Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Strategic Fertility, Education Choices, and Conflicts in Deeply Divided Societies
No full textInternational audienceFertility becomes a strategic choice for minorities when having a larger share of the population helps to increase power. If parents invest resources to educate their children, then raising fertility for strategic reasons might be at the cost of future human capital. We dispel this view using census data from several developing countries. We show that religious and ethnic minorities in Indonesia, China, and Malaysia tend to invest more in both education and fertility compared to larger groups. Solving for the Nash equilibrium of an appropriation game between two groups with education and fertility being prescribed as group-specific behavioral norms, we offer a rationale for the observed patterns provided that human capital is an important input to appropriation
A folk theorem for finitely repeated games with public monitoring
No full textWe provide the Folk theorem for finitely repeated games with public signals, with a small variation of the usual assumptions for finitely repeated games with perfect observation, and for discounted repeated games with public signals. Our proof uses using standard recursive methods and assumes the existence of a public correlation device. Three counterexamples show that our assumptions are tight
When You Can't Afford to Wait for a Job: The Role of Time Discounting for Own-Account Workers in Developing Countries
No full textInternational audienceFrictional labor markets impose a fundamental trade-off: individuals may work on their own at any time, but can only take a potentially better-paid wage job after spending some time looking for it, suggesting that intertemporal considerations affect how people choose their occupation. We formalize this intuition under the job search framework and show that a sufficiently high subjective discount rate can justify the choice for own-account work even when it pays less than wage work. With this simple model, we estimate the lowest discount rate that is consistent with the occupational choice of urban own-account workers in Brazil. We find that at least 65 percent of those workers appear to discount the future at rates superior to those available in the formal credit market, which suggests constrained occupational choice.Finally, we show that our estimated lower bound of the time preference is positively associated with food, clothing, and housing deprivation.</p
Stéphanie Saadé, Un mot sur tant de bouches. Texte de présentation de l'exposition à la Galerie Anne Barrault, Paris 2022.
No full textCircumventing the “Sovereignization” of the Russian Internet. Toward an Infrastructure-Based Sociology ofDigital Sovereignty and Its Resistances in Russia
No full textInternational audienceThe chapter undertakes an infrastructure-based sociology of the Russian Internet (RuNet), focusing on the technical devices and assets involved in surveillance and censorship, and on the strategies of resistance and circumvention “by infrastructure” that follow
Directeur, ou directrice, du cabinet du Premier ministre
No full textInternational audienceDepuis 1958, les directeurs de cabinet du Premier ministre sont recrutés essentiellement dans la haute fonction publique. Cette caractéristique signifie que la coordination du travail gouvernemental -qui implique une excellente connaissance des procédures comme du milieu administratif - constitue leur tâche principale.En raison de la confiance que leur accorde le Premier, ils sont à même de valider la communication des membres du gouvernement, de prendre de très nombreuses décisions, de représenter en maintes occasions le chef du gouvernement qui est assuré de leur loyauté
Pascal intempestif, actes du colloque du Collège de France d'octobre 2023
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Europeanizing Diversity: a Cross-Atlantic Conversation
No full textInternational audienceBased on a sociological inquiry into the paradoxical outcomes of diversity policies in European spaces, with a specific focus on France, this chapter traces the historical shift from a legal framework centered on anti-racism to the broader, more inclusive, diversity management paradigm. Drawing on a rich dataset of in-depth sociological interviews with corporate diversity actors, it offers a longitudinal perspective on the conceptual and policy transformations that have increasingly positioned these initiatives within a framework of white normativity, overshadowing race and ethnicity by generic, then normative, and finally white-centered diversity norms. Using critical race theory and critical whiteness studies, the author intersects questions of inclusiveness with the politics of antiracism and racial justice, challenging the reader to consider how ostensibly progressive narratives can be used to maintain power dynamics. While the French experience serves as a paradigmatic case, the chapter also employs a transnational lens tracing these developments on both sides of the Atlantic to argue they encapsulate a broader trend
