Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Ginals (82), Abbaye de Beaulieu-en-Rouergue. Prospections archéologiques sur l'implantation et la gestion hydraulique de l'abbaye cistercienne de Beaulieu dans la vallée de la Seye (XIIe-XXe siècle): Rapport final d'étude historique
No full textL’abbaye cistercienne de Beaulieu-en-Rouergue, fondée au XIIe siècle dans la vallée de la Seye, illustre l’adaptation des moines cisterciens à leur environnement naturel. La maîtrise de l’eau y joue un rôle fondamental, à la fois pour assurer la subsistance de la communauté, permettre les activités économiques et protéger les bâtiments contre les aléas climatiques. L’étude menée sur le site s’inscrit dans une réflexion globale sur la gestion du réseau hydrographique, associant recherches archéologiques, études historiques et analyses géomorphologiques.L’implantation de l’abbaye répond à des contraintes topographiques et hydrauliques précises. La vallée de la Seye, encaissée et relativement étroite, offre cependant une plaine alluviale propice à l’installation monastique. Dès leur arrivée, les moines ont réalisé d’importants travaux de terrassement pour adapter le site à leurs besoins. L’étude des reliefs et des données Lidar a permis de confirmer que la construction de l’abbaye s’est accompagnée d’un décaissement du terrain pour gagner de l’espace dans la plaine alluviale. L’un des aménagements les plus notables concerne la canalisation de la rivière, destinée à éviter les inondations et à assurer un contrôle efficace du débit. L’abbaye nécessitait un approvisionnement en eau constant, à la fois pour la cuisine, les latrines et les usages domestiques. Un système de captage et de redistribution de l’eau devait exister, bien que peu de vestiges de ce réseau aient été identifiés. Seul un lavabo de pierre, découvert grâce à une prospection géophysique, atteste de la présence d’une structure hydraulique médiévale. Les sources historiques mentionnent par ailleurs un vivier, utilisé pour l’élevage de poissons, mais son emplacement exact reste incertain.L’évolution du réseau hydraulique se précise davantage à l’époque moderne et contemporaine. L’étude des archives révèle que plusieurs moulins étaient implantés sur la Seye, témoignant de l’exploitation intensive de la force hydraulique par les moines et les propriétaires ultérieurs. Au XIXe siècle, des barrages et des digues ont été édifiés, modifiant en profondeur le cours de la rivière. Certains de ces aménagements ont provoqué des conflits, notamment entre les propriétaires de moulins et les agriculteurs, soucieux d’assurer une irrigation suffisante de leurs terres. L’entretien du lit de la Seye est également attesté par des mentions de curages réguliers, visant à limiter les risques de crues et à garantir un écoulement optimal.Les recherches menées sur le site de Beaulieu apportent ainsi un éclairage nouveau sur l’interaction entre les activités humaines et l’environnement. L’histoire hydraulique de l’abbaye ne se limite pas à une simple gestion de l’eau, mais témoigne d’une transformation progressive du paysage, influencée par des décisions politiques, économiques et climatiques. Les résultats de cette étude ouvrent la voie à des réflexions plus larges sur la conservation du patrimoine hydraulique et la restauration écologique de la vallée de la Seye. En reconstituant le tracé originel de la rivière et en identifiant les infrastructures anciennes, les chercheurs fournissent des éléments clés pour la préservation du site, en conciliant patrimoine culturel et équilibre écologique
The problem of social justice in environmental peacebuilding: Between thin and thick justice in Liberia
No full textInternational audienceRecent research on environmental peacebuilding has encouraged scholars to move away from technocratic definitions of peace and to pay greater attention to how peacebuilding policies interact with pre-existing relations of power, domination and capital accumulation. This article builds on this work to examine a rarely explored dimension of environmental peacebuilding: social justice. Using the case of Liberia, we argue that environmental peacebuilding policies offer a context for the expression of diverse claims and expectations framed in terms of social justice. Our analytical framework argues that these competing conceptions of justice can be categorised along a continuum ranging from ‘thin’ to ‘thick’ approaches. Empirically, we examine how thick and thin conceptions of justice are elaborated by multiple actors, including aid agencies, NGOs, advocacy organisations and ordinary people. As we move from the analysis of policy design to the study of forestry at the local level, we show how a thin conception of social justice is adopted by governments and the development industry, and what the implications of this choice are. We conclude that thin conceptions can contribute to the consolidation of exploitative and unequal power relations
