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THE IMPACT OF RECREATIONAL EXERCISE ON BACK PAIN
Get PDFTjelesna aktivnost ima puno pozitivnih učinaka na ljudsko tijelo. Utječe na brojne organske sustave poput mišićnog, kardiovaskularnog, respiratornog, endokrinog te utječe i na mentalno zdravlje pojedinca. Bol je neugodno iskustvo koje nastaje obradom živčanih signala na perifernim receptorima. Brojni su uzroci boli u kralježnici no činjenica je da je sjedilački način života uvelike utjecao na povećanje broja ljudi koji pate od križobolje te su sve veće potrebe njenog liječenja. Kako bi liječenje boli u kralježnici bilo uspješno, izrazito je važan multidisciplinaran tim a primjenjuje se farmakoterapija, invazivni i minimalnoinvazivni postupci liječenja, komplementarne metode liječenja, kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija i fizikalna terapija. Cilj fizikalne terapije je smanjiti bol, povećati kvalitetu života i radnu sposobnost te educirati pacijenta. Kod boli su uključeni tjelesni, emocionalni i kognitivni procesi a svaka osoba proživljava bol na drugačiji način. Za smanjenje boli mogu se koristiti TENS, laser, magnetoterapija, masaže, postupci hlađenja, grijanja, ultrazvuk, metode električne struje te naročito provođenje određenih vježbi. Osim što utječe na smanjenje boli, vježbanje pozitivno utječe i na razvoj funkcionalnih, psihofizičkih i motoričkih sposobnosti, smanjuje stres, pozitivno utječe na raspoloženje i motivaciju, dovodi do pozitivnih emocija i poboljšava vlastitu sliku o sebi. Razlikuju se tri faze boli: akutna, subkronična i kronična faza. U akutnoj fazi se provode opuštajući položaji kako bi se popustio pritisak i rasteretila kralježnica. U subakutnoj fazi se izvode vježbe istezanja, mobilnosti, disanja, vježbe stabilnosti, vježbe za razvoj jakosti i koordinaciju, a u kroničnoj fazi se provode iste vježbe no mijenja se opterećenje i intenzitet vježbanja. Ovisno o fazi boli, fizioterapeut odabire vježbe te odlučuje o načinu njihovog provođenja.
Cilj ovog rada je opisati i prezentirati osnovne modele i spoznaje utjecaja tjelesne aktivnosti na smanjenje boli u kralježnici.Physical activity has many positive effects on the human body. It affects numerous organ systems such as muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and also affects the mental health of the individual. Pain is an unpleasant experience that arises from the processing of nerve signals at peripheral receptors. There are numerous causes of pain in the spine, but the fact is that a sedentary lifestyle has greatly influenced the increase in the number of people suffering from low back pain, and the need for its treatment is increasing. In order for the treatment of spinal pain to be successful, a multidisciplinary team is extremely important and pharmacotherapy, invasive and minimally invasive treatment procedures, complementary treatment methods, cognitive-behavioral therapy and physical therapy are applied. The goal of physical therapy is to reduce pain, increase quality of life and work ability, and educate the patient. Physical, emotional and cognitive processes are involved in pain, and each person experiences pain in a different way. TENS, laser, magnetotherapy, massages, cooling and heating procedures, ultrasound, electric current methods, and especially certain exercises can be used to reduce pain. Except for reducing pain, exercise has a positive effect on the development of functional, psychophysical and motor skills, reduces stress, positively affects mood and motivation, leads to positive emotions and improves one's self-image. There are three phases of pain: acute, subchronic and chronic phase. In the acute phase, relaxing positions are performed to relieve pressure and decompress the spine. In the subacute phase, stretching exercises, mobility, breathing, stability exercises, exercises for developing strength and coordination are performed, and in the chronic phase, the same exercises are performed, but the load and intensity of the exercises are changed. Depending on the stage of the pain, the physiotherapist selects exercises and decides on the way to perform them.
