Dans cet article nous nous proposons de prolonger ces résultats en nous intéressant à l’organisation du mouvement des Gilets jaunes dans sa déclinaison à Nîmes. Pour ce faire, nous avons suivi intensivement le mouvement sur le terrain et sur les médias sociaux entre décembre 2018 et juin 2019. Il nous est apparu que les leaders de cette mobilisation occupaient une position précaire face aux autres membres qui espéraient une répartition horizontale du pouvoir. Ainsi, une succession de crises où les participants rejetaient les différents organisateurs des actions collectives, a mis en lumière comment la capacité à maintenir et à agrandir le réseau de manifestants à travers Facebook permettait de justifier une mainmise sur le mouvement. Cette dernière était également dépendante d’une aptitude à s’imposer de manière discrète pour ne pas paraître trop autoritaire aux yeux des autres Gilets jaunes
Early farmer interactions: rethinking “non-LBK” ceramic assemblages in the early Neolithic of central-western Europe through the reconstruction of Limburg pottery manufacture and uses
No full textInternational audienceAlthough recent palaeogenomic studies suggest a relatively limited contribution of hunter-gatherer groups to the agro-pastoral communities of the early Neolithic in central-western Europe (LBK), the question of the mechanisms of interaction between ‘local’ Mesolithic populations and ‘migrant’ LBK communities remains a central debate. In the western distribution area of the LBK, the pottery known as La Hoguette and Limburg pottery have been emblematic of this debate since they were identified in the 1980s in LBK pits in western Germany, Dutch Limburg, central Belgium and northern France. These vessels have also been sporadically discovered outside the LBK distribution area, in a variety of contexts: at a few Late Mesolithic sites, possibly in the epicardial levels of the Gazel site (Occitania, France), but also in isolated contexts, outside the known Early Neolithic settlement areas. Due to their morphological and technological characteristics (large, thick-rimmed bowls, specific decoration and bone temper), which distinguish them from typical LBK vessels, some researchers argue that these vases were made by “ceramised” hunter-gatherers, while other authors suggest that they represent a functional category of LBK pottery. Based on the recent study of a large assemblage of Limburg vessels excavated from LBK sites in the Aisne Valley (Picardy, France), this presentation aims to contribute to this debate using the concept of vessel biography. The aim is to reconstruct the life cycles of these specific vessels from a relational perspective (communities of practice, learning networks, transfers) in order to propose a new interpretative model for these artefacts
Des contrats dans les filières agricoles, forêt-bois et halieutiques. Dialogue entre le droit, l’économie et la sociologie
No full textInternational audienceLa contractualisation comme solution aux questions de compétitivité, de prix et de répartition de la valeur dans les filières agricoles fait l’objet de débats récurrents comme l’illustre la mise en place des lois EGAlim. Cet ouvrage interroge les usages et les impacts des contrats dans l’organisation des échanges de biens agricoles, forestiers ou halieutiques en France. Il vise à apporter des réponses à une question majeure : pourquoi, au sein d’une même économie de marché, existe-t-il différents modes de commercialisation des biens entre opérateurs des filières ? Si les échanges peuvent se faire au travers de marchés d’enchères ou de marchés de gré à gré, ils peuvent aussi faire l’objet de contrats plus formels, pour gérer la production. Après une présentation de notions essentielles du droit, de l’économie et de la sociologie sur les contrats agricoles, cet ouvrage analyse leur diversité dans ces secteurs.[Quatrième de couverture]Face aux enjeux de compétitivité, de formation des prix et de répartition de la valeur, la contractualisation suscite des débats récurrents. Cet ouvrage propose une analyse approfondie des usages et impacts des contrats dans la construction des échanges de biens agricoles, forestiers et halieutiques en France. Il vise à éclairer un fait majeur : pourquoi, dans une économie de marché, existe-t-il différents modes de commercialisation entre opérateurs de filières ?Dans les marchés d’enchères ou de gré à gré, les échanges s’appuient sur des formes contractuelles variées, plus ou moins formelles, qui permettent de réguler la production et de gérer les risques propres à ces secteurs. La première mise en marché des produits agricoles, du bois ou des ressources halieutiques repose ainsi sur un maillage complexe de relations contractuelles, qui lient les acteurs à différents degrés. Ces contrats évoluent avec les pratiques, les attentes économiques et les préoccupations sociétales, dans un environnement juridique et culturel en constante transformation. Ils reflètent des logiques multiples, imbriquant rationalités économiques, régulations juridiques et dynamiques sociales.Cet ouvrage réunit des éclairages croisés issus du droit, de l’économie et de la sociologie afin d’offrir une compréhension globale des processus de contractualisation. À travers un panorama d’approches analytiques et d’enquêtes, il explore les réalités de la contractualisation dans les filières agricoles, forêt-bois et halieutiques.Ce livre s’adresse aux étudiants, enseignants-chercheurs, producteurs, organisations professionnelles, opérateurs de filières, syndicats, législateurs et décideurs publics
Échanger sur ses pratiques alimentaires en ligne: Enjeux éthiques et méthodologiques d'une ethnographie virtuelle sur Facebook
No full textInternational audienc
Être ou ne pas être avec les autres. Retrait social et connexions numériques
No full textInternational audienc
Vertical Integration: Towards a Guide for Practitioners
No full textNational audienceVertical Integration: Towards a Guide for Practitioners
Limitations of α-acoustic diversity indices in assessing invertebrate sounds in coral reefs
No full textInternational audienceAcoustic indices were developed to monitor aerial/terrestrial soundscapes. However, recent studies have revealed they can be unsuitable for inferring marine fish sound diversity. Less is understood about their use for benthic invertebrate sounds. This study aims to investigate the relationship between 13 indices and snap rates in altiphotic and mesophotic coral reefs. Data from five Polynesian islands were used. We assessed the impact of odontocetes sounds, inter-site variations, and ambient noise levels (partly attributable to distant benthic invertebrate sounds) on the indices. Most indices exhibited correlations with odontocetes vocal activity. Several indices (e.g. ACI, AEI, and H) exhibited different behaviours depending on the FFT used. Furthermore, their application may vary based on the targeted spatial scale. Specifically, the temporal entropy and the bioacoustics index, which were primarily affected by the number of snaps with a high signal-to-noise ratio, are suitable for analysing sounds from specimens near the hydrophone. For global biophony, spectral entropy and Gini-Simpson spectral entropy are the most reliable, as they were predominantly influenced by the ambient sound level. Several indices were influenced by depth and inter-site variations. We recommend avoiding such indices and discouraging using indices that yield conflicting results based on settings to facilitate cross-study comparisons