Sous-le-Roc (Saint-Léon-sur-Vézère, Dordogne) : un site aurignacien de la vallée de la Vézère. Bilan des recherches
No full textInternational audienceSous-le-Roc (Saint-Léon-sur-Vézère, Dordogne), a collapsed rockshelter site, has been known since A. Reverdit undertook the first excavations there at the end of the 19th century. A few decades later, D. Peyrony carried out new, limited, excavations which revealed evidence of Aurignacian and Gravettian components to the site. The publication of Peyrony’s work was not very detailed and left many unanswered questions concerning the nature of occupation at the site. In an effort to answer some of these questions, and assess the remaining archaeological potential of the site, excavations were conducted at Sous-le-Roc in 2016 under the direction of R. White. This article aims to summarize the field operations at the site and the study of the associated archaeological collections.In anticipation of the 2016 field campaign, re-examination of the collection from D. Peyrony’s excavation allowed us to more precisely attribute elements of the assemblage to the Early Aurignacian and the Gravettian. Furthermore, the state of conservation of the material and the composition of the assemblage also led us to believe that Peyrony excavated in situ deposits, possibly partially mixed, but at least partly preserved by the collapse of the rockshelter ceiling. One of the goals of the 2016 field operation was to locate this area excavated by Peyrony but, due to the lack of precise indications left by Peyrony, and despite our efforts in the field, we were unable to identify its exact location. Two of the more promising candidates were areas designated zone I and zone IV/V during the 2016 field work. According to his description of the site, Peyrony’s excavations took place on the right side, in front of a large rock fall at the foot of the rockface. A huge pile of blocks (zone IV/V) constituted the largest accumulation of blocks along the two-hundred-meter rockface thus, based on his description, it seemed likely that Peyrony’s excavations took place in this area. However, the composition of the material present in the Peyrony collection and that of the material from our excavations in zone IV/IV are clearly different.At the outset of the recent field operations, we also identified an old excavation trench associated with a pile of backdirt in the northern part of the site. Testing carried out in this area (zone I) yielded material attributable to the Aurignacian (though it was not possible to assign it to a specific phase of the Aurignacian) and the Gravettian, making its composition consistent with Peyrony’s collection. However, a large portion of the lithic and faunal material exhibits a taphonomic state which suggests that it represents a secondary deposition, likely colluvium originating from the plateau, rather than in situ deposits. Therefore, zone I does not appear to be the location of Peyrony’s excavation either.As such, given our current state of knowledge, we cannot pinpoint the precise location of D. Peyrony’s excavations at Sous-le-Roc, despite the fact that the existing evidence suggests he excavated deposits in primary position. Furthermore, although zone IV/V is the area with the most significant accumulation of blocks, smaller accumulations exist at a number of areas along the rockface, not all of which were tested during the 2016 campaign. It is thus probable that D. Peyrony excavated in an area that was not investigated in 2016.During the 2016 field operation four areas, located across just over one hundred meters along the base of the rockface, were tested. Two areas (zones I and II) yielded relatively rich Paleolithic deposits containing diagnostic artifacts, but with taphonomic alterations which suggest they may have originated from the plateau above. A third area (zone III) yielded only historical material. Ultimately, only the fourth area (zone IV/V) yielded rich Paleolithic deposits which could be associated with in situ occupations. Although the zone IV/V deposits tested in 2016 were accumulated by badger activity, it was determined that the badger(s) had burrowed through the intact archaeological layers of the site which are intercalated between bedrock and the blocks of the collapsed rock shelter ceiling. Notably, within these deposits were wall fragments, detached through gelifraction, bearing red pigmentation. This suggests that the surfaces of the rockshelter were at least partially decorated.Study of the archaeological material from zone IV/V revealed three chronocultural components spanning the entire Aurignacian period: Protoaurignacian, Recent Aurignacian and Final Aurignacian. Though mainly attributed to the more recent end of the Aurignacian technocomplex, given the low percentage of diagnostic pieces, it would be very risky to estimate the relative proportion of these chronocultural components within the assemblage as a whole.The disturbed nature of many of the deposits tested, combined with