The aim of this work is to describe and present the basic models and knowledge of the impact of physical activity on the reduction of pain in the spine
PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION IN REHABILITATION OF SHOULDER GIRDLE
No full textRame je najpokretljivi zglob u čovjekovom tijelu te izrazito složen biomehanički sustav. Kao cjelina rame sadrži četiri zgloba, a među zglobovima ramena su glenohumeralni, sternoklavikularni, akromioklavikularni i skapulotorakalni zglob. Rame je nestabilan zglob te su ozljede ramena česte. Vrlo su važni dinamički i statički stabilizatori zgloba. Već neka slabija trauma može uzrokovati smanjenje opsega pokreta. U ovom radu ciljevi rada su opisati anatomiju, biomehaniku ramena te opisati PNF metodu u rehabilitaciji kod ozljeda ili stanja ramena
Proprioceptivna neuromuskularna facilitacija (PNF) kao koncept terapijskih postupaka, raširen je po cijelom svijetu. Primarni cilj tretmana je omogućiti svakom pacijentu da postigne svoj najviši nivo funkcioniranja. U ovom radu opisati će se osnove PNF koncepta. Dalje spominje se pristup pacijetnu te filozofija PNF-a. Vrlo su važne osnovne procedure facilitacije: otpor, iradijacija, položaj tijela, manualni kontakt, glasovna naredba, vid, trakcija ili aproksimacija, istezanje, obrazac pokreta, „timing“. Ciljevi koji se žele postići pomoću PNF tehnika su povećanje stabilnosti, mobilnosti, koordinacije, precizne motorike, izdržljivosti, mišićne snage. Izrazito je važno da kod PNF terapije pacijent aktivno sudjeluje u terapiji.
Specifični spiralni i dijagonalni obrasci čine temelj PNF-a. Za ozljede ili stanja ramena poput smrznutog ramena, rupture rotatorne manšete ili dislokacije ramena u terapiji mogu se primjenjivati PNF obrasci za lopaticu i obrasci za gornje ekstremitete.The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the human body and an extremely complex biomechanical system. As a whole, the shoulder contains four joints, and among the shoulder joints are the glenohumeral, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and scapulothoracic joints. The shoulder is an unstable joint, so shoulder injuries are common. Dynamic and static joint stabilizers are very important. Even minor trauma can cause a reduction in range of motion. In this work, the aims of the work are to describe the anatomy, biomechanics of the shoulder, and to describe the PNF method in the rehabilitation of shoulder injuries or conditions.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) as a concept of therapeutic procedures, is widespread throughout the world. The primary goal of treatment is to enable each patient to achieve their highest level of functioning. This work will describe the basics of the PNF concept. The approach to the patient and the philosophy of PNF are also mentioned. Basic facilitation procedures are very important: resistance, irradiation, body position, manual contact, voice command, vision, traction or approximation, stretching, movement pattern, timing. The goals to be achieved using PNF techniques are to increase stability, mobility, coordination, precise motor skills, endurance, and muscle strength. It is extremely important that in PNF therapy the patient actively participates in the therapy.