Ethics regulation and sociology in France
No full textInternational audienceThe French research ecosystem long resisted extending the ethics regulation processes established for biomedical science into the social sciences. This is now changing. This history of resistance is examined, together with the alternatives proposed. These include self-regulation by professional associations. Consideration is also given to the wider legal environment for French social sciences, particularly the laws on defamation and privacy, which also influence the opportunities for research and for the pursuit of grievances by participants. The introduction of ethics regulation, through IRB-style committees in universities and research organizations, reflects isomorphic pressures from the international research community, reinforced by the impact of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) on the application of national privacy law. Nevertheless, outside the specific domain of health-related research, ethics regulation still sits more lightly on French social science than in the anglosphere
Do this or do that? A model to prioritize reforms
No full textThis paper aims to fill the methodological gap in development economics that until now there exists no quantitative tool that allows to prioritize reforms in a systematic nor optimal way. Following the recent debate on the issues Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) have with establishing external validity and general equilibrium effects, this paper proposes a micro-founded Growth Diagnostics framework to consider general equilibrium effects and prioritize policy prescriptions. Building conceptually on Hausmann et al. (2005), we set up two continuous-time Overlapping Generations (OLG) models to obtain the private and social net-marginal valuations of economic activities as measured by their shadow values. With these in hand, we define the wedges in the net-marginal private and social valuations to set up a new planner problem (the super policy maker problem), where the planner minimizes an aggregate function of disagreement as measured by the wedges. We illustrate our frame-work with an application to the literature on structural change. Worth noting, the final wrapping optimization problem allows to prioritize optimally economic reforms in a second-best framework, thus, to put it in the words of Rodrik (2010), to first diagnose before one prescribes the remedy
Small but connected: assessing the contribution of civic-led hedgerow planting on landscape connectivity in periurban Paris
No full textInternational audienceMost studies in landscape connectivity assessment deal with institutional projects led by public or private stakeholders, with a focus on transportation infrastructures impacts over wildlife habitats. Civic-led and place-based initiatives on public space, such as community gardens or collective tree planting projects are rarely considered as significant areas to contribute to landscape connectivity. This research intends to assess the impacts on landscape connectivity of a civic initiative for hedgerow planting and its perceived functions by civic actors, in the southern Paris periurban context. In that purpose, we applied a graph modelling methodology to measure and characterize the contribution of hedgerow sites ( n = 94) on landscape connectivity. Through a comparison between hedgerow and public green sites used as a control group, we find that the hedgerow sites strengthen landscape connectivity. The quantitative assessment is coupled with qualitative data collected from local civic leaders on their perception of social-ecological functions associated with hedgerow planting. The cross-analysis of connectivity metrics and perceived multifunctionality of planting practices gives avenues for incorporating and scale up civic initiatives towards more collaborative urban ecological planning strategies. Finally, our findings highlight the need for further research on the ecological assessment of civic-led planting projects
Where is the “Global South” located in scientific research?