issues of safety and access around areas of rock fall, meant that our observations in the field do not allow a clear understanding of site formation processes and the conditions under which the deposits accumulated. In fact, the only observable in-place stratigraphic profile, located directly in line with the outermost collapsed blocks, is very limited spatially with only one archaeological layer evident. This layer is about ten centimeters thick, red in color and, unfortunately, truncated by badger tunneling. Archaeological remains within this layer are sparse and undiagnostic. The space between the bedrock and collapsed ceiling blocks is relatively limited (about thirty centimeters), which leaves little room for well-developed stratification comprising several archaeological layers corresponding to the three chronocultural components identified within the assemblage. Of course, these observations could only be made on a small, very localized window, which does not necessarily reflect the stratigraphy of the entire site.Whatever the conditions of deposition and evolution of the sediments preserved under the collapsed rockshelter ceiling of zone IV/V of Sous-le-Roc, the assemblage differs markedly from what is generally observed of the Aurignacian in the Vézère Valley, in both the absence of occupation during the Early Aurignacian, and in the presence of occupations during the Protoaurignacian and Final Aurignacian. Despite the damage inflicted on the archaeological deposits by badger activity, it is likely that certain parts of the site, located under the collapsed blocks, are still well-preserved. Sous-le-Roc thus potentially constitutes an important archaeological resource for elucidating these poorly known phases of the Aurignacian in the Vézère Valley: The Proto- and Final Aurignacian.Le site de Sous-le-Roc (Saint-Léon-sur-Vézère, Dordogne) est connu depuis la fin du XIXème siècle, période à laquelle A. Reverdit y entreprend les premières fouilles. Quelques dizaines d’années plus tard, D. Peyrony y effectue de nouvelles recherches, limitées, qui lui permettent de mettre au jour un ensemble associant des éléments aurignaciens et gravettiens. La publication de ces travaux est cependant très succincte et laissait de nombreuses questions en suspens concernant les modalités d’occupation du site. Des opérations de sondage sont donc entreprises en 2016 sous la direction de R. White pour tenter d’en apprendre davantage et d’évaluer le potentiel archéologique du site.Cet article propose de faire le bilan des opérations de terrain conduites sur le site et de l’étude des collections archéologiques associées. S’agissant des fouilles conduites par D. Peyrony, le réexamen de la collection a montré qu’elle associait des pièces pouvant être attribuées à l’Aurignacien ancien et au Gravettien lato sensu. Faute d’indications précises et en dépit de nos recherches sur le terrain, il ne nous a pas été possible de localiser précisément le secteur fouillé. L’état de conservation du matériel et sa composition nous incitent toutefois à penser que D. Peyrony a fouillé des niveaux in situ, éventuellement mélangés, mais préservés en partie par l’éboulisation.Les opérations menées en 2016 ont, quant à elles, permis d’identifier un abri-sous-roche effondré aux parois anciennement peintes et dont le remplissage, ayant livré un riche matériel archéologique, documente trois phases du techno-complexe aurignacien : le Protoaurignacien, l’Aurignacien récent classique et l’Aurignacien final. Bien que les sédiments aient été fortement affectés par l’activité des blaireaux, le matériel recueilli positionne le site comme un jalon important de l’Aurignacien dans la vallée de la Vézère par la présence de deux phases très rarement documentée dans ce secteur : le Protoaurignacien et l’Aurignacien final
The Health Technology Assessment Approach of the Economic Value of Diagnostic Tests : A Literature Review
No full textNational audienceWe review the medico-economic literature assessing the economic value of diagnostic and prognostic tests, with a focus on innovative and, more specifically, companion tests. Our analysis begins with a summary of systematic reviews that provide a descriptive synthesis of existing findings rather than conducting quantitative meta-analyses. These reviews reveal no consistent evidence that such tests outperform traditional approaches, such as pharmaceutical interventions. However, the cost-effectiveness of these tests, often measured in cost per QALY (Quality-Adjusted Life Year) gained, exhibits considerable heterogeneity. Notably, some genetic testing procedures may demonstrate superior performance compared to non-genetic alternatives. We then examine the economic implications of imperfect test features, exploring strategies to optimize their accuracy levels and integrating these considerations into the assessment of their economic value. Lastly, we review recent methodological and empirical studies employing these approaches, highlighting advancements in evaluating the economic impact of diagnostic and prognostic tests