Specific spiral and diagonal patterns form the basis of PNF. For shoulder injuries or conditions such as frozen shoulder, rotator cuff tear, or shoulder dislocation, PNF scapular patterns and upper extremity patterns can be used in therapy
Kinesitherapy procedures after cerebrovascular insult
No full textCerebrovaskularni inzult je klinički sindrom koji nastaje kao posljedica vaskularnog poremećaja. Ishemijski tip nastaje začepljenjem krvne žile, dok hemoragijski tip nastaje puknućem krvne žile. U oba slučaja dolazi do prekida opskrbe moždanog tkiva kisikom i hranjivim tvarima putem krvi. Kao posljedica toga, dolazi do određenog stupnja neurološkog deficita ili smrti. U slučaju preživljenja, započinje se sa akutnim liječenjem u jedinici intenzivne njege, a napretkom se prelazi na sljedeće faze rehabilitacije. Sam proces rehabilitacije funkcionira na temelju neuroplastičnosti mozga. To je sposobnost mozga da putem vlastitih mehanizama modificira svoje strukturalne i funkcionalne organizacije nakon nastale lezije. Mozak uči na temelju ponavljanja i treniranja. Upravo je iz tog razloga proces rehabilitacije izravno vezan uz poticanje neuroplastičnosti mozga kineziterapijom. Napredak se može postići korištenjem različitih metoda, no istraživanja pokazuju da se najbolji rezultati postižu kombinacijom korištenih metoda umjesto korištenjem jedne specifične metode. Kineziterapijski program vježbi koji se nalazi u ovom završnom radu, rezultat je upravo kombinacije različitih, prethodno detaljno opisanih kineziterapijskih metoda.Cerebrovascular insult is a clinical syndrome originated as a consequence of a vascular disorder. The ischemic type originates from a clogged blood vessel, while the hemorrhagic type originates from a blood vessel rupture. In both cases there is an interruption of the blood flow to the brain which supplies it with oxygen and nutrients. A consequence of that is a certain level of neurological deficit or death. In case of survival, an acute treatment begins in an intensive care unit and with progression, the rehabilitation process advances to the next stages. The rehabilitation process itself functions based on the neuroplasticity of the brain. That is an ability of the brain to modify it's structural and functional organisations after the lesion by using it's own mechanisms. The brain learns based on repetition and training. Precisely for this reason, the rehabilitation process is directly connected to encouraging of the brain neuroplasticity using kinesitherapy. Progression can be achieved by using many methods, but the studies show that the best results are achieved by using a combination of different methods, rather than using one specific method. The kinesitherapy programme stated in this final thesis is precisely a result of a combination of different, previously described kinesitherapy methods
Physiotherapeutic process in brachial plexus injury
Get PDFOzljede brachialnog plexusa najčešće su ozljede perifernih živaca koje dovode do ozbiljnih društvenih i financijskih teškoća, a uvelike utječu na kvalitetu života. Ovaj rad će prikazati fizioterapijske postupke koji se koriste kod pacijenata kod ozljede plexusa brachialisa. Cilj ovog rada je da se na osnovu razmatranja anatomsko - topografskih odnosa, etiologije i kliničke slike iznesu osnovni principi fizikalne terapije kojima se pristupa takvim bolesnicima, s ciljem što potpunijeg osposobljavanja i vraćanja izgubljene funkcije. Ozljeda brachialnog plexusa najčešće je stanje mehaničke ozljede tijekom poroda. Brachialni plexus tvore korijenovi živaca C5-Th1, a ozljeda brachialnog plexusa spada u ozljede perifernih živaca. Ozljeda se može klinički očitovati u obliku pareze, tj. trenutnog gubitka i slabosti, ili paralize kao potpunog gubitka. Kako bi bolje razumjeli etiologiju ozljede i kliničku sliku ukratko je prikazana anatomija plexusa brachialisa, odnosno grananje živaca koji protiču kroz rameni obruč i ruku. Korijenovi živaca zatim se dijele na dva dijela, prednji i stražnji. Prednji dio inervira mišiće fleksore, dok stražnji dio inervira mišiće ekstenzore. Dijagnoza se postavlja kliničkim pregledom djeteta, a u dijagnostici mogu pomoći različiti postupci poput elektrodijagnostičkih i radioloških postupaka te ljestvica za procjenu motoričkih i osjetnih funkcija. Fizioterapijska intervencija je od iznimne važnosti i primjenjuje se odmah nakon dijagnoze. Osnovni elementi fizioterapijske