Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Fleurs, feuilles et nids d’abeille. Des machines, des programmes et des techniques à langage
No full textInternational audienc
Unions out of their league? Ethnographic insights into the 2024 French farmer protests
No full textInternational audienceThe 2024 French farmer protests, part of a wider European movement, highlight regional disparities and fragmented representation. This ethnographic study, conducted at road blockades in Brittany (Finistère), examines the movement’s internal tensions and struggles over political representation. The aim of this paper is to analyse the movement as a battleground for control of – and resistance to – political representation. Findings reveal that the protests were about farmers reclaiming political agency from the unions, rather than being led by them. The paper explores the movement’s evolution from a grassroots coalition to unions grappling with their roles, often challenged by protesters
Mechanism Design and Innovation Incentive for an Ad-Funded Platform
No full textNational audienceWe study a mechanism design problem of a monopoly platform that matches content of varying quality, ads with dierent ad revenues, and consumers with heterogeneous tastes for content quality. The optimal mechanism balances revenue from advertising and revenue from selling access to content: Increasing advertising revenue requires serving content to more consumers, which may reduce access revenue. Contrary to the standard monopolistic screening, the platform may serve content to consumers with negative virtual values while, to reduce information rents, limiting their access to higher-quality content. Then, an increase in ad protability reduces its incentive to invest in content quality
Introduction - Exil et Politique
No full textInternational audienceAlors que le contrôle des migrations est devenu un enjeu politique majeur qui ne cesse d'alimenter les discussions et les réformes aux niveaux national et international, les exilé-es sont absent-es de ces débats qui les visent pourtant en premier lieu. Leur part d'autonomie leurs engagements et les actions collectives qu'ils et elles mènent pour défendre leurs droits, sont généralement méconnus et/ou invisibilisés
Rewards and Punishments Help Humans Overcome Biases Against Cooperation Partners Assumed to be Machines
No full textNational audienceHigh levels of human-machine cooperation are required to combine the strengths of human and artificial intelligence. Here we investigate strategies to overcome the machine penalty, where people are less cooperative with partners they assume to be machines, than with partners they assume to be humans. Using a large-scale iterative public goods game with nearly 2000 participants, we find that peer rewards or peer punishments can both promote cooperation with partners assumed to be machines, but do not overcome the machine penalty. Their combination, however, eliminates the machine penalty, because it is uniquely effective for partners assumed to be machines, and inefficient for partners assumed to be humans. These findings provide a nuanced road map for designing a cooperative environment for humans and machines, depending on the exact goals of the designer
Des femmes et des vestiges. Altérité, désir et affect dans la construction d’une mémoire de l’antique à la Renaissance
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What Do People Want From a Welfare System? Conjoint Survey Evidence From UK Adults
No full textInternational audienceABSTRACT What do people want from a welfare system? Previous research has suggested a list of desiderata, such as that the system: reduces poverty; reduces inequality; improves mental and physical health; costs little; and rewards only the deserving. How do these different features trade off against one another to determine overall desirability? We conducted a conjoint survey experiment with 800 UK‐resident adults, presenting them with hypothetical welfare schemes that varied on a large number of attributes. The strongest driver of choice was the effect on poverty: people were more likely to choose a scheme the more it reduced poverty. Respondents were prepared to trade off their preference for lower income taxes: even for center‐right voters, some income tax rises would be acceptable in exchange for sufficiently large reductions in poverty. Taxes on wealth and carbon emissions were positively valued. Respondents paid some attention to the effects of schemes on inequality and health. Preferences over institutional design features to do with deservingness, such as means testing, conditionality and universality, were weak. Heterogeneity in preferences by age and political orientation were present but modest. We discuss the findings with respect to the envelope of welfare systems that would be publicly acceptable.Resumen ¿Qué esperan las personas de un sistema de bienestar social? Investigaciones previas han sugerido una lista de deseos, como que el sistema: reduzca la pobreza; reduzca la desigualdad; mejore la salud mental y física; cueste poco; y recompense solo a quienes lo merecen. ¿Cómo se compensan estas diferentes características para determinar la conveniencia general? Realizamos un experimento de encuesta conjunta con 800 adultos residentes en el Reino Unido, presentándoles planes de bienestar hipotéticos que variaban en un gran número de atributos. El factor de elección más importante fue el efecto sobre la pobreza: las personas eran más propensas a elegir un plan cuanto más reducía la pobreza. Los encuestados estaban dispuestos a sacrificar su preferencia por impuestos sobre la renta más bajos: incluso para los votantes de centroderecha, algunas subidas del impuesto sobre la renta serían aceptables a cambio de reducciones suficientemente significativas de la pobreza. Los impuestos sobre el patrimonio y las emisiones de carbono se valoraron positivamente. Los encuestados prestaron cierta atención a los efectos de los planes sobre la desigualdad y la salud. Las preferencias sobre las características del diseño institucional relacionadas con el merecimiento, como la comprobación de recursos, la condicionalidad y la universalidad, fueron débiles. La heterogeneidad en las preferencias por edad y orientación política fue presente, pero moderada. Analizamos los hallazgos con respecto a la cobertura de los sistemas de bienestar que serían públicamente aceptables
Quand Fa (ne) parle (pas) d’esclavage : une mémoire en filigrane