No full textInternational audienceAlthough the term “Global South” has been increasingly invoked by heads of State as a call for enhanced multilateralism and institutional reform, its academic conceptualization remains underdeveloped. Therefore, we investigate how and where scientific knowledge about the Global South is produced, using a meta-analysis of around 17,000 articles [1994–2024] indexed in Scopus database. The paper shows that authors and funding are predominantly from Global North institutions, particularly the United States. However, rising powers are increasingly active contributors, notably South Africa, India, China and Brazil. The most frequent research topics include globalization, COVID-19, climate change, gender issues, neoliberalism, decolonization and sustainability. The results also reveal the centrality of Africa in the debate, and the underrepresentation of Global South institutions in leading journals. The conclusion calls for more scientific collaboration to improve visibility of knowledge produced in the Global South institutions and suggests that ESG may be a key player
Le corps du genre. Langage, matière et non humain
No full textInternational audienceLe livre de Luca Greco, sociolinguiste et spécialiste en études de genre, se situe à l’intersection d’un débat théorique et d’une actualité politique. De quoi le genre est-il fait ? De langage ? De matière ? Est-ce que le genre dès lors que l’on prend en compte le langage mais aussi d’autres matérialités telles que les objets, les corps, la technologie, la nature, reste-t-il une caractéristique intrinsèque de l’être humain ? Ou bien il dépasse l’humain pour atteindre le non humain, l’au-delà de l’humain, le post-humain ? Voici quelques questions auxquelles ce livre répond. Le matériau analytique sur lequel l’ouvrage de Luca Greco s’appuie est riche et composite : des enquêtes ethnographiques en ligne et en présence autour des mouvements éco-trans-féministes, des relations entre virilité, nationalisme et alimentation, du statut du fœtus dans les échographies prénatales, dans les gender reveal parties, dans les campagnes contre le droit à l’avortement et enfin un corpus constitué d’interactions entre travesties et partenaires dans les espaces de rencontre en ligne. La multiplicité des données et la richesse sémiotiques prises en compte dans ce livre, langagières, corporelles, technologiques, artéfactuelles, permet une nouvelle conception du genre, « en excès », dépassant les frontières de l’humain et du langage verbal, au prisme d’assemblages multi-matériels, humains et non humains, dont les enjeux sont d’ordre analytique, théorique et politique
Wood Species and Construction Functions in Early Bronze Age Mountain Dwellings: The case study of the Haille-de-Pout site, Cirque de Troumouse (French Pyrenees)
No full textInternational audienceThe perishable architecture of high-altitude Bronze Age occupation sites in the Pyrenees is rarely documented archaeologically due to the generally poor preservation of remains. The site of La Haille-de-Pout, located at 2000 meters above sea level in the Cirque de Troumouse (Gèdre), stands as an exception. Its pastoral function—among other probable uses such as mineral resource procurement—is suggested by palynological data from the nearby peat bog. Three superimposed dwellings, corresponding to three occupation phases, were excavated in Sector 1, and a fourth habitation unit was identified through a test trench in Sector 2. In total, four occupation phases have been identified, dating from the end of the third to the beginning of the second millennium BCE. The gridded excavation of Sector 1 revealed abundant architectural remains preserved within several stratigraphic units. These include numerous charcoal fragments and charred bark linked to the burning of wooden superstructures, postholes, and stone substructures. The charred deposits and large charcoal pieces were georeferenced to produce a detailed map of the remains. All materials were systematically sampled to characterize both construction techniques using perishable materials and the woody resources employed (wood/bark, species, diameters). The wood remains from two dwellings in Sector 1 and two occupation levels in Sector 2 were analyzed during several Master's internships funded by the OHM Haut-Vicdessos and the association Grottes et Archéologies, and carried out at the GEODE laboratory (UMR 5602). The methodology combined anthracological and dendro-anthracological approaches: species identification, observation of saproxylic traces in the charcoal, and diameter reconstructions using AnthracoloJ and AD Model–DENDRAC. The identified taxa and reconstructed diameters (n=2686) were precisely mapped in QGIS for Dwelling 3 in Sector 1. Results show a preferential use of species characteristic of open subalpine forests, which were also the most available during the Early Bronze Age according to palynological data: pine (Pinus cf. P. uncinata) and birch (Betula pubescens/B. pendula), with occasional use of juniper (Juniperus), willow (Salix), a Maloideae Rosaceae (Sorbus cf. S. aucuparia), and mountain Ericaceae (Rhododendron/blueberry). Pine, with its wide range of diameters and straight vertical trunks, was preferentially used for the load-bearing framework of superstructures, including posts and stakes (roundwood with bark), and for wall construction (posts-stakes/wattle-planks). Birch wood was also used for some posts, but more often for joining systems (wattlework), for which rowan was also employed, and for the framework of earthen walls or partitions. Birch bark was very likely used for roofing. Other taxa such as juniper and willow, as well as mountain Ericaceae, provided small-diameter branches suited for earthen wall construction. All locally available woody plants were thus used, including shrubs, whose twigs and leaves (e.g., juniper) supplied fibrous matter for daub or earthen infill. These findings reveal selective practices aligned both with local resource availability and with the physical properties of each taxon. Unsurprisingly, they illustrate the protohistoric groups’ in-depth knowledge of plant resources and their high level of adaptability to the mountain environment