intervencije uključuju pozicioniranje i baby – handling, kineziterapiju, neurorazvojnu terapiju (Bobath i Vojta koncept), elektrostimulaciju, EMG biofeedback, hidroterapiju i termoterapiju, uporabu Botulinum toxina, edukaciju roditelja, radnu terapiju te operativno liječenje.Brachial plexus injuries are the most common peripheral nerve injuries that lead to serious social and financial difficulties, and greatly affect the quality of life. This paper will present the physiotherapy procedures used in patients with brachial plexus injury. The purpose of this work is to present the basic principles of physical therapy that are used in such patients based on the consideration of anatomical-topographical relationships, etiology and clinical picture, with the aim of as complete training as possible and restoring the lost function. Brachial plexus injury is the most common mechanical injury during childbirth. The brachial plexus is formed by the roots of the C5-Th1 nerves, and an injury to the brachial plexus is a peripheral nerve injury. The injury can manifest clinically in the form of paresis, i.e. immediate loss and weakness, or paralysis as a complete loss. In order to better understand the etiology of the injury and the clinical picture, the anatomy of the brachial plexus, respectively the branching of the nerves that flow through the shoulder girdle and arm, is briefly presented. The nerve roots then divide into two parts, anterior and posterior. The anterior part innervates the flexor muscles, while the posterior part innervates the extensor muscles. The diagnosis is established by a clinical examination of the child, and different procedures can help in the diagnosis such as electrodiagnostic and radiological procedures and a scale for assessing motor and sensory functions. Physiotherapy intervention is extremely important and is applied immediately after diagnosis. Basic elements of physiotherapy intervention include positioning and baby handling, kinesitherapy, neurodevelopmental therapy (Bobath and Vojta concept), electrostimulation, EMG biofeedback, hydrotherapy and thermotherapy, use of Botulinum toxin, parent education, occupational therapy and operative treatment
NEUROREHABILITATION OF PATIENTS AFTER A STROKE
No full textMoždani udar nastaje naglo kao posljedica poremećaja moždane cirkulacije. Ovisno o načinu nastanka, razlikuje se ishemijski od hemoragijskog moždanog udara. U Hrvatskoj, moždani udar je drugi uzrok smrtnosti te vodeći uzrok invaliditeta. Kao takvo stanje, on zahtijeva hitnu medicinsku intervenciju. U procesu liječenja sudjeluje multidisciplinarni medicinski tim sastavljen od specijalista neurologije, doktora opće prakse, medicinske sestre, fizijatra, fizioterapeuta, psihologa, logopeda i radnog terapeuta. Svi oni moraju međusobno komunicirati i surađivati kako bi što prije postigli oporavak pacijenta. Vrlo je važno što ranije postavljanje dijagnoze moždanog udara kako bi se što ranije moglo krenuti s liječenjem. Nakon što je pacijent zbrinut u jedinici za intenzivno liječenje i nakon što je njegovo opće stanje stabilno, započinje se s procesom rehabilitacije. Pravovremeno započinjanje rehabilitacije je također važno budući da se najveći oporavak oštećenih funkcija odvija u prva tri mjeseca od nastanka moždanog udara. Funkcije koje su najčešće pogođene nakon moždanog udara su pokretljivost, hod, balans, koordinacija, mentalne funkcije, govor i osjet. Neurorehabilitacija tih pacijenata temelji se na neuroplastičnosti, odnosno svojstvu živčanih stanica da se mijenjaju i reorganiziraju te tako dovode do oporavka oštećenih funkcija. Cilj neurorehabilitacije je poticanje motoričkog učenja koje se može postići facilitacijom i inhibicijom te ponavljanjem određenih pokreta. Neurološki koncepti koji se najčešće koriste u te svrhe su PNF koncept, Bobath koncept i, u novije vrijeme, robotska neurorehabilitacija. Svaki od tih koncepata se razlikuje, ali im je zajednički cilj oporavak oštećenih funkcija i povratak pacijenta njegovim aktivnostima svakodnevnog života što će u konačnici rezultirati i očuvanjem kvalitete života pacijenta na normalnoj razini.A stroke occurs suddenly as a result of a disturbance in cerebral circulation. Depending on the mode of onset, it differs ischemically from hemorrhagic stroke. In Croatia, stroke is the second leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability. As such, it requires urgent