No full textThis paper offers a specular exploration of the presence—or absence—of traces of the transatlantic slave trade and slavery within the Fa divination narratives from the Bight of Benin. Rooted in a ritual practice primarily oriented towards immediate action and the resolution of individual concerns, these narratives prioritize contemporary and personal issues, relegating the memory of slavery to the margins of ritual consultation. The theme of slavery, as either a collective or individual threat, only appears marginally and does not constitute a dominant motif within the corpus.The study is based on the analysis of 232 divination narratives, supplemented by in-depth interviews with several major diviners from Cotonou. It reveals that references to slavery, when they do occur, take on indirect forms—lexical, metaphorical, or anecdotal—without resulting in an explicit transmission of historical memory of the trade. However, five distinctive narratives stand out for their ability to evoke, through symbolic motifs—animal figures, inversions of order, valorizations of creative processes—implicit forms of resistance, survival, and resilience.By proposing a contemporary reading of the corpus, attentive both to silences and to subtle emergences of memory, this study interrogates the dynamics of the transmission of a buried, displaced, or metamorphosed memory. In doing so, it sheds light, through a mirror effect, on the resonances between African narratives and the memorial echoes present in Afro-diasporic societies.Cette communication propose une exploration spéculaire de la présence — ou de l'absence — de traces de la traite transatlantique et de l'esclavage dans les récits de divination Fa issus du Golfe du Bénin. Ancrés dans une pratique rituelle principalement orientée vers l’action immédiate et la résolution des préoccupations individuelles, ces récits privilégient des enjeux contemporains et personnels, reléguant ainsi la mémoire de l’esclavage à la périphérie de la consultation rituelle. La thématique de l'esclavage, en tant que menace collective ou individuelle, n’émerge que de manière marginale, ne constituant pas un motif dominant au sein du corpus.L'étude s'appuie sur l’analyse de 232 récits divinatoires, ainsi que sur des entretiens approfondis avec plusieurs devins majeurs de Cotonou. Elle met en évidence que les références à l'esclavage, lorsqu'elles existent, se déploient sous des formes détournées — lexicales, métaphoriques, ou anecdotiques — sans donner lieu à une transmission explicite d'une mémoire historique de la traite. Toutefois, cinq récits singuliers se démarquent par leur capacité à faire affleurer, à travers des motifs symboliques — figures animales, renversements d’ordre, valorisation des processus créatifs —, des formes implicites de résistance, de survie et de résilience.En proposant une lecture contemporaine du corpus, attentive aux silences autant qu'aux émergences subtiles de la mémoire, cette étude interroge les dynamiques de transmission d'une mémoire enfouie, déplacée ou métamorphosée. Elle éclaire ainsi, par effet de miroir, les résonances entre les récits africains et les échos mémoriels présents dans les sociétés afro-diasporiques
Is Citizenship Restitution Through Time-extended Ius Sanguinis a Pathway to Post-national Citizenship?
No full textInternational audienceIn their kick-off paper, David Owen and Rainer Bauböck ask how far back in time a justice-based claim to reparative citizenship can go. Through a concrete example, I’ll show that this is a crucial question because it defines the scope and boundaries of a state’s citizenship. Until March 2025, Italy provided a pathway to citizenship restitution for the descendants of Italian women who had been denied Italian citizenship due to discriminatory laws requiring patrilineal descent. While restitution was not explicitly stipulated in Italian citizenship law, it emerged through civil court jurisprudence on equal rights for women and men
Cultures afro-descendantes des Amériques: entre survivance et effacement
No full textCultures afro-descendantes des Amériques: entre survivance et effacementInternational audienceThis article explores the stark contrast between Afro-descendant cultures across the Americas. While countries such as Brazil, Cuba, and Haiti display rich and ongoing African cultural survivals, the African-American culture in the United States seems, by comparison, to exhibit an absence or erasure of African roots. The author argues that this is not a result of assimilation, but of a deliberate symbolic destruction engineered by the American slave system.The U.S. model of slavery aimed to break familial ties, eradicate languages, and erase religious and cultural practices, effectively attempting to produce a new kind of being: culturally void, socially isolated, and politically neutralized. In contrast, Latin American slavery, though also violent, allowed for more cultural blending and African retention.American creations like jazz, gospel, and blues are interpreted here not as signs of assimilation but as artistic responses to cultural suffocation—forms of survival through reinvention under constraint. These expressions were often misread by white society as integration, masking their radical resistance nature.The article critiques generalized theories such as creolization, particularly as developed by scholars like Mintz, Price, and Glissant. While valuable in some contexts, the concept may act as a conceptual smokescreen, obscuring the historical singularity and trauma of the African-American experience. A theoretical framework that overemphasizes blending risks depoliticizing the unique cultural genocide faced by African Americans.In conclusion, the piece calls for a differentiated analysis of Afro-diasporic histories, cautioning against overly universal frameworks that fail to account for structural and ideological differences between colonial regimes.Cet article analyse les contrastes entre les cultures afro-descendantes des Amériques, en mettant en lumière la survivance culturelle africaine manifeste dans des pays comme le Brésil, Cuba ou Haïti, et l’effacement symbolique observé dans la culture afro-américaine des États-Unis. Il avance que cette différence ne relève pas d’un simple processus d’assimilation, mais d’un projet idéologique de destruction culturelle propre au système esclavagiste américain, fondé sur la déshumanisation, la rupture des filiations, et l’interdiction des langues et religions africaines.Les expressions culturelles afro-américaines telles que le jazz, le blues ou le gospel sont ainsi interprétées comme des formes de résistance créative, issues d’un contexte de vide culturel imposé, souvent mal comprises ou récupérées comme signes d’intégration. L’article critique également les généralisations théoriques autour de concepts comme la créolisation, qui tendent à neutraliser la spécificité du traumatisme afro-américain en l’insérant dans une logique trop uniforme de métissage ou de résilience culturelle.La conclusion insiste sur la nécessité de reconnaître les singularités historiques des différents systèmes esclavagistes pour ne pas dépolitiser les mémoires afro-descendantes sous couvert d’universalité théorique