medical intervention. A multidisciplinary medical team consisting of neurology specialists, general practitioners, nurses, physiatrists, physiotherapists, psychologists, speech therapists and occupational therapists. participates in the treatment process. All of them must communicate and cooperate with each other in order to achieve patient recovery. It is very important to diagnose a stroke as early as possible so that treatment can be started as early as possible. Once the patient is cared for in the intensive care unit and after his general condition is stable, the rehabilitation process begins. Timely initiation of rehabilitation is also important as the greatest recovery of impaired functions takes place in the first three months after the onset of stroke. The functions most commonly affected after a stroke are mobility, gait, balance, coordination, mental functions, speech and sensation. The neurorehabilitation of these patients is based on neuroplasticity, the ability of nerve cells to change and reorganize, thus leading to the recovery of impaired functions. The goal of neurorehabilitation is to encourage motor learning that can be achieved by facilitating and inhibiting and repeating certain movements. Neurological concepts most commonly used for these purposes are the PNF concept, the Bobath concept, and, more recently, robotic neurorehabilitation. Each of these concepts is different, but their common goal is to recover impaired functions and return the patient to his daily activities, which will ultimately result in maintaining the patient's quality of life at a normal level
INFLUENCE OF EXERCISE ON OSTEOPOROSIS PREVENTION
No full textOsteoporoza je sistemska skeletna bolest, koja je karakterizirana smanjenom koštanom masom, zahvaćene su većinom žene starije dobi nakon postmenopauze, iako muškarci u ovoj priči nisu isključeni. Postmenopauza se u Hrvatskoj prosječno javlja u 51. godini starosti. Budući da broj populacije starije dobi sve više raste, tako raste i broj žena, to jest muškaraca kod kojih se javlja osteoporoza. Samu bolest teško je prepoznati i dijagnosticirati, zapravo otkriva se u vrlo malo slučajeva. Bitno je istaknuti da osteoporoza predstavlja veliki javno-zdravstveni i društveno-ekonomski problem. Veliki broj populacije, koja pati od ove bolesti znatno umire, s obzirom da je ljudsko tijelo podložno prijelomima velikih zglobova, primjerice kuka. Osteoporozu podijelili smo na dvije skupine, primarnu i sekundarnu. Primarnu dijelimo na senilnu (involucijska) i postmenopauzalnu, dok sekundarnu ne dijelimo s obzirom da se javlja paralelno s drugom bolesti. Fizioterapeut kao stručnjak ima veliku ulogu u otkrivanju, liječenju i preveniranju osteoporoze. U slučaju zdravstvenih usluga i dobre edukacije pacijenata o osteoporozi, velika je mogućnost do dolaska pozitivnih ishoda u upravljanju ove bolesti nakon prijeloma na različitim mjestima. Liječenje se provodi farmakološki i nefarmakološki. Pod farmakološko liječenje spadaju određene vrste lijekova: raloksifen, alendronat, hormonsko nadomjesno liječenje (HNL), dok kod nefarmakološkog liječenja uz redovitu tjelesnu aktivnost spada i dovoljno konzumiranje vitamina D i kalcija. Cilj ovog rada je opisati, kako redovitom i pravilnom tjelovježbom prevenirati osteoporozu. Same vježbe trebale bi uključivati jačanje muskulature cijelog tijela i redoviti jogging ili hodanje. Vrlo je bitno da intenzitet treninga bude jak, uz bitnu napomenu da ne treba pretjerivati s jačinom treninga. Bitno je spomenuti, da pojačana mišićna aktivnost usporava razvoj osteoporoze, što je ujedno i cilj prevencije. Cilj je isto tako i objasniti liječenje i način na koji sprječavamo sljedeći prijelom, te fizioterapiju kao granu medicine koja danas ima veliku ulogu u liječenju ovakve bolesti.Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, characterized by reduced bone mass, affecting mostly elderly women after postmenopause, although men are not excluded in this story. Postmenopause in Croatia occurs on average at the age of 51. As the elderly population grows, so does the number of women, ie men, who develop osteoporosis. The disease itself is difficult to recognise and diagnose, in fact it is detected in very few cases. It is important to point out that osteoporosis is a major public health and socio-economic problem. A large number of the population who suffer from this disease die, since the human body is prone to fractures of large joints, such as the hip. We divide osteoporosis into two groups, primary and secondary. The primary is divided into senile (involutional) and postmenopausal, while the secondary is not divided since it occurs in parallel with another disease. A physiotherapist as an expert has a major role to play in the detection, treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. In the case of health services and good education of patients about osteoporosis, there is a great possibility of positive outcomes in the management of this disease after fractures in different places. Treatment is carried out pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. Pharmacological treatment includes certain types of drugs: raloxifene, alendronate, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), while non-pharmacological treatment with regular physical activity and sufficient consumption of vitamin D and calcium. The aim of this paper is to describe how to prevent osteoporosis with regular and proper exercise. The exercises themselves should include strengthening the muscles of the whole body and regular jogging or walking. It is very important that the intensity of the training is strong, with the important note that you should not overdo it with the strength of the training. It is important to mention that increased muscle activity slows down the development of osteoporosis, which is also the goal of the prevention. The goal is also to explain the treatment and the way we prevent the next fracture and physiotherapy as a branch of medicine that today plays a major role in the treatment of this disease
STROKE
No full textMoždani udar rastući je zdravstveni problem ne samo u svijetu, već i u Hrvatskoj. Danas je jedan od vodećih uzroka invalidnosti, demencija te smrtnosti. Ovo stanje nastaje prilikom poremećaja moždane cirkulacije. U trenutku kada dotok krvi u mozak bude na bilo koji način zaustavljen, zbog puknuća ili začepljenja krvne žile, dolazi do oštećenja okolnog tkiva i razvoja žarišnog deficita. Prema mehanizmu nastanka moždani udar dijeli se na ishemijski moždani udar i hemoragijski moždani udar. Faktori rizika za nastanak moždanog udara su brojni. Na neke od njih se ne može utjecati, međutim postoji čitav niz faktora na koje se može utjecati, ako se adekvatno i preventivno djeluje. Simptomi koji se javljaju prilikom moždanog udara su poremećaj motorike, govora, glavobolje, omaglice, gubitak vida, ravnoteže te psihoneurološki problemi. Dijagnoza moždanog udara postavlja se na temelju anamneze i neuroradioloških pretraga. Uspješnost oporavka osobe ovisi o lokalizaciji i veličini oštećenja, ali i pravovremenom liječenju. Rana rehabilitacija ključna je za oporavak neuroloških deficita. No važno je naglasiti kako je oporavak dugotrajan i ovisi o bolesniku, obitelji i zdravstvenim radnicima. Posljedice moždanog udara su brojne, stoga u rehabilitaciji sudjeluje multidisciplinaran tim stručnjaka. Fizioterapeut ima veliku ulogu u rehabilitaciji motoričkih deficita. Današnji principi neurorehabilitacije temelje se na teoriji neuroplastičnosti. U rehabilitaciji se koriste određeni koncepti i tehnike kojima se može pospješiti stanje bolesnika, a najčešće se primjenjuje Bobath koncept, Vojta i PNF. Učinkovitost ovih tehnika dokazana su brojnim istraživanjima, a u svijetu se sve više počinje koristiti i robotska neurorehabilitacija.Stroke is a growing health problem not only in the world, but also in Croatia. Today, it is one of the leading causes of disability, dementia and mortality. This condition occurs when the cerebral circulation is disturbed. When the blood flow to the brain is stopped in any way, due to a rupture or blockage of a blood vessel, damage to the surrounding tissue occurs and the development of a focal deficit. According to the mechanism of occurrence, stroke is divided into ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Risk factors for stroke are numerous. Some of them cannot be influenced, however there are a number of factors that can be influenced if acted upon adequately and preventively. Symptoms that occur during a stroke are impaired motor skills and speech, headaches, dizziness, loss of vision, balance and psychoneurological problems. The diagnosis of stroke is made on the basis of anamnesis and neuroradiological examinations. The success of a person's recovery depends on the location and size of the damage, but also on timely treatment. Early rehabilitation is key to recovering neurological deficits. But it is important to emphasize that recovery is lengthy and depends on the patient, family, and health care providers. The consequences of a stroke are numerous, so a multidisciplinary team of experts is involved in rehabilitation. Physiotherapist plays a major role in the rehabilitation of motor deficits. Today's principles of neurorehabilitation are based on the theory of neuroplasticity. In rehabilitation, certain concepts and techniques are used that can improve the patient's condition, and the Bobath concept, Vojta and PNF are most often used. The effectiveness of these techniques has been proven by numerous studies, and robotic neurorehabilitation is increasingly being used around the world
Cerebral palsy
No full textCerebralna paraliza je najčešći uzrok neuromotornih odstupanja kod djece. Ona je klinički entitet kojim se označuje skupina neprogresivnih te promjenjivih motoričkih promjena koje su nastale oštećenjem mozga u ranom stadiju života. Prevalencija je 2- 3 djece na 1000 živorođene djece. Posljedice oštećenja utječu na motoričku funkciju, kognitivni i mišićno- koštani razvoj. Raniji znakovi se razlikuju zbog vrsta i razina invaliditeta. Jedan od glavnih znakova da dijete ima cerebralnu paralizu je kašnjenje u postizanju motoričkih ciljeva. Neki od ciljeva su sjedenje, prevrtanje, stajanje i hodanje. Dijagnoza se postavlja kada roditelji ili liječnik uoče usporeni razvoj motorike, a to je tijekom prvih 3- 5 godina života. Klasifikacija cerebralne paralize dijeli se na spastični, ekstrapiramidni i miješani oblik. Djeca s cerebralnom paralizom često imaju pridružena blaža ili teža neurorazvojna odstupanja: poremećaj vida, sluha, epilepsiju, poremećaj govora, komunikacije i percepcije. Svaki terapijski pristup bazira se na individualnom pristupu. U terapiji djeteta s cerebralnom paralizom sudjeluje neuropedijatar, fizioterapeut, radni terapeut, oftalmolog, psiholog. Bitno je terapiju započeti što ranije, jer tako doprinosi boljem razvoju djeteta i kvaliteti života te boljem ishodu terapije. Kod terapije se najčešće primjenjuje kombinacija terapijskih postupaka. Takav način omogućava fleksibilnost i individualizaciju kako bi se ostvarili ciljevi postavljeni za dijete i obitelj. Najčešće korišteni terapijski postupci su Bobath i Vojta koncept, uz to se primjenjuje terapijsko jahanje, senzorna integracija te baby handling. U današnje vrijeme velik utjecaj na terapiju kod cerebralne paralize ima i robotika koja kod oboljelih od cerebralne paralize daje poboljšanje i olakšavanje kretanja.Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of neuromotor abnormalities in children. It is a clinical entity denoting a group of non-progressive and variable motor changes caused by brain damage in the early stages of life. The prevalence is 2-3 children per 1000 live births. The consequences of damage affect motor function, cognitive and musculoskeletal development. Earlier signs differ due to the type and level of disability. One of the main signs that a child has cerebral palsy is a delay in achieving motor goals. Some of the goals are sitting, rolling over, standing and walking. The diagnosis is made when parents or a doctor notice a slow development of motor skills, and this is during the first 3-5 years of life. The classification of cerebral palsy is divided into spastic, extrapyramidal, and mixed forms. Children with cerebral palsy often have associated mild or severe neurodevelopmental disorders: visual, hearing, epilepsy, speech, communication, and perception disorders. Each therapeutic approach is based on an individual approach. A neuropediatrician, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, ophthalmologist, psychologist participate in the therapy of a child with cerebral palsy. It is important to start therapy as early as possible, because it contributes to better child development and quality of life and a better outcome of therapy. A combination of therapeutic procedures is most often used in therapy. Such a way allows for flexibility and individualization in order to achieve the goals set for the child and the family. The most commonly used therapeutic procedures are the Bobath and Vojta concept, in addition to therapeutic riding, sensory integration and baby handling. Nowadays, robotics also has a great influence on the therapy of cerebral palsy. It improves and facilitates the movement of people with cerebral palsy
PREVENTION OF KNEE INJURIES IN ATHLETES
Get PDFVažna poruka i smisao sporta i sportskog treninga je promocija zdravlja te načina života koji štiti i unapređuje ljudsko zdravlje. Temeljni uvjet za sudjelovanje u sportskim aktivnostima je zdravlje. No, često se događa da se upravo tijekom sportskih aktivnosti sudionici ozlijede. To zahtijeva da se sudionici na neko vrijeme udalje od treninga i sportskih aktivnosti, a iznad svega im je ugroženo i zdravlje. Već ta dva razloga dovoljna su za sustavan i dugoročan pristup prevenciji ozljeda u sportu. Osim humanih i sportskih razloga za preventivno djelovanje, zasigurno postoje i oni komercijalni. Sportskim stručnjacima, poslodavcima, medijima i širokoj sportskoj javnosti u interesu je što češće pojavljivanje sportaša na terenima i natjecanjima. Zbog tih je razloga kalendar sportaša postao pretrpan i zgusnut, prenapučen putovanjima i zasićen različitim tipovima stresa. Rezultat toga je velik broj sportskih ozljeda. Stručni timovi razmatraju i daju preporuke za različite mogućnosti provođenja mjera prevencije ozljeđivanja kako bi se spriječio nastanak sportske ozljede. Kako bi sportaš bio što bolje pripremljen potrebno je pravilno i sustavno provoditi kondicijski trening provodeći vježbe propriocepcije, stabilizacije, ravnoteže, istezanja i opterećenja. Prvi pristup prevenciji ozljeda dolazi iz smjera epidemiologije, mehanizama i rizika ozljeđivanja u sportu.An important message and meaning of sports and sports training is the promotion of health and a way of life that protects and improves human health. The basic condition for participation in sports activities is health. But it often happens that it is during sports activities that participants get injured. This requires participants to stay away from training and sports activities for a while, and above all, their health is endangered. These two reasons alone are sufficient for a systematic and long-term approach to injury prevention in sport. In addition to humane and sporting reasons for preventive action, there are certainly commercial ones. It is in the interest of sports experts, employers, the media and the general sports public that athletes appear on the courts and competitions as often as possible. For these reasons, the athlete’s calendar has become crowded and condensed, overcrowded with travel, and saturated with different types of stress. The result is a large number of sports injuries. Expert teams consider and make recommendations for various options for implementing injury prevention measures to prevent the occurrence of sports injuries. In order for athletes to be better prepared, it is necessary to properly and systematically conduct fitness training by performing exercises of proprioception, stabilization, balance, stretching and loading. The first approach to injury prevention comes from the direction of epidemiology, mechanism and risk of injury in sport
KINESITHERAPY IN THE REHABILITATION OF LOWER EXTREMITIES INJURIES OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS
No full textOzljede su veliki problem u svakom sportu, a posebice kada je riječ o profesionalnom bavljenju sportom. Nogomet je jedan od najpopularnijih sportova, što samo stavlja dodatan fokus na proučavanje specifičnih ozljeda za taj sport i iziskuje izradu kvalitetnog kineziterapijskog procesa koji bi obuhvatio najčešće ozljede i ponudio efektivan plan rehabilitacije. Cilj jednog takvog plana je ubrzati rehabilitaciju i spriječiti pojavu recidiva. Primarni cilj ovog rada je ponuditi adekvatan plan kineziterapije u rehabilitaciji donjih ekstremiteta, primarno ozljede prednje ukrižene sveze, lateralnog uganuća gležnja i ozljede prepone.Injuries are a major problem in every sport, especially when it comes to professional sports. Football is one of the most popular sports, which puts additional focus on the study of specific injuries for that sport and requires the development of a quality kinesitherapy process that would include the most common injuries and offer an effective rehabilitation plan. The main goal of such plan is to speed up rehabilitation and prevent recurrence. The primary goal of this paper is to offer an adequate kinesitherapy plan in the rehabilitation of the lower extremities, primarily anterior cruciate ligament injury, lateral ankle sprain, and groin injury